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维基百科

标准电极电势表

标准电极电势可以用来计算化学电池原电池的电化学势或电极电势。

标准电极电位是以标准氢原子作为参比电极,即氢的标准电极电位值定为0,与氢标准电极比较,电位较高者为正,电位较低者为负。

表中电极电势以以下條件測得((s):固體;(l):液體;(g):氣體;(aq):水溶液;(Hg):汞齊):

单击頂栏箭咀可将数据按元素符号、反應物、產物或标准电极电势值排序。

元素 氧化劑 半反應 還原劑 (V)[註 1] 來源
-9
9
Ba+
+e⁻
Ba(s) −4.38 [10][11][12]
Sr+
+e⁻
Sr(s) −4.10 [13][10][11][14]
Ca+
+e⁻
Ca(s) −3.8 [13][10][11][14]
Th⁴⁺+e⁻ Th³⁺ −3.6 [15]
Pr³⁺+e⁻ Pr²⁺ −3.1 [13]
3N
2
(g)+2H⁺+2e⁻
2HN
3
(aq)
−3.09 [16]
Li+
+e⁻
Li(s) −3.0401 [17]
N
2
(g)+4H₂O+2e⁻
2NH
2
OH
(aq)+2OH⁻
−3.04 [16]
Cs+
+e⁻
Cs(s) −3.026 [17]
Ca(OH)
2
(s)+2e⁻
Ca(s)+2OH⁻ −3.02 [13]
Er3+
+e⁻
Er2+
−3.0 [13]
Ba(OH)
2
(s)+2e⁻
Ba(s)+2OH⁻ −2.99 [13]
Rb+
+e⁻
Rb(s) −2.98 [18]
K+
+e⁻
K(s) −2.92 [17]
Mg+
+e⁻
Mg(s) −2.93 [12]
Ba2+
+2e⁻
Ba(s) −2.912 [17]
La(OH)
3
(s)+3e⁻
La(s)+3OH⁻ −2.90 [17]
Fr+
+e⁻
Fr(s) −2.9 [13]
Sr2+
+2e⁻
Sr(s) −2.899 [17]
Sr(OH)
2
(s)+2e⁻
Sr(s)+2OH⁻ −2.88 [13]
Ca2+
+2e⁻
Ca(s) −2.868 [17]
NH+
4
+e⁻
NH
4
−2.85
Eu2+
+2e⁻
Eu(s) −2.812 [17]
Ra2+
+2e⁻
Ra(s) −2.8 [17]
Yb2+
+2e⁻
Yb(s) −2.76 [13][10]
Na+
+e⁻
Na(s) −2.71 [17][19]
Sm2+
+2e⁻
Sm(s) −2.68 [13][10]
No2+
+2e⁻
No(s) −2.50 [13]
HfO(OH)
2
(s)+H₂O+4e⁻
Hf(s)+4OH⁻ −2.50 [13]
Th(OH)
4
(s)+4e⁻
Th(s)+4OH⁻ −2.48 [13]
Md2+
+2e⁻
Md(s) −2.40 [13]
La3+
+3e⁻
La(s) −2.379 [17]
Y3+
+3e⁻
Y(s) −2.372 [17]
Mg2+
+2e⁻
Mg(s) −2.372 [17]
ZrO(OH)
2
(s)+H₂O+4e⁻
Zr(s)+4OH⁻ −2.36 [17]
Pr3+
+3e⁻
Pr(s) −2.353 [13]
Ce3+
+3e⁻
Ce(s) −2.336 [13]
Er3+
+3e⁻
Er(s) −2.331 [13]
Ho3+
+3e⁻
Ho(s) −2.33 [13]
Al(OH)
4
+3e⁻
Al(s)+4OH⁻ −2.33
Al(OH)
3
(s)+3e⁻
Al(s)+3OH⁻ −2.31
Tb3+
+3e⁻
Tb(s) −2.28
H
2
(g)+2e⁻
2H
−2.25
Ac3+
+3e⁻
Ac(s) −2.20
Be+
+e⁻
Be(s) −2.12 [12]
Cf2+
+2e⁻
Cf(s) −2.12 [13]
Am3+
+3e⁻
Am(s) −2.048 [13]
Cf3+
+3e⁻
Cf(s) −1.94 [13]
Ca2+
+e⁻
Ca+
−1.936 [17][13]
Am2+
+2e⁻
Am(s) −1.9 [13]
Fm3+
+3e⁻
Fm(s) −1.89 [13]
Be2+
+2e⁻
Be(s) −1.85
Rf4+
+4e⁻
Rf(s) −1.67 [20]
U3+
+3e⁻
U(s) −1.66 [21]
Al3+
+3e⁻
Al(s) −1.66 [19]
Ti2+
+2e⁻
Ti(s) −1.63 [19]
Bk2+
+2e⁻
Bk(s) −1.6 [13]
ZrO
2
(s)+4H⁺+4e⁻
Zr(s)+2H₂O −1.553 [17]
Hf4+
+4e⁻
Hf(s) −1.55 [13]
Zr4+
+4e⁻
Zr(s) −1.45 [17]
Ti3+
+3e⁻
Ti(s) −1.37 [22]
TiO(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻ Ti(s)+H₂O −1.31
C4+
+4e⁻
C −1.3 [23]
Ti
2
O
3
(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻
2TiO(s)+H₂O −1.23
Zn(OH)2−
4
+2e⁻
Zn(s)+4OH⁻ −1.199 [24]
Mn2+
+2e⁻
Mn(s) −1.185 [24]
Fe(CN)4−
6
+6H⁺+2e⁻
Fe(s)+6HCN(aq) −1.16 [25]
V2+
+2e⁻
V(s) −1.175 [26]
Te(s)+2e⁻ Te²⁻ −1.143 [26]
Nb3+
+3e⁻
Nb(s) −1.099
Sn(s)+4H⁺+4e⁻ SnH
4
(g)
−1.07
In(OH)
3
(s)+3e⁻
In(s)+3OH⁻ −0.99 [13]
SiO
2
(s)+4H⁺+4e⁻
Si(s)+2H₂O −0.91
B(OH)
3
(aq)+3H⁺+3e⁻
B(s)+3H₂O −0.89
Fe(OH)
2
(s)+2e⁻
Fe(s)+2OH⁻ −0.89 [25]
Fe₂O₃(s)+3H₂O+2e⁻ 2Fe(OH)
2
(s)+2OH⁻
−0.86 [25]
TiO2+
+2H⁺+4e⁻
Ti(s)+H₂O −0.86
2H₂O+2e⁻ H
2
(g)+2OH⁻
−0.8277 [17]
Bi(s)+3H⁺+3e⁻ BiH
3
−0.8 [24]
Zn2+
+2e⁻
Zn(Hg) −0.7628 [17]
Zn2+
+2e⁻
Zn(s) −0.7618 [17]
Ta
2
O
5
(s)+10H⁺+10e⁻
2Ta(s)+5H₂O −0.75
Cr3+
+3e⁻
Cr(s) −0.74
[Au(CN)
2
]
+e⁻
Au(s)+2CN
−0.60
Ta3+
+3e⁻
Ta(s) −0.6
PbO(s)+H₂O+2e⁻ Pb(s)+2OH⁻ −0.58
2TiO
2
(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻
Ti
2
O
3
(s)+H₂O
−0.56
Ga3+
+3e⁻
Ga(s) −0.53
U4+
+e⁻
U3+
−0.52 [21]
H
3
PO
2
(aq)+H⁺+e⁻
P([27]+2H₂O −0.508 [17]
H
3
PO
3
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
H
3
PO
2
(aq)+H₂O
−0.499 [17]
H
3
PO
3
(aq)+3H⁺+3e⁻
P([27]+3H₂O −0.454 [17]
Fe2+
+2e⁻
Fe(s) −0.44 [19]
2CO
2
(g)+2H⁺+2e⁻
(HO₂C)₂(aq) −0.43
Cr3+
+e⁻
Cr2+
−0.42
Cd2+
+2e⁻
Cd(s) −0.40 [19]
SeO2−
3
+4e⁻+3H₂O
Se+6OH⁻ −0.37 [28]
GeO
2
(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻
GeO(s)+H₂O −0.37
Cu
2
O
(s)+H₂O+2e⁻
2Cu(s)+2OH⁻ −0.360 [17]
PbSO
4
(s)+2e⁻
Pb(s)+SO2−
4
−0.3588 [17]
PbSO
4
(s)+2e⁻
Pb(Hg)+SO2−
4
−0.3505 [17]
Eu3+
+e⁻
Eu2+
−0.35 [21]
In3+
+3e⁻
In(s) −0.34 [26]
Tl+
+e⁻
Tl(s) −0.34 [26]
NAD(P)|+}}+H⁺+2e⁻ NAD(P)H −0.32 [29]
B3+
+3e⁻
B(s) −0.31
Ge(s)+4H⁺+4e⁻ GeH
4
(g)
−0.29
Co2+
+2e⁻
Co(s) −0.28 [17]
H
3
PO
4
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
H
3
PO
3
(aq)+H₂O
−0.276 [17]
V3+
+e⁻
V2+
−0.26 [19]
Ni2+
+2e⁻
Ni(s) −0.25
As(s)+3H⁺+3e⁻ AsH
3
(g)
−0.23 [26]
AgI(s)+e⁻ Ag(s)+I
−0.15224 [24]
MoO
2
(s)+4H⁺+4e⁻
Mo(s)+2H₂O −0.15
Si(s)+4H⁺+4e⁻ SiH
4
(g)
−0.14
Sn2+
+2e⁻
Sn(s) −0.13
O
2
(g)+H⁺+e⁻
HO
2
•(aq)
−0.13
Pb2+
+2e⁻
Pb(s) −0.13 [19]
WO
2
(s)+4H⁺+4e⁻
W(s)+2H₂O −0.12
P)+3H⁺+3e⁻ PH
3
(g)
−0.111 [17]
CO
2
(g)+2H⁺+2e⁻
HCOOH(aq) −0.11
Se(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻ H
2
Se
(g)
−0.11
CO
2
(g)+2H⁺+2e⁻
CO(g)+H₂O −0.11
SnO(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻ Sn(s)+H₂O −0.10
SnO
2
(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻
SnO(s)+H₂O −0.09
WO
3
(aq)+6H⁺+6e⁻
W(s)+3H₂O −0.09 [26]
P)+3H⁺+3e⁻ PH
3
(g)
−0.063 [17]
2D+
+2e⁻
D
2
(g)
−0.044
Fe3+
+3e⁻
Fe(s) −0.04 [25]
碳(甲酸) HCO₂H(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻ HCHO(aq)+H₂O −0.03
2H⁺+2e⁻ H
2
(g)
−0.00 ≡0
AgBr(s)+e⁻ Ag(s)+Br⁻ +0.07133 [24]
S
4
O2−
6
+2e⁻
2S
2
O2−
3
+0.08
Fe
3
O
4
(s)+8H⁺+8e⁻
3Fe(s)+4H₂O +0.085 [30]
N
2
(g)+2H₂O+6H⁺+6e⁻
2NH
4
OH
(aq)
+0.092
HgO(s)+H₂O+2e⁻ Hg(l)+2OH⁻ +0.0977
Cu(NH
3
)2+
4
+e⁻
Cu(NH
3
)+
2
+2NH
3
+0.10 [26]
Ru(NH₃)₆³⁺+e⁻ Ru(NH₃)₆²⁺ +0.10 [21]
N
2
H
4
(aq)+4H₂O+2e⁻
2NH+
4
+4OH⁻
+0.11 [16]
H
2
MoO
4
(aq)+6H⁺+6e⁻
Mo(s)+4H₂O +0.11
Ge4+
+4e⁻
Ge(s) +0.12
C(s)+4H⁺+4e⁻ CH
4
(g)
+0.13 [26]
HCHO(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻ CH
3
OH
(aq)
+0.13
S(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻ H
2
S
(g)
+0.14
Sn4+
+2e⁻
Sn2+
+0.15
Cu2+
+e⁻
Cu+
+0.159 [26]
HSO
4
+3H⁺+2e⁻
SO
2
(aq)+2H₂O
+0.16
UO2+
2
+e⁻
UO+
2
+0.163 [21]
SO2−
4
+4H⁺+2e⁻
SO
2
(aq)+2H₂O
+0.17
TiO2+
+2H⁺+e⁻
Ti3++H₂O +0.19
Bi3+
+2e⁻
Bi+ +0.2
SbO+
+2H⁺+3e⁻
Sb(s)+H₂O +0.20
CO
2
(g)+4H⁺+4e⁻
C(s)+2H₂O +0.205
AgCl(s)+e⁻ Ag(s)+Cl
+0.22233 [24]
H
3
AsO
3
(aq)+3H⁺+3e⁻
As(s)+3H₂O +0.24
GeO(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻ Ge(s)+H₂O +0.26
UO+
2
+4H⁺+e⁻
U4+
+2H₂O
+0.273 [21]
At
2
+e⁻
2At
+0.3 [13]
Re3+
+3e⁻
Re(s) +0.300
Bi3+
+3e⁻
Bi(s) +0.32
VO2+
+2H⁺+e⁻
V3+
+H₂O
+0.34
Cu2+
+2e⁻
Cu(s) +0.340 [26]
鐵氰 [Fe(CN)
6
]3−
+e⁻
[Fe(CN)₆]₄⁻ +0.36
Tc2+
+2e⁻
Tc(s) +0.40 [13]
O
2
(g)+2H₂O+4e⁻
4OH⁻(aq) +0.40 [19]
H
2
MoO
4
+6H⁺+3e⁻
Mo3+
+2H₂O
+0.43
Ru2+
+2e⁻
Ru(s) +0.455 [13]
Bi+
+e⁻
Bi(s) +0.50
CH
3
OH
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
CH
4
(g)+H₂O
+0.50
SO
2
(aq)+4H⁺+4e⁻
S(s)+2H₂O +0.50
Cu+
+e⁻
Cu(s) +0.520 [26]
CO(g)+2H⁺+2e⁻ C(s)+H₂O +0.52
I
3
+2e⁻
3I
+0.53 [19]
I
2
(s)+2e⁻
2I
+0.54 [19]
[AuI
4]
+3e⁻
Au(s)+4I
+0.56
H
3
AsO
4
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
H
3
AsO
3
(aq)+H₂O
+0.56
[AuI
2
]
+e⁻
Au(s)+2I
+0.58
MnO
4
+2H₂O+3e⁻
MnO
2
(s)+4OH⁻
+0.59
Rh+
+e⁻
Rh(s) +0.600 [13]
S
2
O2−
3
+6H⁺+4e⁻
2S(s)+3H₂O +0.60
鐵(二茂鐵) Fe(C
5
H
5
)
2
+e⁻
Fe(C
5
H
5
)
2
(s)
+0.641 [31]
CH₃CO₂Ag+e⁻ Ag+CH₃CO₂⁻ +0.643 [13]
H
2
MoO
4
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
MoO
2
(s)+2H₂O
+0.65
苯醌 +2H⁺+2e⁻ +0.6992 [24]
O
2
(g)+2H⁺+2e⁻
H
2
O
2
(aq)
+0.70
Tl3+
+3e⁻
Tl(s) +0.72
鉑氯 PtCl2−
6
+2e⁻
PtCl2−
4
+2Cl
+0.726 [21]
H
2
SeO
3
(aq)+4H⁺+4e⁻
Se(s)+3H₂O +0.74
Rh3+
+3e⁻
Rh(s) +0.758 [13]
PtCl2−
4
+2e⁻
Pt(s)+4Cl
+0.758 [21]
Fe3+
+e⁻
Fe2+
+0.77
Ag+
+e⁻
Ag(s) +0.7996 [17]
Hg2+
2
+2e⁻
2Hg(l) +0.80
氮(硝) NO
3
(aq)+2H⁺+e⁻
NO
2
(g)+H₂O
+0.80
FeO2−
4
+5H₂O+6e⁻
Fe
2
O
3
(s)+10OH⁻
+0.81 [25]
[AuBr
4
]
+3e⁻
Au(s)+4Br
+0.85
Hg2+
+2e⁻
Hg(l) +0.85
MnO
4
+H⁺+e⁻
HMnO
4
+0.90
2Hg2+
+2e⁻
Hg2+
2
+0.91 [26]
Pd2+
+2e⁻
Pd(s) +0.915 [21]
[AuCl
4
]
+3e⁻
Au(s)+4Cl
+0.93
MnO
2
(s)+4H⁺+e⁻
Mn3+
+2H₂O
+0.95
[AuBr
2
]
+e⁻
Au(s)+2Br
+0.96
[HXeO
6
]3−
+2H₂O+2e⁻
[HXeO
4
]
+4OH⁻
+0.99 [32]
氮(硝) HNO
2
+H⁺+e⁻
NO(g)+H₂O +0.996
H
6
TeO
6
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
TeO
2
(s)+4H₂O
+1.02 [33]
Br
2
(l)+2e⁻
2Br
+1.065
Br
2
(aq)+2e⁻
2Br
+1.087 [19]
氮(硝) NO
2
(g)+H⁺+e⁻
HNO
2
+1.093
IO
3
+5H⁺+4e⁻
HIO(aq)+2H₂O +1.13
[AuCl
2]
+e⁻
Au(s)+2Cl
+1.15
HSeO
4
+3H⁺+2e⁻
H
2
SeO
3
(aq)+H₂O
+1.15
Ir3+
+3e⁻
Ir(s) +1.156 [13]
Ag
2
O
(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻
2Ag(s)+H₂O +1.17
ClO
3
+2H⁺+e⁻
ClO
2
(g)+H₂O
+1.18
[HXeO
6
]3−
+5H₂O+8e⁻
Xe(g)+11OH⁻ +1.18 [32]
Pt2+
+2e⁻
Pt(s) +1.188 [21]
ClO
2
(g)+H⁺+e⁻
HClO
2
(aq)
+1.19
2IO
3
+12H⁺+10e⁻
I
2
(s)+6H₂O
+1.20
ClO
4
+2H⁺+2e⁻
ClO
3
+H₂O
+1.20
O
2
(g)+4H⁺+4e⁻
2H₂O +1.229 [19]
MnO
2
(s)+4H⁺+2e⁻
Mn2+
+2H₂O
+1.23
[HXeO
4
]
+3H₂O+6e⁻
Xe(g)+7OH⁻ +1.24 [32]
Tl3+
+2e⁻
Tl+
+1.25
Cr
2
O2−
7
+14H⁺+6e⁻
2Cr3+
+7H₂O
+1.33
Cl
2
(g)+2e⁻
2Cl
+1.36 [19]
CoO
2
(s)+4H⁺+e⁻
Co3+
+2H₂O
+1.42
2NH3OH+
+H⁺+2e⁻
N
2
H+
5
+2H₂O
+1.42 [16]
2HIO(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻ I
2
(s)+2H₂O
+1.44
Ce4+
+e⁻
Ce3+
+1.44
BrO
3
+5H⁺+4e⁻
HBrO(aq)+2H₂O +1.45
β-PbO
2
(s)+4H⁺+2e⁻
Pb2+
+2H₂O
+1.460 [26]
α-PbO
2
(s)+4H⁺+2e⁻
Pb2+
+2H₂O
+1.468 [26]
2BrO
3
+12H⁺+10e⁻
Br
2
(l)+6H₂O
+1.48
2ClO
3
+12H⁺+10e⁻
Cl
2
(g)+6H₂O
+1.49
氧(超氧) HO
2
+H⁺+e⁻
H
2
O
2
+1.495 [13]
MnO
4
+8H⁺+5e⁻
Mn2+
+4H₂O
+1.51
HO
2
•+H⁺+e⁻
H
2
O
2
(aq)
+1.51
Au3+
+3e⁻
Au(s) +1.52
NiO
2
(s)+4H⁺+2e⁻
Ni2+
+2OH⁻
+1.59
HClO(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻ Cl
2
(g)+2H₂O
+1.63
Ag
2
O
3
(s)+6H⁺+4e⁻
2Ag+
+3H₂O
+1.67
HClO
2
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
HClO(aq)+H₂O +1.67
Pb4+
+2e⁻
Pb2+
+1.69 [26]
MnO
4
+4H⁺+3e⁻
MnO
2
(s)+2H₂O
+1.70
AgO(s)+2H⁺+e⁻ Ag+
+H₂O
+1.77
氧(過氧) H
2
O
2
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
2H₂O +1.776
Co3+
+e⁻
Co2+
+1.82
Au+
+e⁻
Au(s) +1.83 [26]
BrO
4
+2H⁺+2e⁻
BrO
3
+H₂O
+1.85
Ag2+
+e⁻
Ag+
+1.98 [26]
氧(過氧) S
2
O2−
8
+2e⁻
2SO2−
4
+2.07
O
3
(g)+2H⁺+2e⁻
O
2
(g)+H₂O
+2.075 [21]
HMnO
4
+3H⁺+2e⁻
MnO
2
(s)+2H₂O
+2.09
XeO
3
(aq)+6H⁺+6e⁻
Xe(g)+3H₂O +2.12 [32]
氧(氟氧) OF₂+2H⁺+4e⁻ 2F
+H₂O
+2.153 [13]
H
4
XeO
6
(aq)+8H⁺+8e⁻
Xe(g)+6H₂O +2.18 [32]
FeO2−
4
+8H⁺+3e⁻
Fe3+
+4H₂O
+2.20 [34]
XeF
2
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
Xe(g)+2HF(aq) +2.32 [32]
H
4
XeO
6
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
XeO
3
(aq)+H₂O
+2.42 [32]
F
2
(g)+2e⁻
2F +2.87 [26][19]
F
2
(g)+2H⁺+2e⁻
2HF(aq) +3.05 [26]
Tb4+
+e⁻
Tb3+
+3.05 [13]
  1. ^ Safari的v.4.0.3或更早版本(v4.0.5可正常工作)上单击这一列可能不会工作。在这种情况下仅仅需要刷新页面恢复原始顺序。

參見 编辑

参考资料 编辑

  1. ^ Milazzo, G., Caroli, S., and Sharma, V. K. (1978). Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials (Wiley, Chichester).
  2. ^ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  3. ^ Bratsch, S. G. (1989). Journal of Physical Chemistry Reference Data Vol. 18, pp. 1–21.
  4. ^ Vanýsek, Petr (2006). "Electrochemical Series," in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 87th Edition (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (Chemical Rubber Company).
  5. ^ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series” (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (Chemical Rubber Company).
  6. ^ Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4. 
  7. ^ Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
  8. ^ Marcel Pourbaix (1966). Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions (NACE International, Houston, Texas; Cebelcor, Brussels).
  9. ^ Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Milazzo, G., Caroli, S., and Sharma, V. K. (1978). Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials (Wiley, Chichester).
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Bratsch, S. G. (1989). Journal of Physical Chemistry Reference Data Vol. 18, pp. 1–21.
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Ca Sr Ba一價[11]與兩價間的標準電極電勢正好有規律關係,因此可以估計近似值
  13. ^ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 13.18 13.19 13.20 13.21 13.22 13.23 13.24 13.25 13.26 13.27 13.28 13.29 13.30 13.31 13.32 13.33 13.34 13.35 13.36 Standard Redox Potential Table. [2012-01-14]. (原始内容于2021-02-06). 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Lide, David R. (编), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 87th, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006, ISBN 0-8493-0487-3 
  15. ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1263
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4. 
  17. ^ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 17.18 17.19 17.20 17.21 17.22 17.23 17.24 17.25 17.26 17.27 17.28 17.29 17.30 Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series” (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (Chemical Rubber Company).
  18. ^ Vanýsek, Petr (2006). "Electrochemical Series," in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 87th Edition (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (Chemical Rubber Company).
  19. ^ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  20. ^ Ti Zr Hf 的標準電極電勢變化較規律,因此可估計 Rf的標準電極電勢
  21. ^ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
  22. ^ Gordon Aylward & Tristan Findlay (2008). "SI Chemical Data", 6th edition (John Wiley & Sons, Australia), ISBN 9780470816387.
  23. ^ List of carbon reactivity series (PDF). web.anl.gov. [2013-06-06]. (原始内容 (PDF)于2017-04-28).  可知碳之活性,九年義務教育課本《化學》九年級第一學期,上海教育出版社,2007年8月第2版,ISBN 978-7-5320-8481-4 第109、112頁、. [2013-06-06]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05). 根據碳的相關安全資料,可之其活性範圍,推之
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Iron | compounds information. [2012-01-14]. (原始内容于2021-01-18). 
  26. ^ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 26.12 26.13 26.14 26.15 26.16 26.17 26.18 Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 由−0.454和(2×−0.499+−0.508)÷3=−0.502推算出。
  28. ^ “Glyoxal Bisulfite” (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Organic Syntheses, Collected Volume 3, p.438 (1955).
  29. ^ Huang, Haiyan; Shuning Wang; Johanna Moll; Rudolf K. Thauer. Electron Bifurcation Involved in the Energy Metabolism of the Acetogenic Bacterium Moorella thermoacetica Growing on Glucose or H2 plus CO2. Journal of Bacteriology. 2012-07-15, 194 (14): 3689–3699 [2013-09-10]. ISSN 0021-9193. doi:10.1128/JB.00385-12. (原始内容于2020-12-13). 
  30. ^ Marcel Pourbaix (1966). Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions (NACE International, Houston, Texas; Cebelcor, Brussels).
  31. ^ Connelly, Neil G.; Geiger, William E. Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry. Chemical Reviews. 1 January 1996, 96 (2): 877–910. PMID 11848774. doi:10.1021/cr940053x. 
  32. ^ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information. [2012-01-14]. (原始内容于2021-03-22). 
  33. ^ Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 6th, New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1999, ISBN 0-471-19957-5 
  34. ^ Redox Reactions, Western Oregon University website. [2012-01-15]. (原始内容于2019-08-30). 
  • Standard Reduction Potentials (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Standard Electrode Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25°C (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

标准电极电势表, 主条目, 标准电极电势, 建議此條目或章節與标准电极电势合并, 討論, 建議将此條目或章節併入標準電極電勢, 討論, 标准电极电势可以用来计算化学电池或原电池的电化学势或电极电势, 标准电极电位是以标准氢原子作为参比电极, 即氢的标准电极电位值定为0, 与氢标准电极比较, 电位较高者为正, 电位较低者为负, 表中电极电势以以下條件測得, 固體, 液體, 氣體, 水溶液, 汞齊, 參比電極, 標準氫電極, 所有離子的數據都在水溶液測得, 活性度, 統一為純固體, 純液體或水溶液, 溫度, 25攝氏度. 主条目 标准电极电势 建議此條目或章節與标准电极电势合并 討論 建議将此條目或章節併入標準電極電勢 討論 标准电极电势可以用来计算化学电池或原电池的电化学势或电极电势 标准电极电位是以标准氢原子作为参比电极 即氢的标准电极电位值定为0 与氢标准电极比较 电位较高者为正 电位较低者为负 表中电极电势以以下條件測得 s 固體 l 液體 g 氣體 aq 水溶液 Hg 汞齊 參比電極 標準氫電極 所有離子的數據都在水溶液測得 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 活性度 統一為純固體 純液體或水溶液 溫度 298 15K 25攝氏度 水溶液或汞齊之有效離子濃度 每公升1摩 氣體反應物分壓 1大氣壓 101325帕单击頂栏箭咀可将数据按元素符号 反應物 產物或标准电极电势值排序 元素 氧化劑 半反應 還原劑 E V 註 1 來源 99鋇 Ba e Ba s 4 38 10 11 12 鍶 Sr e Sr s 4 10 13 10 11 14 鈣 Ca e Ca s 3 8 13 10 11 14 釷 Th e Th 3 6 15 鐠 Pr e Pr 3 1 13 氮 3N2 g 2H 2e 2HN3 aq 3 09 16 锂 Li e Li s 3 0401 17 氮 N2 g 4H O 2e 2NH2 OH aq 2OH 3 04 16 铯 Cs e Cs s 3 026 17 鈣 Ca OH 2 s 2e Ca s 2OH 3 02 13 鉺 Er3 e Er2 3 0 13 鋇 Ba OH 2 s 2e Ba s 2OH 2 99 13 铷 Rb e Rb s 2 98 18 钾 K e K s 2 92 17 鎂 Mg e Mg s 2 93 12 钡 Ba2 2e Ba s 2 912 17 镧 La OH 3 s 3e La s 3OH 2 90 17 鈁 Fr e Fr s 2 9 13 锶 Sr2 2e Sr s 2 899 17 鍶 Sr OH 2 s 2e Sr s 2OH 2 88 13 钙 Ca2 2e Ca s 2 868 17 銨 NH 4 e NH4 2 85铕 Eu2 2e Eu s 2 812 17 镭 Ra2 2e Ra s 2 8 17 鐿 Yb2 2e Yb s 2 76 13 10 钠 Na e Na s 2 71 17 19 釤 Sm2 2e Sm s 2 68 13 10 锘 No2 2e No s 2 50 13 鉿 HfO OH 2 s H O 4e Hf s 4OH 2 50 13 釷 Th OH 4 s 4e Th s 4OH 2 48 13 鍆 Md2 2e Md s 2 40 13 镧 La3 3e La s 2 379 17 钇 Y3 3e Y s 2 372 17 镁 Mg2 2e Mg s 2 372 17 鋯 ZrO OH 2 s H O 4e Zr s 4OH 2 36 17 镨 Pr3 3e Pr s 2 353 13 鈰 Ce3 3e Ce s 2 336 13 鉺 Er3 3e Er s 2 331 13 鈥 Ho3 3e Ho s 2 33 13 鋁 Al OH 4 3e Al s 4OH 2 33鋁 Al OH 3 s 3e Al s 3OH 2 31鋱 Tb3 3e Tb s 2 28氢 H2 g 2e 2H 2 25锕 Ac3 3e Ac s 2 20鈹 Be e Be s 2 12 12 鉲 Cf2 2e Cf s 2 12 13 鋂 Am3 3e Am s 2 048 13 鉲 Cf3 3e Cf s 1 94 13 钙 Ca2 e Ca 1 936 17 13 鋂 Am2 2e Am s 1 9 13 鐨 Fm3 3e Fm s 1 89 13 铍 Be2 2e Be s 1 85鑪 Rf4 4e Rf s 1 67 20 铀 U3 3e U s 1 66 21 铝 Al3 3e Al s 1 66 19 钛 Ti2 2e Ti s 1 63 19 鉳 Bk2 2e Bk s 1 6 13 锆 ZrO2 s 4H 4e Zr s 2H O 1 553 17 鉿 Hf4 4e Hf s 1 55 13 锆 Zr4 4e Zr s 1 45 17 鈦 Ti3 3e Ti s 1 37 22 鈦 TiO s 2H 2e Ti s H O 1 31碳 C4 4e C 1 3 23 鈦 Ti2 O3 s 2H 2e 2TiO s H O 1 23鋅 Zn OH 2 4 2e Zn s 4OH 1 199 24 錳 Mn2 2e Mn s 1 185 24 鐵 Fe CN 4 6 6H 2e Fe s 6HCN aq 1 16 25 釩 V2 2e V s 1 175 26 碲 Te s 2e Te 1 143 26 鈮 Nb3 3e Nb s 1 099錫 Sn s 4H 4e SnH4 g 1 07銦 In OH 3 s 3e In s 3OH 0 99 13 矽 SiO2 s 4H 4e Si s 2H O 0 91硼 B OH 3 aq 3H 3e B s 3H O 0 89鐵 Fe OH 2 s 2e Fe s 2OH 0 89 25 鐵 Fe O s 3H O 2e 2Fe OH 2 s 2OH 0 86 25 鈦 TiO2 2H 4e Ti s H O 0 86水 2H O 2e H2 g 2OH 0 8277 17 鉍 Bi s 3H 3e BiH3 0 8 24 锌 Zn2 2e Zn Hg 0 7628 17 锌 Zn2 2e Zn s 0 7618 17 钽 Ta2 O5 s 10H 10e 2Ta s 5H O 0 75铬 Cr3 3e Cr s 0 74金 Au CN 2 e Au s 2CN 0 60鉭 Ta3 3e Ta s 0 6鉛 PbO s H O 2e Pb s 2OH 0 58鈦 2TiO2 s 2H 2e Ti2 O3 s H O 0 56镓 Ga3 3e Ga s 0 53鈾 U4 e U3 0 52 21 磷 H3 PO2 aq H e P 白 27 2H O 0 508 17 磷 H3 PO3 aq 2H 2e H3 PO2 aq H O 0 499 17 磷 H3 PO3 aq 3H 3e P 红 27 3H O 0 454 17 铁 Fe2 2e Fe s 0 44 19 碳 2CO2 g 2H 2e HO C aq 0 43鉻 Cr3 e Cr2 0 42镉 Cd2 2e Cd s 0 40 19 硒 SeO2 3 4e 3H O Se 6OH 0 37 28 锗 GeO2 s 2H 2e GeO s H O 0 37铜 Cu2 O s H O 2e 2Cu s 2OH 0 360 17 铅 PbSO4 s 2e Pb s SO2 4 0 3588 17 铅 PbSO4 s 2e Pb Hg SO2 4 0 3505 17 铕 Eu3 e Eu2 0 35 21 铟 In3 3e In s 0 34 26 铊 Tl e Tl s 0 34 26 酶 NAD P H 2e NAD P H 0 32 29 硼 B3 3e B s 0 31锗 Ge s 4H 4e GeH4 g 0 29钴 Co2 2e Co s 0 28 17 磷 H3 PO4 aq 2H 2e H3 PO3 aq H O 0 276 17 釩 V3 e V2 0 26 19 镍 Ni2 2e Ni s 0 25砷 As s 3H 3e AsH3 g 0 23 26 银 AgI s e Ag s I 0 15224 24 钼 MoO2 s 4H 4e Mo s 2H O 0 15硅 Si s 4H 4e SiH4 g 0 14錫 Sn2 2e Sn s 0 13氧 O2 g H e HO2 aq 0 13铅 Pb2 2e Pb s 0 13 19 钨 WO2 s 4H 4e W s 2H O 0 12磷 P 红 3H 3e PH3 g 0 111 17 碳 CO2 g 2H 2e HCOOH aq 0 11硒 Se s 2H 2e H2 Se g 0 11碳 CO2 g 2H 2e CO g H O 0 11锡 SnO s 2H 2e Sn s H O 0 10锡 SnO2 s 2H 2e SnO s H O 0 09钨 WO3 aq 6H 6e W s 3H O 0 09 26 磷 P 白 3H 3e PH3 g 0 063 17 氘 2D 2e D2 g 0 044鐵 Fe3 3e Fe s 0 04 25 碳 甲酸 HCO H aq 2H 2e HCHO aq H O 0 03氫 2H 2e H2 g 0 00 0銀 AgBr s e Ag s Br 0 07133 24 硫 S4 O2 6 2e 2S2 O2 3 0 08铁 Fe3 O4 s 8H 8e 3Fe s 4H O 0 085 30 氮 N2 g 2H O 6H 6e 2NH4 OH aq 0 092汞 HgO s H O 2e Hg l 2OH 0 0977銅 Cu NH3 2 4 e Cu NH3 2 2NH3 0 10 26 钌 Ru NH e Ru NH 0 10 21 肼 N2 H4 aq 4H O 2e 2NH 4 4OH 0 11 16 钼 H2 MoO4 aq 6H 6e Mo s 4H O 0 11鍺 Ge4 4e Ge s 0 12碳 C s 4H 4e CH4 g 0 13 26 碳 HCHO aq 2H 2e CH3 OH aq 0 13硫 S s 2H 2e H2 S g 0 14錫 Sn4 2e Sn2 0 15铜 Cu2 e Cu 0 159 26 硫 HSO 4 3H 2e SO2 aq 2H O 0 16铀 UO2 2 e UO 2 0 163 21 硫 SO2 4 4H 2e SO2 aq 2H O 0 17鈦 TiO2 2H e Ti3 H O 0 19鉍 Bi3 2e Bi 0 2銻 SbO 2H 3e Sb s H O 0 20碳 CO2 g 4H 4e C s 2H O 0 205銀 AgCl s e Ag s Cl 0 22233 24 砷 H3 AsO3 aq 3H 3e As s 3H O 0 24鍺 GeO s 2H 2e Ge s H O 0 26鈾 UO 2 4H e U4 2H O 0 273 21 砹 At2 e 2At 0 3 13 錸 Re3 3e Re s 0 300鉍 Bi3 3e Bi s 0 32钒 VO2 2H e V3 H O 0 34銅 Cu2 2e Cu s 0 340 26 鐵氰 Fe CN 6 3 e Fe CN 0 36鎝 Tc2 2e Tc s 0 40 13 氧 O2 g 2H O 4e 4OH aq 0 40 19 鉬 H2 MoO4 6H 3e Mo3 2H O 0 43釕 Ru2 2e Ru s 0 455 13 鉍 Bi e Bi s 0 50碳 CH3 OH aq 2H 2e CH4 g H O 0 50硫 SO2 aq 4H 4e S s 2H O 0 50銅 Cu e Cu s 0 520 26 碳 CO g 2H 2e C s H O 0 52碘 I 3 2e 3I 0 53 19 碘 I2 s 2e 2I 0 54 19 金 AuI 4 3e Au s 4I 0 56砷 H3 AsO4 aq 2H 2e H3 AsO3 aq H O 0 56金 AuI2 e Au s 2I 0 58錳 MnO 4 2H O 3e MnO2 s 4OH 0 59銠 Rh e Rh s 0 600 13 硫 S2 O2 3 6H 4e 2S s 3H O 0 60鐵 二茂鐵 Fe C5 H5 2 e Fe C5 H5 2 s 0 641 31 银 CH CO Ag e Ag CH CO 0 643 13 鉬 H2 MoO4 aq 2H 2e MoO2 s 2H O 0 65苯醌 2H 2e 0 6992 24 氧 O2 g 2H 2e H2 O2 aq 0 70鉈 Tl3 3e Tl s 0 72鉑氯 PtCl2 6 2e PtCl2 4 2Cl 0 726 21 硒 H2 SeO3 aq 4H 4e Se s 3H O 0 74銠 Rh3 3e Rh s 0 758 13 鉑 PtCl2 4 2e Pt s 4Cl 0 758 21 鐵 Fe3 e Fe2 0 77銀 Ag e Ag s 0 7996 17 汞 Hg2 2 2e 2Hg l 0 80氮 硝 NO 3 aq 2H e NO2 g H O 0 80鐵 FeO2 4 5H O 6e Fe2 O3 s 10OH 0 81 25 金 AuBr4 3e Au s 4Br 0 85汞 Hg2 2e Hg l 0 85錳 MnO 4 H e HMnO 4 0 90汞 2Hg2 2e Hg2 2 0 91 26 鈀 Pd2 2e Pd s 0 915 21 金 AuCl4 3e Au s 4Cl 0 93錳 MnO2 s 4H e Mn3 2H O 0 95金 AuBr2 e Au s 2Br 0 96氙 HXeO6 3 2H O 2e HXeO4 4OH 0 99 32 氮 硝 HNO2 H e NO g H O 0 996碲 H6 TeO6 aq 2H 2e TeO2 s 4H O 1 02 33 溴 Br2 l 2e 2Br 1 065溴 Br2 aq 2e 2Br 1 087 19 氮 硝 NO2 g H e HNO2 1 093碘 IO 3 5H 4e HIO aq 2H O 1 13 AuCl 2 e Au s 2Cl 1 15硒 HSeO 4 3H 2e H2 SeO3 aq H O 1 15銥 Ir3 3e Ir s 1 156 13 銀 Ag2 O s 2H 2e 2Ag s H O 1 17氯 ClO 3 2H e ClO2 g H O 1 18氙 HXeO6 3 5H O 8e Xe g 11OH 1 18 32 铂 Pt2 2e Pt s 1 188 21 氯 ClO2 g H e HClO2 aq 1 19碘 2IO 3 12H 10e I2 s 6H O 1 20氯 ClO 4 2H 2e ClO 3 H O 1 20氧 O2 g 4H 4e 2H O 1 229 19 錳 MnO2 s 4H 2e Mn2 2H O 1 23氙 HXeO4 3H O 6e Xe g 7OH 1 24 32 鉈 Tl3 2e Tl 1 25鉻 Cr2 O2 7 14H 6e 2Cr3 7H O 1 33氯 Cl2 g 2e 2Cl 1 36 19 鈷 CoO2 s 4H e Co3 2H O 1 422NH3OH H 2e N2 H 5 2H O 1 42 16 碘 2HIO aq 2H 2e I2 s 2H O 1 44鈰 Ce4 e Ce3 1 44溴 BrO 3 5H 4e HBrO aq 2H O 1 45铅 b PbO2 s 4H 2e Pb2 2H O 1 460 26 铅 a PbO2 s 4H 2e Pb2 2H O 1 468 26 溴 2BrO 3 12H 10e Br2 l 6H O 1 48氯 2ClO 3 12H 10e Cl2 g 6H O 1 49氧 超氧 HO2 H e H2 O2 1 495 13 錳 MnO 4 8H 5e Mn2 4H O 1 51HO2 H e H2 O2 aq 1 51金 Au3 3e Au s 1 52鎳 NiO2 s 4H 2e Ni2 2OH 1 59氯 HClO aq 2H 2e Cl2 g 2H O 1 63銀 Ag2 O3 s 6H 4e 2Ag 3H O 1 67氯 HClO2 aq 2H 2e HClO aq H O 1 67鉛 Pb4 2e Pb2 1 69 26 錳 MnO 4 4H 3e MnO2 s 2H O 1 70銀 AgO s 2H e Ag H O 1 77氧 過氧 H2 O2 aq 2H 2e 2H O 1 776鈷 Co3 e Co2 1 82金 Au e Au s 1 83 26 溴 BrO 4 2H 2e BrO 3 H O 1 85銀 Ag2 e Ag 1 98 26 氧 過氧 S2 O2 8 2e 2SO2 4 2 07氧 O3 g 2H 2e O2 g H O 2 075 21 錳 HMnO 4 3H 2e MnO2 s 2H O 2 09氙 XeO3 aq 6H 6e Xe g 3H O 2 12 32 氧 氟氧 OF 2H 4e 2F H O 2 153 13 氙 H4 XeO6 aq 8H 8e Xe g 6H O 2 18 32 鐵 FeO2 4 8H 3e Fe3 4H O 2 20 34 氙 XeF2 aq 2H 2e Xe g 2HF aq 2 32 32 氙 H4 XeO6 aq 2H 2e XeO3 aq H O 2 42 32 氟 F2 g 2e 2F 2 87 26 19 氟 F2 g 2H 2e 2HF aq 3 05 26 鋱 Tb4 e Tb3 3 05 13 在Safari的v 4 0 3或更早版本 v4 0 5可正常工作 上单击这一列可能不会工作 在这种情况下仅仅需要刷新页面恢复原始顺序 參見 编辑标准电极电势 金属活动性 元素活性参考资料 编辑 Milazzo G Caroli S and Sharma V K 1978 Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials Wiley Chichester Bard A J Parsons R and Jordan J 1985 Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions Marcel Dekker New York Bratsch S G 1989 Journal of Physical Chemistry Reference Data Vol 18 pp 1 21 Vanysek Petr 2006 Electrochemical Series in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 87th Edition 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Chemical Rubber Company Vanysek Petr 2007 Electrochemical Series 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88th Edition 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Chemical Rubber Company Greenwood N N Earnshaw A Chemistry of the Elements 2nd Oxford Butterworth Heinemann 1997 ISBN 0 7506 3365 4 Bard A J Faulkner L R 2001 Electrochemical Methods Fundamentals and Applications 2nd edition John Wiley and Sons Inc Marcel Pourbaix 1966 Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions NACE International Houston Texas Cebelcor Brussels Peter Atkins 1997 Physical Chemistry 6th edition W H Freeman and Company New York 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 Milazzo G Caroli S and Sharma V K 1978 Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials Wiley Chichester 11 0 11 1 11 2 Bratsch S G 1989 Journal of Physical Chemistry Reference Data Vol 18 pp 1 21 12 0 12 1 12 2 Ca Sr Ba一價 11 與兩價間的標準電極電勢正好有規律關係 因此可以估計近似值 13 00 13 01 13 02 13 03 13 04 13 05 13 06 13 07 13 08 13 09 13 10 13 11 13 12 13 13 13 14 13 15 13 16 13 17 13 18 13 19 13 20 13 21 13 22 13 23 13 24 13 25 13 26 13 27 13 28 13 29 13 30 13 31 13 32 13 33 13 34 13 35 13 36 Standard Redox Potential Table 2012 01 14 原始内容存档于2021 02 06 14 0 14 1 Lide David R 编 CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 87th Boca Raton FL CRC Press 2006 ISBN 0 8493 0487 3 Greenwood and Earnshaw p 1263 16 0 16 1 16 2 16 3 Greenwood N N Earnshaw A Chemistry of the Elements 2nd Oxford Butterworth Heinemann 1997 ISBN 0 7506 3365 4 17 00 17 01 17 02 17 03 17 04 17 05 17 06 17 07 17 08 17 09 17 10 17 11 17 12 17 13 17 14 17 15 17 16 17 17 17 18 17 19 17 20 17 21 17 22 17 23 17 24 17 25 17 26 17 27 17 28 17 29 17 30 Vanysek Petr 2007 Electrochemical Series 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88th Edition 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Chemical Rubber Company Vanysek Petr 2006 Electrochemical Series in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 87th Edition 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Chemical Rubber Company 19 00 19 01 19 02 19 03 19 04 19 05 19 06 19 07 19 08 19 09 19 10 19 11 19 12 19 13 Peter Atkins 1997 Physical Chemistry 6th edition W H Freeman and Company New York Ti Zr Hf 的標準電極電勢變化較規律 因此可估計 Rf的標準電極電勢 21 00 21 01 21 02 21 03 21 04 21 05 21 06 21 07 21 08 21 09 21 10 Bard A J Faulkner L R 2001 Electrochemical Methods Fundamentals and Applications 2nd edition John Wiley and Sons Inc Gordon Aylward amp Tristan Findlay 2008 SI Chemical Data 6th edition John Wiley amp Sons Australia ISBN 9780470816387 List of carbon reactivity series PDF web anl gov 2013 06 06 原始内容存档 PDF 于2017 04 28 可知碳之活性 九年義務教育課本 化學 九年級第一學期 上海教育出版社 2007年8月第2版 ISBN 978 7 5320 8481 4 第109 112頁 MSDS of carbon 2013 06 06 原始内容存档于2016 03 05 根據碳的相關安全資料 可之其活性範圍 推之 24 0 24 1 24 2 24 3 24 4 24 5 24 6 Vanysek Petr 2007 Electrochemical Series in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88th Edition Chemical Rubber Company 25 0 25 1 25 2 25 3 25 4 WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements Iron compounds information 2012 01 14 原始内容存档于2021 01 18 26 00 26 01 26 02 26 03 26 04 26 05 26 06 26 07 26 08 26 09 26 10 26 11 26 12 26 13 26 14 26 15 26 16 26 17 26 18 Bard A J Parsons R and Jordan J 1985 Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions Marcel Dekker New York 27 0 27 1 由 0 454和 2 0 499 0 508 3 0 502推算出 Glyoxal Bisulfite 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Organic Syntheses Collected Volume 3 p 438 1955 Huang Haiyan Shuning Wang Johanna Moll Rudolf K Thauer Electron Bifurcation Involved in the Energy Metabolism of the Acetogenic Bacterium Moorella thermoacetica Growing on Glucose or H2 plus CO2 Journal of Bacteriology 2012 07 15 194 14 3689 3699 2013 09 10 ISSN 0021 9193 doi 10 1128 JB 00385 12 原始内容存档于2020 12 13 Marcel Pourbaix 1966 Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions NACE International Houston Texas Cebelcor Brussels Connelly Neil G Geiger William E Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry Chemical Reviews 1 January 1996 96 2 877 910 PMID 11848774 doi 10 1021 cr940053x 引文使用过时参数coauthors 帮助 32 0 32 1 32 2 32 3 32 4 32 5 32 6 WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements Xenon compounds information 2012 01 14 原始内容存档于2021 03 22 Cotton F Albert Wilkinson Geoffrey Murillo Carlos A Bochmann Manfred Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 6th New York Wiley Interscience 1999 ISBN 0 471 19957 5 Redox Reactions Western Oregon University website 2012 01 15 原始内容存档于2019 08 30 Standard Reduction Potentials 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Standard Electrode Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25 C 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 标准电极电势表 amp oldid 76933551, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

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