标准电极电势
标准电极电势是可逆电极在标准状态及平衡态时的电势,也就是标准态时的电极电势,记作、或,上标表示标准态。标准状态意味着:溶质的活度为1mol/L,气体压强为100 kPa,温度一般为298K。
虽然电池的电动势可以直接测定,但单一可逆电极的标准电极电势却只有相对值没有绝对值,而且它随着温度、浓度和压强而发生变化。电极电势的基准是标准氢电极:标准状态下H+/H2电极的电势被定为0.00V,即,其他电极电势的值在此基础上获得。当某半电池和标准氢电池电极相连时为负极,该半电池的半反应的标准电极电势为负值,且绝对值与电池电动势相等;若为正极则相反。这样求得的值称作还原电势,总反应的标准电极电势也就是两个半反应标准电极电势的差,Eo大于零时反应自发。
任何温度下标准氢电极的标准电极电势值都为0,但其他电极电势值会受到温度影响。以Ni/NiO电极为例,它可以用作高温伪参比电极,在0-400°C时的电极电势大致符合以下公式:[1]
- ,T为温度
标准电极电势可以通过实验或热力学计算获得。由于,标准氢电极中的反应自由能是零,故水合氢离子和水合电子的标准生成自由能也是零,这样便可计算众多无法用实验测得的标准电极电势值(如氟气)。标准电极电势不具有加成性,要想求相加得到的第三个反应的标准电极电势,还需要借助上述公式来求解。
标准电极电势不随半反应的方向和计量系数改变,但它受到浓度和反应物形态的影响。非标态的电极电势值可以通过能斯特方程求得。标准电极电势值只是热力学数据,不可用于预测反应速率和其他动力学性质,而且它的值是在水溶液体系中测定的,不可用于其他溶剂或高温时的反应。
- 能斯特方程:
标准电极电势有很大的实用价值,可用来判断氧化剂与还原剂的相对强弱,判断氧化还原反应的进行方向,计算原电池的电动势、反应自由能、平衡常数,计算其他半反应的标准电极电势,等等。将半反应按电极电势由低到高排序,可以得到标准电极电势表,可十分简明地判断氧还反应的方向。
標準電極電勢表
較常見物質的標準電極電勢表:
元素 | 半反應 | E° (V) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
氧化劑 | ⇌ | 還原劑 | |||
鋇 | Ba+ + e− | ⇌ | Ba(s) | −4.38 | [2][3][4] |
鍶 | Sr+ + e− | ⇌ | Sr(s) | −4.10 | [5][2][3][6] |
鈣 | Ca+ + e− | ⇌ | Ca(s) | −3.8 | [5][2][3][6] |
氮 | 3N 2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2HN 3(aq) | −3.09 | [7] |
锂 | Li+ + e− | ⇌ | Li(s) | −3.0401 | [8] |
氮 | N 2(g) + 4 H2O + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2NH 2OH(aq) + 2OH− | −3.04 | [7] |
铯 | Cs+ + e− | ⇌ | Cs(s) | −3.026 | [8] |
鈣 | Ca(OH) 2(s) + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ca(s) + 2 OH− | −3.02 | [5] |
鋇 | Ba(OH) 2(s) + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ba(s) + 2 OH− | −2.99 | [5] |
铷 | Rb+ + e− | ⇌ | Rb(s) | −2.98 | [9] |
钾 | K+ + e− | ⇌ | K(s) | −2.92 | [8] |
鎂 | Mg+ + e− | ⇌ | Mg(s) | −2.93 | [4] |
钡 | Ba2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ba(s) | −2.912 | [8] |
鈁 | Fr+ + e− | ⇌ | Fr(s) | −2.9 | [5] |
锶 | Sr2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Sr(s) | −2.899 | [8] |
鍶 | Sr(OH) 2(s) + 2 e− | ⇌ | Sr(s) + 2 OH− | −2.88 | [5] |
钙 | Ca2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ca(s) | −2.868 | [8] |
銨 | NH+ 4 + e− | ⇌ | NH 4• | −2.85 | |
铕 | Eu2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Eu(s) | −2.812 | [8] |
镭 | Ra2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ra(s) | −2.8 | [8] |
鐿 | Yb2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Yb(s) | −2.76 | [5][2] |
钠 | Na+ + e− | ⇌ | Na(s) | −2.71 | [8][10] |
镁 | Mg2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Mg(s) | −2.372 | [8] |
鋁 | Al(OH)− 4 + 3 e− | ⇌ | Al(s) + 4 OH− | −2.33 | |
鋁 | Al(OH) 3(s) + 3 e− | ⇌ | Al(s) + 3 OH− | −2.31 | |
氢 | H 2(g) + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2H− | −2.25 | |
锕 | Ac3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Ac(s) | −2.20 | |
鈹 | Be+ + e− | ⇌ | Be(s) | −2.12 | [4] |
鉲 | Cf3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Cf(s) | −1.94 | [5] |
钙 | Ca2+ + e− | ⇌ | Ca+ | −1.936 | [8][5] |
铍 | Be2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Be(s) | −1.85 | |
鑪 | Rf4+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Rf(s) | −1.67 | [11] |
铀 | U3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | U(s) | −1.66 | [12] |
铝 | Al3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Al(s) | −1.66 | [10] |
钛 | Ti2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ti(s) | −1.63 | [10] |
鉳 | Bk2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Bk(s) | −1.6 | [5] |
锆 | ZrO 2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Zr(s) + 2 H2O | −1.553 | [8] |
鉿 | Hf4+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Hf(s) | −1.55 | [5] |
锆 | Zr4+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Zr(s) | −1.45 | [8] |
鈦 | Ti3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Ti(s) | −1.37 | [13] |
鈦 | TiO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ti(s) + H2O | −1.31 | |
碳 | C4+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | C | −1.3 | [14] |
鈦 | Ti 2O 3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2TiO(s) + H2O | −1.23 | |
鋅 | Zn(OH)2− 4 + 2 e− | ⇌ | Zn(s) + 4 OH− | −1.199 | [15] |
錳 | Mn2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Mn(s) | −1.185 | [15] |
鐵 | Fe(CN)4− 6 + 6 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Fe(s) + 4HCN(aq) | −1.16 | [16] |
釩 | V2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | V(s) | −1.175 | [17] |
碲 | Te(s) + 2 e− | ⇌ | Te2− | −1.143 | [17] |
鈮 | Nb3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Nb(s) | −1.099 | |
錫 | Sn(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | SnH 4(g) | −1.07 | |
銦 | In(OH) 3(s) + 3 e− | ⇌ | In(s) + 3 OH− | −0.99 | [5] |
矽 | SiO 2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Si(s) + 2 H2O | −0.91 | |
硼 | B(OH) 3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | B(s) + 3 H2O | −0.89 | |
鐵 | Fe(OH) 2(s) + 2 e− | ⇌ | Fe(s) + 2 OH− | −0.89 | [16] |
鐵 | Fe2O 3(s) + 3 H2O + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2Fe(OH) 2(s) + 2 OH− | −0.86 | [16] |
鈦 | TiO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Ti(s) + H2O | −0.86 | |
水 | 2 H2O + 2 e− | ⇌ | H 2(g) + 2 OH− | −0.8277 | [8] |
鉍 | Bi(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | BiH 3 | −0.8 | [15] |
锌 | Zn2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Zn(Hg) | −0.7628 | [8] |
锌 | Zn2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Zn(s) | −0.7618 | [8] |
钽 | Ta 2O 5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e− | ⇌ | 2Ta(s) + 5 H2O | −0.75 | |
铬 | Cr3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Cr(s) | −0.74 | |
金 | [Au(CN)− 2] + e− | ⇌ | Au(s) + 2CN− | −0.60 | |
鉭 | Ta3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Ta(s) | −0.6 | |
鉛 | PbO(s) + H2O + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pb(s) + 2 OH− | −0.58 | |
鈦 | 2TiO 2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ti 2O 3(s) + H2O | −0.56 | |
镓 | Ga3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Ga(s) | −0.53 | |
鈾 | U4+ + e− | ⇌ | U3+ | −0.52 | [12] |
磷 | H 3PO 2(aq) + H+ + e− | ⇌ | P(白磷)[18] + 2 H2O | −0.508 | [8] |
磷 | H 3PO 3(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | H 3PO 2(aq) + H2O | −0.499 | [8] |
磷 | H 3PO 3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | P(红磷)[18] + 3 H2O | −0.454 | [8] |
铁 | Fe2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Fe(s) | -0.44 | [10] |
碳 | 2CO 2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | HOOCCOOH(aq) | −0.43 | |
鉻 | Cr3+ + e− | ⇌ | Cr2+ | −0.42 | |
镉 | Cd2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Cd(s) | −0.40 | [10] |
硒 | SeO2− 3 + 4 e− + 3 H2O | ⇌ | Se + 6 OH− | −0.37 | [19] |
锗 | GeO 2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | GeO(s) + H2O | −0.37 | |
铜 | Cu 2O(s) + H2O + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2Cu(s) + 2 OH− | −0.360 | [8] |
铅 | PbSO 4(s) + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pb(s) + SO2− 4 | −0.3588 | [8] |
铅 | PbSO 4(s) + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pb(Hg) + SO2− 4 | −0.3505 | [8] |
铕 | Eu3+ + e− | ⇌ | Eu2+ | −0.35 | [12] |
铟 | In3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | In(s) | −0.34 | [17] |
铊 | Tl+ + e− | ⇌ | Tl(s) | −0.34 | [17] |
酶 | NAD(P)|+}} + H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | NAD(P)H | −0.32 | [20] |
硼 | B3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | B(s) | −0.31 | |
锗 | Ge(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | GeH 4(g) | −0.29 | |
钴 | Co2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Co(s) | −0.28 | [8] |
磷 | H 3PO 4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | H 3PO 3(aq) + H2O | −0.276 | [8] |
釩 | V3+ + e− | ⇌ | V2+ | −0.26 | [10] |
镍 | Ni2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ni(s) | −0.25 | |
砷 | As(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | AsH 3(g) | −0.23 | [17] |
银 | AgI(s) + e− | ⇌ | Ag(s) + I− | −0.15224 | [15] |
钼 | MoO 2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Mo(s) + 2 H2O | −0.15 | |
硅 | Si(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | SiH 4(g) | −0.14 | |
錫 | Sn2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Sn(s) | −0.13 | |
氧 | O 2(g) + H+ + e− | ⇌ | HO 2•(aq) | −0.13 | |
铅 | Pb2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pb(s) | −0.13 | [10] |
钨 | WO 2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | W(s) + 2 H2O | −0.12 | |
磷 | P(红磷) + 3 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | PH 3(g) | −0.111 | [8] |
碳 | CO 2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | HCOOH(aq) | −0.11 | |
硒 | Se(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | H 2Se(g) | −0.11 | |
碳 | CO 2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | CO(g) + H2O | −0.11 | |
锡 | SnO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Sn(s) + H2O | −0.10 | |
锡 | SnO 2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | SnO(s) + H2O | −0.09 | |
钨 | WO 3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− | ⇌ | W(s) + 3 H2O | −0.09 | [17] |
磷 | P(白磷) + 3 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | PH 3(g) | −0.063 | [8] |
氘 | 2D+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | D 2(g) | −0.044 | |
鐵 | Fe3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Fe(s) | −0.04 | [16] |
碳 | HCOOH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | HCHO(aq) + H2O | −0.03 | |
氫 | 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | H 2(g) | −0.00 | ≡0 |
銀 | AgBr(s) + e− | ⇌ | Ag(s) + Br− | +0.07133 | [15] |
硫 | S 4O2− 6 + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2S 2O2− 3 | +0.08 | |
铁 | Fe 3O 4(s) + 8 H+ + 8 e− | ⇌ | 3Fe(s) + 4 H2O | +0.085 | [21][10] |
氮 | N 2(g) + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e− | ⇌ | 2NH 4OH(aq) | +0.092 | |
汞 | HgO(s) + H2O + 2 e− | ⇌ | Hg(l) + 2 OH− | +0.0977 | |
銅 | Cu(NH 3)2+ 4 + e− | ⇌ | Cu(NH 3)+ 2 + 2NH 3 | +0.10 | [17] |
钌 | Ru(NH 3)3+ 6 + e− | ⇌ | 3|)|6|2+}} | +0.10 | [12] |
肼 | N 2H 4(aq) + 4 H2O + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2NH+ 4 + 4 OH− | +0.11 | [7] |
钼 | H 2MoO 4(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− | ⇌ | Mo(s) + 4 H2O | +0.11 | |
鍺 | Ge4+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Ge(s) | +0.12 | |
碳 | C(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | CH 4(g) | +0.13 | [17] |
碳 | HCHO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | CH 3OH(aq) | +0.13 | |
硫 | S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | H2}S(g) | +0.14 | |
錫 | Sn4+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Sn2+ | +0.15 | |
铜 | Cu2+ + e− | ⇌ | Cu+ | +0.159 | [17] |
硫 | HSO− 4 + 3 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | SO 2(aq) + 2 H2O | +0.16 | |
铀 | UO2+ 2 + e− | ⇌ | UO+ 2 | +0.163 | [12] |
硫 | SO2− 4 + 4 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | SO 2(aq) + 2 H2O | +0.17 | |
鈦 | TiO2+ + 2 H+ + e− | ⇌ | 3+}} + H2O | +0.19 | |
鉍 | Bi3+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Bi+}} | +0.2 | |
銻 | SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Sb(s) + H2O | +0.20 | |
碳 | CO 2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | C(s) + 2 H2O | +0.205 | |
銀 | AgCl(s) + e− | ⇌ | Ag(s) + Cl− | +0.22233 | [15] |
砷 | H 3AsO 3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | As(s) + 3 H2O | +0.24 | |
鍺 | GeO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ge(s) + H2O | +0.26 | |
鈾 | UO+ 2 + 4 H+ + e− | ⇌ | U4+ + 2 H2O | +0.273 | [12] |
砹 | At 2 + e− | ⇌ | 2At− | +0.3 | [5] |
錸 | Re3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Re(s) | +0.300 | |
鉍 | Bi3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Bi(s) | +0.32 | |
钒 | VO2+ + 2 H+ + e− | ⇌ | V3+ + H2O | +0.34 | |
銅 | Cu2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Cu(s) | +0.340 | [17] |
鐵氰 | [Fe(CN) 6]3− + e− | ⇌ | [Fe(CN)]4− 6 | +0.36 | |
鎝 | Tc2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Tc(s) | +0.40 | [5] |
氧 | O 2(g) + 2 H2O + 4 e− | ⇌ | 4 OH−(aq) | +0.40 | [10] |
鉬 | H 2MoO 4 + 6 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Mo3+ + 2 H2O | +0.43 | |
釕 | Ru2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ru(s) | +0.455 | [5] |
鉍 | Bi+ + e− | ⇌ | Bi(s) | +0.50 | |
碳 | CH 3OH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | CH 4(g) + H2O | +0.50 | |
硫 | SO 2(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | S(s) + 2 H2O | +0.50 | |
銅 | Cu+ + e− | ⇌ | Cu(s) | +0.520 | [17] |
碳 | CO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | C(s) + H2O | +0.52 | |
碘 | I− 3 + 2 e− | ⇌ | 3I− | +0.53 | [10] |
碘 | I 2(s) + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2I− | +0.54 | [10] |
金 | [AuI− 4] + 3 e− | ⇌ | Au(s) + 4I− | +0.56 | |
砷 | H 3AsO 4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | H 3AsO 3(aq) + H2O | +0.56 | |
金 | [AuI 2]− + e− | ⇌ | Au(s) + 2I− | +0.58 | |
錳 | MnO− 4 + 2 H2O + 3 e− | ⇌ | MnO 2(s) + 4 OH− | +0.59 | |
銠 | Rh+ + e− | ⇌ | Rh(s) | +0.600 | [5] |
硫 | S 2O2− 3 + 6 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | 2S(s) + 3 H2O | +0.60 | |
二茂鐵 | Fe(C 5H 5) 2 + e− | ⇌ | Fe(C 5H 5) 2(s) | +0.641 | [22] |
银 | CH 3COOAg + e− | ⇌ | Ag + CH 3COO− | +0.643 | [5] |
鉬 | H 2MoO 4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | MoO 2(s) + 2 H2O | +0.65 | |
苯醌 | + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | +0.6992 | [15] | |
氧 | O 2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | H 2O 2(aq) | +0.70 | |
鉈 | Tl3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Tl(s) | +0.72 | |
PtCl2− 6 + 2 e− | ⇌ | PtCl2− 4 + 2Cl− | +0.726 | [12] | |
硒 | H 2SeO 3(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Se(s) + 3 H2O | +0.74 | |
銠 | Rh3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Rh(s) | +0.758 | [5] |
鉑 | PtCl2− 4 + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pt(s) + 4Cl− | +0.758 | [12] |
鐵 | Fe3+ + e− | ⇌ | Fe2+ | +0.77 | |
銀 | Ag+ + e− | ⇌ | Ag(s) | +0.7996 | [8] |
汞 | Hg2+ 2 + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2Hg(l) | +0.80 | |
NO− 3(aq) + 2 H+ + e− | ⇌ | NO 2(g) + H2O | +0.80 | ||
FeO2− 4 + 5 H2O + 6 e− | ⇌ | Fe 2O 3(s) + 10 OH− | +0.81 | [16] | |
[AuBr 4]− + 3 e− | ⇌ | Au(s) + 4Br− | +0.85 | ||
汞 | Hg2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Hg(l) | +0.85 | |
錳 | MnO− 4 + H+ + e− | ⇌ | HMnO− 4 | +0.90 | |
汞 | 2Hg2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Hg2+ 2 | +0.91 | [17] |
鈀 | Pd2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pd(s) | +0.915 | [12] |
[AuCl 4]− + 3 e− | ⇌ | Au(s) + 4Cl− | +0.93 | ||
錳 | MnO 2(s) + 4 H+ + e− | ⇌ | Mn3+ + 2 H2O | +0.95 | |
[AuBr 2]− + e− | ⇌ | Au(s) + 2Br− | +0.96 | ||
[HXeO 6]3− + 2 H2O + 2 e−+ | ⇌ | [HXeO 4]− + 4 OH− | +0.99 | [23] | |
硝 | HNO 2 + H+ + e− | ⇌ | NO(g) + H2O | +0.996 | |
碲 | H 6TeO 6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | TeO 2(s) + 4 H2O | +1.02 | [24] |
溴 | Br 2(l) + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2Br− | +1.07 | |
溴 | Br 2(aq) + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2Br− | +1.09 | [10] |
NO 2(g) + H+ + e− | ⇌ | HNO 2 | +1.093 | ||
IO− 3 + 5 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | HIO(aq) + 2 H2O | +1.13 | ||
硒 | HSeO− 4 + 3 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | H 2SeO 3(aq) + H2O | +1.15 | |
銥 | Ir3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Ir(s) | +1.156 | [5] |
銀 | Ag 2O(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2Ag(s) + H2O | +1.17 | |
氯 | ClO− 3 + 2 H+ + e− | ⇌ | ClO 2(g) + H2O | +1.18 | |
铂 | Pt2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pt(s) | +1.188 | [12] |
氯 | ClO 2(g) + H+ + e− | ⇌ | HClO 2(aq) | +1.19 | |
碘 | 2IO− 3 + 12 H+ + 10 e− | ⇌ | I 2(s) + 6 H2O | +1.20 | |
氯 | ClO− 4 + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | ClO− 3 + H2O | +1.20 | |
氧 | O 2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | 2 H2O | +1.229 | [10] |
錳 | MnO 2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Mn2+ + 2 H2O | +1.23 | |
氙 | [HXeO 4]− + 3 H2O + 6 e− | ⇌ | Xe(g) + 7 OH− | +1.24 | [23] |
鉻 | Cr 2O2− 7 + 14 H+ + 6 e− | ⇌ | 2Cr3+ + 7 H2O | +1.33 | |
氯 | Cl 2(g) + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2Cl− | +1.36 | [10] |
鈷 | CoO 2(s) + 4 H+ + e− | ⇌ | Co3+ + 2 H2O | +1.42 | |
2NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | N 2H+ 5 + 2 H2O | +1.42 | [7] | |
碘 | 2HIO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | I 2(s) + 2 H2O | +1.44 | |
溴 | BrO− 3 + 5 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | HBrO(aq) + 2 H2O | +1.45 | |
铅 | β-PbO 2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pb2+ + 2 H2O | +1.460 | [17] |
铅 | α-PbO 2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pb2+ + 2 H2O | +1.468 | [17] |
溴 | 2BrO− 3 + 12 H+ + 10 e− | ⇌ | Br 2(l) + 6 H2O | +1.48 | |
氯 | 2ClO− 3 + 12 H+ + 10 e− | ⇌ | Cl 2(g) + 6 H2O | +1.49 | |
HO 2 + H+ + e− | ⇌ | H 2O 2 | +1.495 | [5] | |
錳 | MnO− 4 + 8 H+ + 5 e− | ⇌ | Mn2+ + 4 H2O | +1.51 | |
HO 2• + H+ + e− | ⇌ | H 2O 2(aq) | +1.51 | ||
金 | Au3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Au(s) | +1.52 | |
鎳 | NiO 2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ni2+ + 2 OH− | +1.59 | |
氯 | HClO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Cl 2(g) + 2 H2O | +1.63 | |
銀 | Ag 2O 3(s) + 6 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | 2Ag+ + 3 H2O | +1.67 | |
氯 | HClO 2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | HClO(aq) + H2O | +1.67 | |
鉛 | Pb4+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pb2+ | +1.69 | [17] |
錳 | MnO− 4 + 4 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | MnO 2(s) + 2 H2O | +1.70 | |
銀 | AgO(s) + 2 H+ + e− | ⇌ | Ag+ + H2O | +1.77 | |
H 2O 2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2 H2O | +1.776 | ||
鈷 | Co3+ + e− | ⇌ | Co2+ | +1.82 | |
金 | Au+ + e− | ⇌ | Au(s) | +1.83 | [17] |
溴 | BrO− 4 + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | BrO− 3 + H2O | +1.85 | |
銀 | Ag2+ + e− | ⇌ | Ag+ | +1.98 | [17] |
S 2O2− 8 + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2SO2− 4 | +2.07 | ||
氧 | O 3(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | O 2(g) + H2O | +2.075 | [12] |
錳 | HMnO− 4 + 3 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | MnO 2(s) + 2 H2O | +2.09 | |
氙 | XeO 3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− | ⇌ | Xe(g) + 3 H2O | +2.12 | [23] |
氟 | F 2O + 2 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | 2F− + H2O | +2.153 | [5] |
鋱 | Tb4+ + e− | ⇌ | Tb3+ | +3.05 | [5] |
参见
参考资料
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- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Ca Sr Ba一價[11]與兩價間的標準電極電勢正好有規律關係,因此可以估計近似值
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- ^ Ti Zr Hf 的標準電極電勢變化較規律,因此可估計 Rf的標準電極電勢
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