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维基百科

阿托伐他汀

阿托伐他汀(英語:Atorvastatin),商品名为立普妥(Lipitor),是降低血液胆固醇水平的常见药物。由辉瑞公司制造。[1]。它是一种他汀类药物,用于降低血液中的胆固醇。它还可稳定血液斑块和预防中风,也可以用于减缓发烧(unofficial usage)。类似于所有他汀類藥物,阿托伐他汀通過抑制組織中,一種對膽固醇製造起關鍵作用的酵素——羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶(HMG-CoA reductase),以減少體內製造膽固醇。

阿托伐他汀
臨床資料
商品名英语Drug nomenclatureLipitor, Atorva
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa600045
核准狀況
  •  DailyMed: 42465
懷孕分級
  • : D
给药途径口服
ATC碼
法律規範狀態
法律規範
藥物動力學數據
生物利用度12%
药物代谢肝脏 - CYP3A4
生物半衰期14小时
排泄途徑胆汁
识别信息
  • (3R,5R)-7-[2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-phenyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)-5-propan-2-ylpyrrol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid
CAS号134523-00-5  Y
PubChem CID
  • 60823
IUPHAR/BPS
  • 2949
DrugBank
  • APRD00055 N
ChemSpider
  • 54810 Y
UNII
  • A0JWA85V8F
KEGG
  • D07474 Y
ChEBI
  • CHEBI:39548 Y
ChEMBL
  • ChEMBL1487 Y
PDB配體ID
  • 117 (PDBe, RCSB PDB)
CompTox Dashboard英语CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (EPA)
  • DTXSID8029868
ECHA InfoCard100.125.464
化学信息
化学式C33H35FN2O5
摩尔质量558.64
3D模型(JSmol英语JSmol
  • 交互式图像
  • O=C(O)C[C@H](O)C[C@H](O)CCn2c(c(c(c2c1ccc(F)cc1)c3ccccc3)C(=O)Nc4ccccc4)C(C)C
  • InChI=1S/C33H35FN2O5/c1-21(2)31-30(33(41)35-25-11-7-4-8-12-25)29(22-9-5-3-6-10-22)32(23-13-15-24(34)16-14-23)36(31)18-17-26(37)19-27(38)20-28(39)40/h3-16,21,26-27,37-38H,17-20H2,1-2H3,(H,35,41)(H,39,40)/t26-,27-/m1/s1 Y
  • Key:XUKUURHRXDUEBC-KAYWLYCHSA-N Y

阿托伐他汀於1985年由布魯斯·羅斯-帕克-戴維斯華納-蘭伯特公司(Bruce Roth of Parke-Davis Warner-Lambert Company)首次合成(現為輝瑞公司/Pfizer),是製藥歷史上銷售最好的藥物。它自1996年被美國食品藥品監督管理局批准以來,累計銷售額超過1,250億美元[2],並連續保持此銷售冠軍紀錄達十年[3]。通用阿托伐他汀,由沃森製藥公司英语Watson Pharmaceuticals蘭伯西實驗室製造,並於2011年11月30日開始於美國上市。

主治 编辑

阿托伐他汀的主要用途是治療血脂異常和預防心血管疾病[4]需要注意的是病人應在透過運動、減重與加強飲食等日常生活管理各方面都沒法改善膽固醇水平的情形下,才服用阿托伐他汀。[4]

血脂異常 编辑

心血管疾病 编辑

伴隨治療的注意事項:可和膽汁酸樹脂(離子交換樹脂)相結合。不建議結合貝特類英语Fibrates(Fibrate)藥物治療, 因為增加與肌肉損傷相關的不良反應的風險[28]。根據患者年齡,藥物劑量必須調整,降低肝功能不全。

禁忌 编辑

服用阿托伐他汀期間必須注意有某些情況下可能出現橫紋肌溶解症,一種可引起肌红蛋白尿症英语Myoglobinuria並導致急性腎衰竭的併發症。如果被懷疑或診斷為橫紋肌溶解症,須立即停止阿托伐他汀治療[29]。但實驗顯示,阿托伐他汀可能起到保護腎功能的作用[30]。另外,如果病人肌酸激酶(Creatine kinase,CK)的水平明顯升高和懷疑有肌病英语Myopathy,也應停止使用阿托伐他汀。當與環孢素、貝特類(Fibrate)藥物、紅黴素烟酸抗真菌药共同給藥有可能增加導致肌病的風險。[28]

懷孕期間是絕對禁止使用阿托伐他汀的,因為膽固醇是胎兒發育的必須生物合成途徑,也包括類固醇細胞膜生成。另外也不建議餵哺母乳者服用此藥,因為通過老鼠的實驗表明阿托伐他汀可能會進入人類的乳汁分泌。[28]

副作用 编辑

阿托伐他汀最嚴重副作用為肌酸激酶(CK)升高導致的肌病和橫紋肌溶解症,雖然發生機會低於1%。[31][28]頭痛是最常見的副作用,發生在10%的患者上。

其他副作用(發生機率在1–10%之間)包括:無力失眠頭暈、胸部疼痛和外週性水腫皮疹腹痛便秘腹瀉消化不良胃腸脹氣噁心泌尿道感染關節痛肌肉痛背痛關節炎鼻竇炎咽炎支氣管炎鼻炎、感染、流感樣綜合徵和過敏性反應。[28]

小部分服用本藥和/或其它他汀類藥物病者曾引致失憶,特別是女性。因膽固醇的合成,是正常的神經元功能所必需的。但據輝瑞公司的臨床試驗,“膽固清沒有和失憶之間有因果關係。[32][33][34]

在少數情況下,谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)水平會升高。[35]

有報告指出高劑量阿托伐他汀能使血糖控制惡化。[36]

藥物和食物的相互作用 编辑

此藥物和安妥明英语Clofibrate(Clofibrate)、非諾貝特(Fenofibrate)、吉非貝齊英语Gemfibrozil(Gemfibrozil)(一些治療高膽固醇血症藥物)有相互作用,可增加引致肌病和橫紋肌溶解症風險。[37][38]

和CYP3A4抑制劑(伊曲康唑,泰利和伏立康唑)共同用藥,可能會導致不良反應。和CYP3A4誘導劑(波生坦,磷苯妥英鈉,苯妥英)聯合用藥,可能減少阿托伐他汀的血液濃度。烟酸也被證明增加肌病或橫紋肌溶解症的風險。他汀也能令其他藥物(如華法林地高辛)的濃度發生改變。補充維生素D可降低阿托伐他汀和活性代謝物濃度。

葡萄柚汁是腸道CYP3A4的抑制劑,葡萄柚汁與阿托伐他汀共服可能會導致Cmax和AUC增加,從而導致不良反應或藥物過量並產生毒性。[35][32][39][40]

作用機理 编辑

阿托伐他汀是HMG-CoA還原酶的競爭性抑制劑,這與其他他汀類藥物相似,但不同的是本藥為一個完全人工合成的化合物。 HMG-CoA還原酶催化還原3-羥基-3-甲基-輔酶A(HMG-COA)成為甲羟戊酸,這是肝臟膽固醇生物合成的速率控制步驟(rate-limiting step)。通過抑制這種酵素,降低从头合成膽固醇,增加肝細胞上的低密度脂蛋白受體LDL受體),增加肝細胞對低密度脂蛋白的吸收,降低血液中的低密度脂蛋白膽固醇量。像其他他汀類藥物,阿托伐他汀也降低血液三酸甘油酯水平,並略有增加高密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平。

藥代動力學 编辑

口服阿托伐他汀吸收迅速,最大血藥濃度1至2小時。該藥物的絕對生物利用度約為14%。阿托伐他汀通過腸道時經歷首过效应,這是此藥的生物利用度低的主要原因。儘管當阿托伐他汀與食物一起服用時,其降低血液LDL(低密度脂蛋白)的效用並沒因此減少,但與食物共服,藥物Cmax(吸收率)減少25%,AUC(吸收程度)減少9%;而夜間服藥Cmax(吸收率)和AUC(吸收程度)減少30%,但都不會影響阿托伐他汀的療效。

阿托伐他汀的蛋白結合率高(≥98%),阿托伐他汀代謝主要通過細胞色素P450-3A4羥基形成。以激活鄰位類羥基化代謝物和β-氧化代謝物。前者對全身的HMG-CoA還原酶運作起關鍵效用。鄰羥基代謝物進一步透過葡糖醛酸代謝作用英语Glucuronidation代謝。細胞色素P450的抑制劑和诱导剂分別能增加或減少此藥的血藥濃度,這已被一項以紅黴素(一種已知的細胞色素P450抑制劑)與阿托伐他汀為對象的實驗室試驗中被驗證。

阿托伐他汀主要是經肝膽汁排泄,阿托伐他汀在尿液中回收的不到2%,沒有進入肠肝循环。阿托伐他汀消除半衰期約14小時。值得注意的是,HMG-CoA還原酶抑制活性有半衰期20至30小時,這被認為是與活性代謝產物有關。阿托伐他汀也是腸道P-糖蛋白英语P-glycoprotein外排轉運,在藥物正在腸臟被吸收時被泵回腸腔中。[41]

功能不全患者,血藥濃度受到肝臟疾病顯著影響。與A-末期肝病患者Cmax和AUC增加4倍。B超末期肝病患者的Cmax增加16倍、AUC增加11倍。老年患者(65歲以上)藥代動力學表現與年輕成年人不同,老年患者的AUC和Cmax值分別提高40%和30%;而健康長者對藥物反應較理想,故可能只需處方較低劑量予此人群。[28][42][43]

藥理學 编辑

阿托伐他汀一些基因多態性(Genetic polymorphism)已被發現與本藥不良副作用的發生率較高有關。這種現象被懷疑與血漿中的藥理活性代謝產物增加有關,如阿托伐他汀內酯和P-Hydroxyatorvastatin。對於較可能誘發不良副作用的潛在患者,可使用特定的色譜技術對阿托伐他汀及其活性代謝物進行監測。[44]

配方 编辑

 
輝瑞生產的阿托伐他汀鈣片

阿托伐他汀鈣片由輝瑞公司銷售。藥片為白色、橢圓形的薄膜包衣片。輝瑞公司還與其他藥物打包結合,如Caduet。輝瑞公司建議服食者不要將藥片一分為二。

參考 编辑

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延伸閱讀 编辑

  • Highlights of prescribing information (pdf). Lipitor (atorvastatin calcium) Tablets for oral administration. Pfizer. 2009-06-01 [2011-10-26]. (原始内容 (PDF)于2011-05-06). 
  • Maggon K. Best-selling human medicines 2002-2004. Drug Discov. Today. June 2005, 10 (11): 739–42. PMID 15922927. doi:10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03468-9. 
  • Roth BD. The discovery and development of atorvastatin, a potent novel hypolipidemic agent. Prog Med Chem. Progress in Medicinal Chemistry. 2002, 40: 1–22. ISBN 978-0-444-51054-9. PMID 12516521. doi:10.1016/S0079-6468(08)70080-8. 
  • Simons J. The $10 Billion Pill Hold the fries, please. Lipitor, the cholesterol-lowering drug, has become the bestselling pharmaceutical in history. Here's how Pfizer did it. Fortune. 2003-01-20 [2011-10-26]. (原始内容于2019-09-15). 
  • Winslow R. . The Wall Street Journal. 2000-01-24 [2011-10-26]. (原始内容存档于2013-09-05). 
  • . ScienceBlog. American Chemical Society. 2003-03-01 [2011-10-26]. (原始内容存档于2011-06-14). 
  • Rowe A. Meet the Guy Who Invented Lipitor. Wired Science. Wired.com. 2008-08-20 [2011-10-26]. (原始内容于2009-04-10). 
  • Bernstein M. . Medical News Today. 2008-08-16 [2011-10-26]. (原始内容存档于2009-07-03). 
  • He L. . Chinese Academy of Sciences·Institute of Process Engineering. 2003-09-27 [2011-10-26]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-19). 

外部連結 编辑

  • Atorvastatin bound to proteins (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) in the PDB
  • Lipitor.com (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – manufacturer's site
  • MedlinePlus Drug information: Atorvastatin (Systemic) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – information from USP DI Advice for the Patient
  • U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Atorvastatin (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

阿托伐他汀, 英語, atorvastatin, 商品名为立普妥, lipitor, 是降低血液胆固醇水平的常见药物, 由辉瑞公司制造, 它是一种他汀类药物, 用于降低血液中的胆固醇, 它还可稳定血液斑块和预防中风, 也可以用于减缓发烧, unofficial, usage, 类似于所有他汀類藥物, 通過抑制肝組織中, 一種對膽固醇製造起關鍵作用的酵素, 羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶a还原酶, reductase, 以減少體內製造膽固醇, 臨床資料商品名, 英语, drug, nomenclature, lipitor, . 阿托伐他汀 英語 Atorvastatin 商品名为立普妥 Lipitor 是降低血液胆固醇水平的常见药物 由辉瑞公司制造 1 它是一种他汀类药物 用于降低血液中的胆固醇 它还可稳定血液斑块和预防中风 也可以用于减缓发烧 unofficial usage 类似于所有他汀類藥物 阿托伐他汀通過抑制肝組織中 一種對膽固醇製造起關鍵作用的酵素 羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶 HMG CoA reductase 以減少體內製造膽固醇 阿托伐他汀臨床資料商品名 英语 Drug nomenclature Lipitor AtorvaAHFS Drugs comMonographMedlinePlusa600045核准狀況美 DailyMed 42465懷孕分級澳 D给药途径口服ATC碼C10AA05 WHO 法律規範狀態法律規範澳 限医生处方 S4 英 处方药 only POM 美 处方药 only 藥物動力學數據生物利用度12 药物代谢肝脏 CYP3A4生物半衰期14小时排泄途徑胆汁识别信息IUPAC命名法 3R 5R 7 2 4 Fluorophenyl 3 phenyl 4 phenylcarbamoyl 5 propan 2 ylpyrrol 1 yl 3 5 dihydroxyheptanoic acidCAS号134523 00 5 YPubChem CID60823IUPHAR BPS2949DrugBankAPRD00055 NChemSpider54810 YUNIIA0JWA85V8FKEGGD07474 YChEBICHEBI 39548 YChEMBLChEMBL1487 YPDB配體ID117 PDBe RCSB PDB CompTox Dashboard 英语 CompTox Chemicals Dashboard EPA DTXSID8029868ECHA InfoCard100 125 464化学信息化学式C 33H 35F N 2O 5摩尔质量558 643D模型 JSmol 英语 JSmol 交互式图像SMILES O C O C C H O C C H O CCn2c c c c2c1ccc F cc1 c3ccccc3 C O Nc4ccccc4 C C CInChI InChI 1S C33H35FN2O5 c1 21 2 31 30 33 41 35 25 11 7 4 8 12 25 29 22 9 5 3 6 10 22 32 23 13 15 24 34 16 14 23 36 31 18 17 26 37 19 27 38 20 28 39 40 h3 16 21 26 27 37 38H 17 20H2 1 2H3 H 35 41 H 39 40 t26 27 m1 s1 YKey XUKUURHRXDUEBC KAYWLYCHSA N Y维基百科中的醫學内容仅供参考 並不能視作專業意見 如需獲取醫療幫助或意見 请咨询专业人士 詳見醫學聲明 阿托伐他汀於1985年由布魯斯 羅斯 帕克 戴維斯華納 蘭伯特公司 Bruce Roth of Parke Davis Warner Lambert Company 首次合成 現為輝瑞公司 Pfizer 是製藥歷史上銷售最好的藥物 它自1996年被美國食品藥品監督管理局批准以來 累計銷售額超過1 250億美元 2 並連續保持此銷售冠軍紀錄達十年 3 通用阿托伐他汀 由沃森製藥公司 英语 Watson Pharmaceuticals 和蘭伯西實驗室製造 並於2011年11月30日開始於美國上市 目录 1 主治 1 1 血脂異常 1 2 心血管疾病 2 禁忌 3 副作用 3 1 藥物和食物的相互作用 4 作用機理 5 藥代動力學 6 藥理學 7 配方 8 參考 9 延伸閱讀 10 外部連結主治 编辑阿托伐他汀的主要用途是治療血脂異常和預防心血管疾病 4 需要注意的是病人應在透過運動 減重與加強飲食等日常生活管理各方面都沒法改善膽固醇水平的情形下 才服用阿托伐他汀 4 血脂異常 编辑 高膽固醇血症 Hypercholesterolemia 包括子家族和非家族 混合性高血脂 弗雷德里克森IIa和IIb型 以降低總膽固醇 低密度脂蛋白 C apo B 甘油三酯和C反應蛋白水平但增加高密度脂蛋白的水平 5 6 7 8 9 小兒雜合子家族性高膽固醇血症 5 純合子家族性高膽固醇血症 5 10 高甘油三酯血症 弗雷德里克森IV型 初級血b脂蛋白異常 弗雷德里克森III型 混合型高脂血症 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 心血管疾病 编辑 預防冠狀動脈性心臟病 預防心肌梗死 中風 不穩定心絞痛 17 18 和血運重建 英语 Revascularization 19 20 預防II型糖尿病患者心肌梗死和中風 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 伴隨治療的注意事項 可和膽汁酸樹脂 離子交換樹脂 相結合 不建議結合貝特類 英语 Fibrates Fibrate 藥物治療 因為增加與肌肉損傷相關的不良反應的風險 28 根據患者年齡 藥物劑量必須調整 降低肝功能不全 禁忌 编辑活性肝病 膽汁淤積 英语 Cholestasis 肝性腦病 肝炎 黃疸 原因不明的天冬氨酸氨基转移酶 AST 或谷丙转氨酶 ALT 水平上升 懷孕 母乳餵養服用阿托伐他汀期間必須注意有某些情況下可能出現橫紋肌溶解症 一種可引起肌红蛋白尿症 英语 Myoglobinuria 並導致急性腎衰竭的併發症 如果被懷疑或診斷為橫紋肌溶解症 須立即停止阿托伐他汀治療 29 但實驗顯示 阿托伐他汀可能起到保護腎功能的作用 30 另外 如果病人肌酸激酶 Creatine kinase CK 的水平明顯升高和懷疑有肌病 英语 Myopathy 也應停止使用阿托伐他汀 當與環孢素 貝特類 Fibrate 藥物 紅黴素 烟酸或唑類抗真菌药共同給藥有可能增加導致肌病的風險 28 在懷孕期間是絕對禁止使用阿托伐他汀的 因為膽固醇是胎兒發育的必須生物合成途徑 也包括類固醇和細胞膜生成 另外也不建議餵哺母乳者服用此藥 因為通過老鼠的實驗表明阿托伐他汀可能會進入人類的乳汁分泌 28 副作用 编辑阿托伐他汀最嚴重副作用為肌酸激酶 CK 升高導致的肌病和橫紋肌溶解症 雖然發生機會低於1 31 28 頭痛是最常見的副作用 發生在10 的患者上 其他副作用 發生機率在1 10 之間 包括 無力 失眠和頭暈 胸部疼痛和外週性水腫 皮疹 腹痛 便秘 腹瀉 消化不良 胃腸脹氣 噁心 泌尿道感染 關節痛 肌肉痛 背痛 關節炎 鼻竇炎 咽炎 支氣管炎 鼻炎 感染 流感樣綜合徵和過敏性反應 28 小部分服用本藥和 或其它他汀類藥物病者曾引致失憶 特別是女性 因膽固醇的合成 是正常的神經元功能所必需的 但據輝瑞公司的臨床試驗 膽固清沒有和失憶之間有因果關係 32 33 34 在少數情況下 谷丙转氨酶 ALT 和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶 AST 水平會升高 35 有報告指出高劑量阿托伐他汀能使血糖控制惡化 36 藥物和食物的相互作用 编辑 此藥物和安妥明 英语 Clofibrate Clofibrate 非諾貝特 Fenofibrate 吉非貝齊 英语 Gemfibrozil Gemfibrozil 一些治療高膽固醇血症藥物 有相互作用 可增加引致肌病和橫紋肌溶解症風險 37 38 和CYP3A4抑制劑 伊曲康唑 泰利和伏立康唑 共同用藥 可能會導致不良反應 和CYP3A4誘導劑 波生坦 磷苯妥英鈉 苯妥英 聯合用藥 可能減少阿托伐他汀的血液濃度 烟酸也被證明增加肌病或橫紋肌溶解症的風險 他汀也能令其他藥物 如華法林或地高辛 的濃度發生改變 補充維生素D可降低阿托伐他汀和活性代謝物濃度 葡萄柚汁是腸道CYP3A4的抑制劑 葡萄柚汁與阿托伐他汀共服可能會導致Cmax和AUC增加 從而導致不良反應或藥物過量並產生毒性 35 32 39 40 作用機理 编辑阿托伐他汀是HMG CoA還原酶的競爭性抑制劑 這與其他他汀類藥物相似 但不同的是本藥為一個完全人工合成的化合物 HMG CoA還原酶催化還原3 羥基 3 甲基 輔酶A HMG COA 成為甲羟戊酸 這是肝臟膽固醇生物合成的速率控制步驟 rate limiting step 通過抑制這種酵素 降低从头合成膽固醇 增加肝細胞上的低密度脂蛋白受體 LDL受體 增加肝細胞對低密度脂蛋白的吸收 降低血液中的低密度脂蛋白膽固醇量 像其他他汀類藥物 阿托伐他汀也降低血液三酸甘油酯水平 並略有增加高密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平 藥代動力學 编辑口服阿托伐他汀吸收迅速 最大血藥濃度1至2小時 該藥物的絕對生物利用度約為14 阿托伐他汀通過腸道時經歷首过效应 這是此藥的生物利用度低的主要原因 儘管當阿托伐他汀與食物一起服用時 其降低血液LDL 低密度脂蛋白 的效用並沒因此減少 但與食物共服 藥物Cmax 吸收率 減少25 AUC 吸收程度 減少9 而夜間服藥Cmax 吸收率 和AUC 吸收程度 減少30 但都不會影響阿托伐他汀的療效 阿托伐他汀的蛋白結合率高 98 阿托伐他汀代謝主要通過細胞色素P450 3A4羥基形成 以激活鄰位類羥基化代謝物和b 氧化代謝物 前者對全身的HMG CoA還原酶運作起關鍵效用 鄰羥基代謝物進一步透過葡糖醛酸代謝作用 英语 Glucuronidation 代謝 細胞色素P450的抑制劑和诱导剂分別能增加或減少此藥的血藥濃度 這已被一項以紅黴素 一種已知的細胞色素P450抑制劑 與阿托伐他汀為對象的實驗室試驗中被驗證 阿托伐他汀主要是經肝膽汁排泄 阿托伐他汀在尿液中回收的不到2 沒有進入肠肝循环 阿托伐他汀消除半衰期約14小時 值得注意的是 HMG CoA還原酶抑制活性有半衰期20至30小時 這被認為是與活性代謝產物有關 阿托伐他汀也是腸道P 糖蛋白 英语 P glycoprotein 外排轉運 在藥物正在腸臟被吸收時被泵回腸腔中 41 肝功能不全患者 血藥濃度受到肝臟疾病顯著影響 與A 末期肝病患者Cmax和AUC增加4倍 B超末期肝病患者的Cmax增加16倍 AUC增加11倍 老年患者 65歲以上 藥代動力學表現與年輕成年人不同 老年患者的AUC和Cmax值分別提高40 和30 而健康長者對藥物反應較理想 故可能只需處方較低劑量予此人群 28 42 43 藥理學 编辑阿托伐他汀一些基因多態性 Genetic polymorphism 已被發現與本藥不良副作用的發生率較高有關 這種現象被懷疑與血漿中的藥理活性代謝產物增加有關 如阿托伐他汀內酯和P Hydroxyatorvastatin 對於較可能誘發不良副作用的潛在患者 可使用特定的色譜技術對阿托伐他汀及其活性代謝物進行監測 44 配方 编辑 nbsp 輝瑞生產的阿托伐他汀鈣片阿托伐他汀鈣片由輝瑞公司銷售 藥片為白色 橢圓形的薄膜包衣片 輝瑞公司還與其他藥物打包結合 如Caduet 輝瑞公司建議服食者不要將藥片一分為二 參考 编辑 http www lipitor com 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Pfizer product promotion page Liptor http www crainsnewyork com article 20111228 HEALTH CARE 111229902 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Crain s New York Business 2011 12 28 http www nytimes com 2011 11 12 health plan would delay sales of generic for lipitor html 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 New York Times 4 0 4 1 Atorvastatin Calcium 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Drugs com Retrieved 3 April 2011 5 0 5 1 5 2 McCrindle BW Ose L Marais AD Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia or severe hyperlipidemia a multicenter randomized placebo controlled trial J Pediatr July 2003 143 1 74 80 PMID 12915827 doi 10 1016 S0022 3476 03 00186 0 Colhoun HM Betteridge DJ Durrington PN Hitman GA Neil HA Livingstone SJ Thomason MJ Mackness MI Charlton Menys V Fuller JH Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study CARDS multicentre randomised placebo controlled trial Lancet 2004 364 9435 685 96 PMID 15325833 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 04 16895 5 Backman JT Luurila H Neuvonen M Neuvonen PJ Rifampin markedly decreases and gemfibrozil increases the plasma concentrations of atorvastatin and its metabolites Clin Pharmacol Ther August 2005 78 2 154 67 PMID 16084850 doi 10 1016 j clpt 2005 04 007 Hermann M Bogsrud MP Molden E Asberg A Mohebi BU Ose L Retterstol K Exposure of atorvastatin is unchanged but lactone and acid metabolites are increased several fold in patients with atorvastatin induced myopathy Clin Pharmacol Ther June 2006 79 6 532 9 PMID 16765141 doi 10 1016 j clpt 2006 02 014 Ozaki K Kubo T Imaki R Shinagawa H Fukaya H Ohtaki K Ozaki S Izumi T Aizawa Y The anti atherosclerotic effects of lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia J Atheroscler Thromb August 2006 13 4 216 9 2014 02 16 PMID 16908955 doi 10 5551 jat 13 216 原始内容存档于2019 12 05 Marais AD Firth JC Bateman ME Byrnes P Martens C Mountney J Atorvastatin an effective lipid modifying agent in familial hypercholesterolemia Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol August 1997 17 8 1527 31 PMID 9301631 doi 10 1161 01 ATV 17 8 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Littarru GP Evidence of plasma CoQ10 lowering effect by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors a double blind placebo controlled study J Clin Pharmacol March 1993 33 3 226 9 PMID 8463436 doi 10 1002 j 1552 4604 1993 tb03948 x Steiner G Atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes a role for fibrate therapy Diab Vasc Dis Res December 2007 4 4 368 74 PMID 18158710 doi 10 3132 dvdr 2007 067 The side effects of statins Heart healthy and head harmful Michael O Riordan HeartWire 12 February 2008 Retrieved 22 October 2010 http dailymed nlm nih gov dailymed lookup cfm setid c6e131fe e7df 4876 83f7 9156fc4e8228 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 U S National Library of Medicine Williams D Feely J Pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic drug interactions with HMG CoA reductase inhibitors Clin Pharmacokinet 2002 41 5 343 70 PMID 12036392 doi 10 2165 00003088 200241050 00003 Villa J Pratley RE June 2010 Ezetimibe simvastatin or atorvastatin for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in patients with the metabolic syndrome the VYMET study Curr Diab Rep 10 3 173 5 DOI 10 1007 s11892 010 0107 5 PMID 20425579 McCormack T Harvey P Gaunt R Allgar V Chipperfield R Robinson P July 2010 Incremental cholesterol reduction with ezetimibe simvastatin atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in UK General Practice IN PRACTICE randomised controlled trial of achievement of Joint British Societies JBS 2 cholesterol targets Int J Clin Pract 64 8 1052 61 DOI 10 1111 j 1742 1241 2010 02429 x PMID 20487050 Deshmukh HA Colhoun HM Johnson T McKeigue PM Betteridge DJ Durrington PN Fuller JH Livingstone S Charlton Menys V Neil A Poulter N Sever P Shields DC Stanton AV Chatterjee A Hyde C Calle RA Demicco DA Trompet S Postmus I Ford I Jukema JW Caulfield M Hitman GA May 2012 Genome wide association study of genetic determinants of LDL c response to atorvastatin therapy importance of Lp a J Lipid Res 53 5 1000 1011 DOI 10 1194 jlr P021113 PMID 22368281 延伸閱讀 编辑Highlights of prescribing information pdf Lipitor atorvastatin calcium Tablets for oral administration Pfizer 2009 06 01 2011 10 26 原始内容存档 PDF 于2011 05 06 Maggon K Best selling human medicines 2002 2004 Drug Discov Today June 2005 10 11 739 42 PMID 15922927 doi 10 1016 S1359 6446 05 03468 9 Roth BD The discovery and development of atorvastatin a potent novel hypolipidemic agent Prog Med Chem Progress in Medicinal Chemistry 2002 40 1 22 ISBN 978 0 444 51054 9 PMID 12516521 doi 10 1016 S0079 6468 08 70080 8 Simons J The 10 Billion Pill Hold the fries please Lipitor the cholesterol lowering drug has become the bestselling pharmaceutical in history Here s how Pfizer did it Fortune 2003 01 20 2011 10 26 原始内容存档于2019 09 15 Winslow R The Birth of a Blockbuster Lipitor s Route out of the Lab The Wall Street Journal 2000 01 24 2011 10 26 原始内容存档于2013 09 05 Ann Arbor chemist wins national award for drug discovery ScienceBlog American Chemical Society 2003 03 01 2011 10 26 原始内容存档于2011 06 14 Rowe A Meet the Guy Who Invented Lipitor Wired Science Wired com 2008 08 20 2011 10 26 原始内容存档于2009 04 10 Bernstein M Chemical Society To Honor Heroes Of Chemistry During National Meeting Medical News Today 2008 08 16 2011 10 26 原始内容存档于2009 07 03 He L Bruce D Roth Pfizer Inc USA Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Process Engineering 2003 09 27 2011 10 26 原始内容存档于2011 07 19 外部連結 编辑Atorvastatin bound to proteins 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 in the PDB Lipitor com 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 manufacturer s site MedlinePlus Drug information Atorvastatin Systemic 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 information from USP DI Advice for the Patient U S National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal Atorvastatin 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 阿托伐他汀 amp oldid 77542822, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

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