电子亲合能

在一般化學與原子物理學中，电子亲合能（或电子亲和势、电子亲和力，electron affinity，E_ea）的定義是，將使一個電子脫離一個氣態的離子或分子所需耗費，或是釋出的能量。^[1]

X⁻_(g) → X_(g) + e⁻ ΔH=E_ea

在固態物理學之中，對於一表面的電子親合能定義不同。

其他定義

除以上定義（定義一）之外，電子親合能還有兩種定義方式：

定義二和定義一等價，是將一物質的原子或分子獲得一個電子，變成 -1 价离子時放出的能量。此定義下的電子親合能和定義一相同。不過此定義下，放出能量時电子亲和能為正，吸收能量時电子亲和能為負，正負號的使用和一般熱力學的定義恰好相反。

定義三，是將一物質的原子或分子獲得一個電子，變成 -1 价离子時的能量變化。^[2]放熱時數值為負，吸熱時數值為正。定義三的正負號使用和一般熱力學的定義相同。但其電子親合能恰為定義一的負值。(此定義為舊版IUPAC定義)

本文採用定義一的電子親合能。

元素的電子親合能

並非所有的元素的電子親合能均為正，電子親合能為正表示其 -1 價的離子需吸收能量才能變為電中性的原子（早期的教科書寫有些元素，例如稀有氣體，其電子親合能為負，此說法並未被現代的化學家接受）。若其陰離子較不穩定，容易變成原子，則其電子親合能較低。元素中氯的電子親合能最高，汞和稀有氣體等元素的電子親合能都接近零。一般來說，非金屬的電子親合能都比金屬高。

总的来说，同一周期从左至右，價殼層電子递增，使得原子穩定性上昇，原子半径递减，对电子的吸引能力渐强，因而電子親合能递增；同族元素从上到下，因原子半径的增大，而且總電子數增加，原子穩定性下降，元素电负性值递减。 实际上，随核电荷数递增或同族元素从上到下，电子亲和能的变化并不单调。

带有电子亲合能数据的元素周期表

下列数据以kJ/mol为单位。带星号的元素在量子力学基態被认为有接近零的电子亲合能。

週期

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

电子层

Ｏ族电子数

族

I A

0

1

73 H 氢

* He 氦

K

2

II A

III A

IV A

V A

VI A

VII A

2

60 Li 锂

* Be 铍

27 B 硼

122 C 碳

-7 N 氮

141 O 氧

328 F 氟

* Ne 氖

L K

8 2

3

53 Na 钠

* Mg 镁

42 Al 铝

134 Si 硅

72 P 磷

200 S 硫

349 Cl 氯

* Ar 氩

M L K

8 8 2

III B

IV B

V B

VI B

VII B

VIII

I B

II B

4

48 K 钾

2 Ca 钙

18 Sc 钪

8 Ti 钛

51 V 钒

65 Cr 铬

0 Mn 锰

15 Fe 铁

64 Co 钴

112 Ni 镍

119 Cu 铜

* Zn 锌

41 Ga 镓

119 Ge 锗

79 As 砷

195 Se 硒

325 Br 溴

* Kr 氪

N M L K

8 18 8 2

5

47 Rb 铷

5 Sr 锶

30 Y 钇

41 Zr 锆

86 Nb 铌

72 Mo 钼

53 Tc 锝

101 Ru 钌

110 Rh 铑

54 Pd 钯

126 Ag 银

* Cd 镉

39 In 铟

107 Sn 锡

101 Sb 锑

190 Te 碲

295 I 碘

* Xe 氙

O N M L K

8 18 18 8 2

6

46 Cs 铯

14 Ba 钡

镧系

* Hf 铪

31 Ta 钽

79 W 钨

15 Re 铼

104 Os 锇

150 Ir 铱

205 Pt 铂

223 Au 金

* Hg 汞

36 Tl 铊

35 Pb 铅

91 Bi 铋

190 Po 钋

270 At 砹

* Rn 氡

P O N M L K

8 18 32 18 8 2

7

Fr 钫

Ra 镭

锕系

Rf 𬬻

Db 𬭊

Sg 𬭳

Bh 𬭛

Hs 𬭶

Mt 鿏

Ds 𫟼

Rg 𬬭

Cn 鿔

Nh 鿭

Fl 𫓧

Mc 镆

Lv 𫟷

Ts 鿬

Og 鿫

镧系元素

45 La 镧

92 Ce 铈

Pr 镨

Nd 钕

Pm 钷

Sm 钐

Eu 铕

Gd 钆

Tb 铽

Dy 镝

Ho 钬

Er 铒

99 Tm 铥

Yb 镱

33 Lu 镥

锕系元素

Ac 锕

Th 钍

Pa 镤

U 铀

Np 錼

Pu 鈽

Am 鋂

Cm 锔

Bk 鉳

Cf 锎

Es 锿

Fm 镄

Md 钔

No 锘

Lr 铹

碱金属	碱土金属	镧系元素	锕系元素	过渡金属
主族金属	类金属	非金属	卤素	稀有氣體

列表及参考资料

元素	电子亲合能 (kJ/mol)	参考资料
氢	72.77	Pekeris (1962). Lykke, Murray & Lineberger (1991).
氦	-48±20（估计）	^[3]
锂	59.62	Hotop & Lineberger (1985). Dellwo et al. (1992). Haeffler et al. (1996a).
铍	-48±20（估计）	^[3]
硼	26.99	Scheer, Bilodeau & Haugen (1998).
碳	121.78	Scheer et al. (1998a).
氮	-6.8	^[3]
氧	141.004	Hotop & Lineberger (1985). Blondel (1995). Valli, Blondel & Delsart (1999).
氟	328.165	Blondel et al. (1989). Blondel, Delsart & Goldfarb (2001).
氖	-116±19（估计）	^[3]
钠	52.87	Hotop & Lineberger (1985)
铝	41.86	Scheer et al. (1998b)
硅	134.07	Scheer et al. (1998a). Blondel, Delsart & Goldfarb (2001).
磷	72.03	Hotop & Lineberger (1985).
硫	200.410	Blondel (1995).
氯	349	Moore (1970).
鉀	48.38	Slater et al. (1978). Andersson et al. (2000).
钙	2.37	Petrunin et al. (1996).
鈧	18(2)	Feigerle, Herman & Lineberger (1981).
钛	8.4(7)	Ilin, Sakharov & Serenkov (1987).
釩	51	Hotop & Lineberger (1985).
鉻	65.2	Bilodeau, Scheer & Haugen (1998).
铁	14.6(3)	Leopold & Lineberger (1986).
鈷	64.0	Scheer et al. (1998c).
鎳	111.6	Scheer et al. (1998c).
銅	119.24	Bilodeau, Scheer & Haugen (1998).
镓	41(3)	Williams et al. (1998a).
锗	118.94	Scheer et al. (1998a).
砷	78.5(7)	Lippa et al. (1998).
硒	194.97	Hotop & Lineberger (1985). Mansour et al. (1988).
溴	342.54	Blondel et al. (1989).
銣	46.89	Frey, Breyer & Hotop (1978).
鍶	5.02	Andersen et al. (1997).
釔	30	Feigerle, Herman & Lineberger (1981).
鋯	41	Hotop & Lineberger (1985).
鈮	86(2)	Hotop & Lineberger (1985).
鉬	72.3	Bilodeau, Scheer & Haugen (1998).
釕	101.0	Norquist et al. (1999).
銠	110.3	Scheer et al. (1998c).
鈀	54.24	Scheer et al. (1998c).
银	125.86	Biladeau, Scheer & Haugen (1998).
銦	39	Williams et al. (1998b).
錫	107.30	Scheer et al. (1998a).
銻	101.06	Scheer, Haugen & Beck (1997).
碲	190.16	Hotop & Lineberger (1985). Haeffler et al. (1996b).
碘	295	Moore (1970).
銫	45.51	Slater et al. (1978). Scheer et al. (1998d).
鋇	13.95	Petrunin et al. (1995).
鑭	45(2)	Covington et al. (1998).
鈰	92(2)	Davis & Thompson (2002a).
銩	99(2)	Davis & Thompson (2002b).
鎦	33	Davis & Thompson (2001).
鉿	0.00	Periodic Table of the Elements(2017)
鉭	31	Hotop & Lineberger (1985).
钨	79	Hotop & Lineberger (1985). Bengali et al. (1992).
鋨	104.0	Biladeau & Haugen (2000).
銥	150.9	Biladeau et al. (1999).
铂	205.04	Biladeau et al. (1999).
金	222.75	Hotop & Lineberger (1985).
鉈	36	Carpenter, Covington & Thompson (2000).
铅	35	Hotop & Lineberger (1985).
鉍	90.92	Biladeau & Haugen (2001).
钋	183.3	^[4]
砹	270.1	^[4]

分子的电子亲合能

電子親合能 E_ea 的定義也可以延伸到分子。如苯和萘的電子親合能為負值，而蒽 、菲、芘的電子親合能為正值。電腦模擬實驗證實六氰基苯 C₆(CN)₆ 的電子親合能較富勒烯要高。^[5]

列表及参考资料

分子	电子亲合能 (kJ/mol)	参考资料
雙原子分子
溴（分子）	244	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
氯氣	227	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
氟氣	297	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
碘（分子）	246	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
氧氣	43	CRC Handbook
溴化碘	251	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
氯化鋰	59	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
一氧化氮	2	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
三原子分子
二氧化氮	222	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
二氧化硫	105	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
多原子分子
苯	−110	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
1,4-苯二酮	129	CRC Handbook
三氟化硼	255	CRC Handbook
硝酸	59	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
硝基甲烷	38	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
三氯化磷	134	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
六氟化硫	138	CRC Handbook
四氰乙烯	278	CRC Handbook
六氟化鎢	264	CRC Handbook
六氟化鈾	280	CRC Handbook

参见

• Koopmans' theorem
• One-electron reduction
• 游離能
• 电负性
• 价电子

注釋

1. 國際純化學和應用化學聯合會，化學術語概略，第二版。（金皮書）(1997)。在線校正版: (2006–) "Electron affinity"。doi:10.1351/goldbook.E01977
2. http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/properties/eas.html （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 其定義的電子親合能均為負值
3. Bratsch, S.G.; Lagowski, J.J. Predicted stabilities of monatomic anions in water and liquid ammonia at 298.15 K.. Polyhedron. 1986, 5 (11): 1763–1770. doi:10.1016/S0277-5387(00)84854-8. 
4. 存档副本. [2019-12-28]. （原始内容于2020-02-03）. 
5. Remarkable electron accepting properties of the simplest benzenoid cyanocarbons: hexacyanobenzene, octacyanonaphthalene and decacyanoanthracene Xiuhui Zhang, Qianshu Li, Justin B. Ingels, Andrew C. Simmonett, Steven E. Wheeler, Yaoming Xie, R. Bruce King, Henry F. Schaefer III and F. Albert Cotton Chemical Communications, 2006, 758 - 760 Abstract

参考资料

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• Williams, W.W.; Carpenter, D.L.; Covington, A.M.; Thompson, J.S.; Kvale, T.J.; Seely, D.G. (1998b). "Fine-Structure-Resolved Laser Photodetachment Electron Spectroscopy of In⁻". 物理評論 A (Physical Review A) 58:3582–84. 1 摘要

外部链接

• Electron affinity （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, IUPAC 金色書的定義