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维基百科

药物分类

药物分类,或称药物类别是药物的某种分类方式,这种方式可以基于相似的化学结构、或相同的作用机制(如可与同一生物靶标结合)、或相似的作用模式,或用于治疗相似的疾病[1][2]

药物可从多种角度进行分类,在主流的药物分类系统中,以上四种分类模式形成了一种层次结构。例如,贝特类药物英语Fibrate具有相似的化学结构(两亲性羧酸),具有相同的作用机制(PPAR激动剂英语PPAR agonist)和相同的作用方式(降低血液中的甘油三酯),均可用于预防和治疗相同的疾病(动脉粥样硬化)。[3][4]然而,并非所有PPAR激动剂都是贝特类药物,并非所有降甘油三酯药物都是PPAR激动剂,并非所有治疗动脉粥样硬化药物均是降甘油三酯药物。

药物类别通常由原型药物英语Prototype drug定义,原型药物是该分类中的典型药物且通常为首个成药化合物,开发同类型的其他同药物通常参考原型药物或与之比较。[5][6]抗疟疾药物的原型药物是氯喹非甾体抗炎药物的原型药物是阿司匹林[7][8]

按综合系统分类 编辑

  • 解剖治疗化学分类系统(Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System,ATC)是最广泛使用的药物分类系统。可结合器官系统、治疗属性、药理学属性和化学属性进行分类。[9][10][11]
  • 医学系统命名法英语Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine(Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine,SNOMED):其中部分规则也可用于药物分类。[12][13]

按化学性质 编辑

药物可基于化学性质进行分类,如根据药化学结构分类。基于化学结构进行分类的药物类别包括:

按作用机制 编辑

可基于药理学按作用机制对药物进行分类,作用机制通常依据生物学靶标的种类进行分类。分子作用机制相同的一类药物,可调节特定的生物靶标活性。[21]作用机制还包括针对生物靶标的活性类型,如对于受体而言,这些活性包括:激动剂拮抗剂反向激动剂调节剂英语Selective receptor modulator。酶的靶向机制包括激活剂抑制剂离子通道调节剂包括开放剂阻滞剂英语Channel blocker。以下是基于特定作用机制的药物类别示例:

按作用方式 编辑

按作用方式分类是基于生物学的角度出发,并根据药物引起的解剖学或药物引起的功能改变进行分类。基于常用的作用方式定义的药物类别包括:

按临床用途 编辑

药物分类还可从医学临床用途角度出发,根据药物用于治疗的病理学进行分类。

合并分类 编辑

某些药物类别会兼顾多种分类标准以满足实际的分类需要。如非甾体类抗炎药(Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory durg,NSAID)就是其中一例。[59]历史上对于抗炎药的定义,除了非甾体抗炎药,还包括皮質類固醇药物即甾体类抗炎药物。在非甾体抗炎药这个类别出现之前的十年间,甾体类皮质类固醇类抗炎药一直是抗炎药物中的主流。[60]由于1950年代皮质类固醇药物的不良反应事件,非甾体抗炎药这种新型抗炎药物迅速在临床领域开展应用。 [59]因此,非甾体抗炎药的药物类别由作用机制——抗炎,与其化学结构——非甾体一起组成了新的药物分类。

按其他系统分类 编辑

其他药物分类系统,如基于药物的溶解度胃肠道渗透性,对药物进行分类的生物药剂学分类系统英语Biopharmaceutics Classification System(Biopharmaceutics Classification System,BCS)。[62]

 
BCS分类

按生物药剂学分类系统(BCS分类)可以将药物基于不同的溶解性和渗透性,分为四类:[62]

  • I类 - 高渗透性英语intestinal permeability,高溶解度
  • II类 - 高渗透性,低溶解度
  • III类 - 低渗透性,高溶解度
  • IV类 - 低渗透性,低溶解度

按法律法规分类 编辑

  • 对于加拿大的法律分类,可参阅对于加拿大的法律分类和《受管制药物和物质法》[63]
  • 对于英国法律分类,可参阅《英国滥用药物法中的管制药物英语Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act》。[64]
  • 对于美国法律的药物分类,可参阅《受管制物质法案》。[65]
  • 由于妊娠期的特殊性,不同司法管辖区使用不同的系统进行药物的怀孕分级[66]

参见 编辑

参考资料 编辑

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外部链接 编辑

  • Drug names and classes. PubMed Health. United States National Library of Medicine. [2015-11-07]. (原始内容于2014-03-23). 
  • Information by Drug Class. Drug Safety and Availability. United States Food and Drug Administration. [2015-11-07]. (原始内容于2017-01-20). 
  • Drug Classes. A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes. [2023-06-14]. (原始内容于2011-09-02). 

药物分类, 或称药物类别是药物的某种分类方式, 这种方式可以基于相似的化学结构, 或相同的作用机制, 如可与同一生物靶标结合, 或相似的作用模式, 或用于治疗相似的疾病, 药物可从多种角度进行分类, 在主流的系统中, 以上四种分类模式形成了一种层次结构, 例如, 贝特类药物, 英语, fibrate, 具有相似的化学结构, 两亲性羧酸, 具有相同的作用机制, ppar激动剂, 英语, ppar, agonist, 和相同的作用方式, 降低血液中的甘油三酯, 均可用于预防和治疗相同的疾病, 动脉粥样硬化, 然而, 并. 药物分类 或称药物类别是药物的某种分类方式 这种方式可以基于相似的化学结构 或相同的作用机制 如可与同一生物靶标结合 或相似的作用模式 或用于治疗相似的疾病 1 2 药物可从多种角度进行分类 在主流的药物分类系统中 以上四种分类模式形成了一种层次结构 例如 贝特类药物 英语 Fibrate 具有相似的化学结构 两亲性羧酸 具有相同的作用机制 PPAR激动剂 英语 PPAR agonist 和相同的作用方式 降低血液中的甘油三酯 均可用于预防和治疗相同的疾病 动脉粥样硬化 3 4 然而 并非所有PPAR激动剂都是贝特类药物 并非所有降甘油三酯药物都是PPAR激动剂 并非所有治疗动脉粥样硬化药物均是降甘油三酯药物 药物类别通常由原型药物 英语 Prototype drug 定义 原型药物是该分类中的典型药物且通常为首个成药化合物 开发同类型的其他同药物通常参考原型药物或与之比较 5 6 如抗疟疾药物的原型药物是氯喹 非甾体抗炎药物的原型药物是阿司匹林 7 8 目录 1 按综合系统分类 2 按化学性质 3 按作用机制 4 按作用方式 5 按临床用途 6 合并分类 7 按其他系统分类 8 按法律法规分类 9 参见 10 参考资料 11 外部链接按综合系统分类 编辑解剖治疗化学分类系统 Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System ATC 是最广泛使用的药物分类系统 可结合器官系统 治疗属性 药理学属性和化学属性进行分类 9 10 11 医学系统命名法 英语 Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine SNOMED 其中部分规则也可用于药物分类 12 13 按化学性质 编辑药物可基于化学性质进行分类 如根据药化学结构分类 基于化学结构进行分类的药物类别包括 苯二氮䓬类 14 强心苷 15 贝特类药物 英语 Fibrate 16 甾体 17 噻嗪类利尿剂 18 曲坦类药物 英语 Triptan 19 B 内酰胺抗生素 20 按作用机制 编辑可基于药理学按作用机制对药物进行分类 作用机制通常依据生物学靶标的种类进行分类 分子作用机制相同的一类药物 可调节特定的生物靶标活性 21 作用机制还包括针对生物靶标的活性类型 如对于受体而言 这些活性包括 激动剂 拮抗剂 反向激动剂或调节剂 英语 Selective receptor modulator 酶的靶向机制包括激活剂和抑制剂 离子通道调节剂包括开放剂和阻滞剂 英语 Channel blocker 以下是基于特定作用机制的药物类别示例 5 alpha 还原酶抑制剂 英语 5 alpha reductase inhibitor 22 ACE抑制剂 23 Alpha 肾上腺素受体激动剂 英语 Alpha adrenergic agonist 24 血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂 25 b受体阻滞剂 26 胆碱能 英语 Cholinergic 27 多巴胺能 英语 Dopaminergic 28 氨基丁酸能 英语 GABAergic 29 肠促胰岛素拟似物 30 非甾体抗炎药 环氧合酶抑制剂 31 质子泵抑制剂 32 肾素抑制剂 33 选择性糖皮质激素受体调节剂 英语 Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator 34 血清素能 35 他汀类药物 羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶抑制剂 36 按作用方式 编辑按作用方式分类是基于生物学的角度出发 并根据药物引起的解剖学或药物引起的功能改变进行分类 基于常用的作用方式定义的药物类别包括 抗真菌药 37 抗微生物剂 38 抗血栓药物 英语 Antithrombotic 39 支气管扩张药 40 变时性药物 英语 Chronotrope 正向或负向 41 解充血药 英语 Decongestant 42 利尿剂或抗利尿剂 英语 Antidiuretic 43 强心剂 英语 Inotrope 正向或负向 44 按临床用途 编辑药物分类还可从医学临床用途角度出发 根据药物用于治疗的病理学进行分类 镇痛药 45 抗生素 46 抗癌药 47 抗凝剂 48 抗抑郁药 49 降糖药 50 抗癫痫药 英语 Antiepileptic 51 抗精神病药 52 解痉药 53 抗病毒药 54 心血管药物 55 镇定剂 56 镇静剂 57 兴奋剂 58 合并分类 编辑某些药物类别会兼顾多种分类标准以满足实际的分类需要 如非甾体类抗炎药 Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory durg NSAID 就是其中一例 59 历史上对于抗炎药的定义 除了非甾体抗炎药 还包括皮質類固醇药物即甾体类抗炎药物 在非甾体抗炎药这个类别出现之前的十年间 甾体类皮质类固醇类抗炎药一直是抗炎药物中的主流 60 由于1950年代皮质类固醇药物的不良反应事件 非甾体抗炎药这种新型抗炎药物迅速在临床领域开展应用 59 因此 非甾体抗炎药的药物类别由作用机制 抗炎 与其化学结构 非甾体一起组成了新的药物分类 缓解疾病的抗风湿药 英语 Disease modifying antirheumatic drug DMARD 61 非甾体类抗炎药 NSAID 59 按其他系统分类 编辑其他药物分类系统 如基于药物的溶解度和胃肠道渗透性 对药物进行分类的生物药剂学分类系统 英语 Biopharmaceutics Classification System Biopharmaceutics Classification System BCS 62 nbsp BCS分类按生物药剂学分类系统 BCS分类 可以将药物基于不同的溶解性和渗透性 分为四类 62 I类 高渗透性 英语 intestinal permeability 高溶解度 II类 高渗透性 低溶解度 III类 低渗透性 高溶解度 IV类 低渗透性 低溶解度按法律法规分类 编辑对于加拿大的法律分类 可参阅对于加拿大的法律分类和 受管制药物和物质法 63 对于英国法律分类 可参阅 英国滥用药物法中的管制药物 英语 Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act 64 对于美国法律的药物分类 可参阅 受管制物质法案 65 由于妊娠期的特殊性 不同司法管辖区使用不同的系统进行药物的怀孕分级 66 参见 编辑生药学 临床前研究 英语 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