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维基百科

胍法辛

胍法辛(英語:Guanfacine)以Tenex(速釋劑型(immediate-release dosage)和Intuniv(緩釋劑型英语modified-release dosage)等品牌銷售,是一種口服α-2A腎上腺素受體激動劑英语Alpha-adrenergic agonist,用於治療注意力不足過動症(ADHD) 和高血壓[2][3]胍法辛經美國食品藥物管理局(FDA)批准用於ADHD的單一療法[2]也可用於增強其他藥品(例如興奮劑)的輔助之用。[3]胍法辛也被作仿單標示外使用,用於治療抽動障礙焦慮症創傷後壓力症候群 (PTSD)。[4]

胍法辛
臨床資料
商品名英语Drug nomenclatureEstulic、Intuniv、Tenex及其他。
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa601059
核准狀況
给药途径口服給藥
藥物類別英语Drug classα-2A腎上腺素受體激動劑英语Alpha-adrenergic agonist
ATC碼
法律規範狀態
法律規範
识别信息
  • N-(Diaminomethylidene)-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)acetamide
CAS号29110-47-2  Y
PubChem CID
  • 3519
IUPHAR/BPS
  • 522
DrugBank
  • DB01018 Y
ChemSpider
  • 3399 Y
UNII
  • 30OMY4G3MK
KEGG
  • D08031 N
ChEMBL
  • ChEMBL862 Y
CompTox Dashboard英语CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (EPA)
  • DTXSID9046944
ECHA InfoCard100.044.933
化学信息
化学式C9H9Cl2N3O
摩尔质量246.09 g·mol−1
3D模型(JSmol英语JSmol
  • 交互式图像
  • Clc1cccc(Cl)c1CC(=O)\N=C(/N)N
  • InChI=1S/C9H9Cl2N3O/c10-6-2-1-3-7(11)5(6)4-8(15)14-9(12)13/h1-3H,4H2,(H4,12,13,14,15) Y
  • Key:INJOMKTZOLKMBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y

使用後常見的副作用有嗜睡便秘口乾[3]其他副作用可能有低血壓泌尿系統問題。[5]FDA將胍法辛歸類為妊娠期"B類",表示於動物生殖研究方面尚未證明個體於懷孕母乳哺育期間對胎兒嬰兒有風險,或是不良影響。[6][5]此藥物似乎透過激活大腦中的α-2A腎上腺素受體,減少交感神經系統活動來發揮作用。[3]

胍法辛於1974年首次於文獻中被描述,[7]並於1986年在美國被批准用於醫療用途。[3]市面上有這種藥品的通用名藥物販售。[3]它是美國於2020年排名第300的最常用處方藥,開立的處方箋數量超過100萬張。[8][9]

醫療用途 编辑

 
每片為一毫克劑量的胍法辛藥片。

胍法辛經FDA批准作為單一療法,或可聯合興奮劑,用於治療注意力不足過動症 (ADHD)。[2][10][11]胍法辛被認為無物質濫用潛力(與興奮劑不同),它甚至可用於降低尼古丁古柯鹼等的濫用問題。[12]此藥物也被FDA批准用於治療高血壓。[13]胍法辛可協同增強苯丙胺(安非他命)和哌醋甲酯等興奮劑在治療ADHD的作用,且在許多情況下還可幫助控制興奮劑的副作用[3]據稱胍法辛於治療ADHD時,可幫助個體更好控制行為、抑制不適當的分心和衝動,並抑制不適當的攻擊性衝動。[14]對此藥品所做的系統性回顧統合分析,發現其對於治療兒童和成人ADHD均有效,在成人治療中發現效應值適中 (標準化平均差異(Hedges' g) = -0.66)。[15][16][17]有項系統性回顧和統合分析還發現胍法辛可減少患有ADHD的兒童和青少年的對立反抗行為(這些兒童和青少年或者患有,或是不患有對立性反抗症,效應值為小至中等)。[18]但胍法辛和其他α2-腎上腺素受體激動劑被認為在治療ADHD的有效性方面不如興奮劑。[18][19][17]

胍法辛也被用於治療抽動障礙、焦慮症(如廣泛性焦慮症)和創傷後壓力症候群(PTSD)。[4]胍法辛和其他α2A-腎上腺素受體激動劑具有抗焦慮藥般的作用,[20]可減少杏仁核產生的情緒反應,並加強前額葉皮質對情緒、行動和思想的調節。[21]這些作用源自於對心理壓力誘導的兒茶酚胺釋放的抑制,以及前額葉皮質中受體側突觸的作用。[21]由於其生物半衰期時間較長,也可改善PTSD患者因做噩夢而導致的睡眠中斷。[22]所有這些行為都可能有助於緩解與PTSD相關的過度警覺、創傷記憶重現和衝動[23]胍法辛似乎對治療遭受心理創傷或受虐待兒童特別有幫助。[21]

不良影響 编辑

胍法辛的副作用是有劑量曝露-反應相關性英语Dose–response relationship[24]

很常見(>10%發生率)的不良反應有嗜睡、疲倦、頭痛腹痛[25]

常見(發生率1-10%)不良反應有厭食噁心、口乾、尿失禁和皮[25]

根據報告,胍法辛會導致罹患ADHD兒童有很高的嗜睡率,例如在一項試驗中,服用胍法辛組的嗜睡率為73%,服用安慰劑組為6%。[26][27]

胍法辛可能會導致罹患ADHD的兒童睡眠惡化,包括減少總睡眠時間。[26][27]

於2020年所做的一項系統性回顧發現胍法辛產生的副作用有腹痛、鎮靜QT間期延長英语Drug-induced QT prolongation[28]

交互作用 编辑

胍法辛的利用率受CYP3A4CYP3A5英语CYP3A5兩種酵素的顯著影響。抑制或誘導這些酵素的藥物會改變胍法辛於循環中的數量,因而改變其功效和不良反應發生率。由於其對心臟有影響,若與其他循環系統活性藥物一起使用時應謹慎。當它與鎮靜劑一起使用時,也應謹慎。[25]

藥理學 编辑

藥效學 编辑

胍法辛[29]
結合位點 親和力(納摩爾(nM)) 物種 參考
α-2A腎上腺素受體 50.3 – 93.3 人類 [30][31]
α-2B腎上腺素受體 1,020 – 1,380 人類 [30][31]
α-2C腎上腺素受體 1,120 – 3,890 人類 [30][31]
數值越小,與結合位點親和力越強。

胍法辛是α-2A腎上腺素受體的高度結合選擇性英语binding selectivity激動劑,對其他受體的結合親和力較低。[29]然而它也是一種5-HT2B受體激動劑。[32][33][34][35]

胍法辛透過活化中樞神經系統內的α2A-腎上腺素受體[36]而發揮作用。導致周圍神經系統流出減少,而降低外周交感神經張力,從而降低血管的收縮英语systole壓和舒張英语dystole壓。[37]

胍法辛在治療ADHD時,被認為是透過加強前額葉皮質對注意力和行為的調節來發揮作用。[38][14]這些對前額葉皮質功能的增強作用被認為是由於藥物刺激樹突上的受體側突觸α2A-腎上腺素受體,而非依賴釋放側突觸α2A-腎上腺素受體的活化。[14]環磷酸鳥苷(cAMP)介導的HCN通道英语HCN channelKCNQ通道英语KCNQ channels開放受到抑制,而增強前額葉皮質突觸連接和神經元動作電位發生。[38][39]在猴子身上的實驗結果,發現胍法辛可改善工作記憶、注意力調節和行為抑制,而這些作用與其鎮靜作用無關。[14]使用胍法辛治療前額葉疾患是由耶魯大學醫學院阿恩斯滕實驗室(Arnsten Lab)所開發。[38][14]

胍法辛對α2A-腎上腺素受體的選擇性比可樂定高很多,可樂定不僅能結合及活化α2A腎上腺素受體,還能結合及活化α2B和α2C腎上腺素受體以及咪唑啉受體英语Imidazoline receptor[14]此藥品在降低血壓和鎮靜方面比可樂定為弱,對受體側突觸的α2A腎上腺素受體的作用也比可樂定為弱(降低藍斑核活性和正腎上腺素釋放的效果低10倍),並且在釋放側突觸的α2A腎上腺素受體方面可能具有更大的功效(由胍法辛比可樂定更能增強老年猴子的前額皮質相關工作記憶所顯示)。[14]

5-HT2B受體被活化後是眾人已知的抗標靶,與心臟瓣膜疾病英语Valvular heart disease有關聯。[32][33]然而並非所有5-HT2B受體激動劑(例如羅平尼咯)都具有這種作用。[32][33]雖然胍法辛已被使用許久,但並無與心臟瓣膜疾病相關的報導,可能是其對5-HT2B受體有較小的激動效力。[35][40][41]體外研究中,其對5-HT2B受體的親和力比對α2A腎上腺素受體的親和力低100倍,對5-HT2B受體的親和力比血清素低30倍,而在活化5-HT2B受體的效力比對血清素低1,000倍。[40]結論是在臨床性濃度下,胍法辛預計不會表現出與5-HT2B受體的顯著結合或激活,因此不太可能是人類的心臟瓣膜疾病的病原體[40]但仍有不同的研究提出胍法辛在5-HT2B受體激動方面具有不同程度功效的報告,[34][35][40][41]截至2018年,尚無關於胍法辛導致心臟瓣膜疾病風險的臨床數據。[42]雖說胍法辛於此的可能性較低,但仍可能存有風險。[40]

藥物動力學 编辑

口服胍法辛的生物利用度為80%。沒明確的證據表明存在任何首過代謝。其生物半衰期為17小時,主要消除途徑為臟。主要代謝產物是3-羥基化衍生物,具有中等生物轉化的證據,關鍵中間體是環氧化合物[43]腎功能受損患者的消除過程未受影響。因此對此類患者而言,有經過肝臟代謝的假設,此類患者產生姿位性低血壓和鎮靜等副作用頻率增加也證明此點。[44]

歷史 编辑

胍法辛於1974年首次經文獻描述,[7][45][46][47][48]於1986年被FDA核准用於治療高血壓,商品名為Tenex。[49]接著於2010年被FDA批准用於治療6至17歲族群的ADHD。[10]它於2015年被歐洲藥品管理局批准用於治療ADHD,商品名為Intuniv。[50]此藥品於2018年被加入澳大利亞藥品福利計劃英语Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme中,用於治療ADHD。[51]

社會與文化 编辑

品牌名稱 编辑

此藥品的品牌名稱有Tenex(速釋劑型)、Afken、Estulic和Intuniv(緩釋劑型)。

藥品研究 编辑

胍法辛已被研究作為治療PTSD用。對成人的療效證據有限,但一項研究發現對同時罹患ADHD的兒童有積極的結果。[52]此藥物對於使用選擇性5-羥色胺再攝取抑制劑 (SSRI) 治療無反應的成年PTSD患者也可能有用。[53]

使用胍法辛治療妥瑞症的研究結果是好壞參半。[54]

胍法辛似乎不能有效改善患有ADHD和行為性失眠的兒童的睡眠。[26]反而是此藥品在一項臨床試驗中會讓某些睡眠參數惡化(例如總睡眠時間)。[26][27]

胍法辛已被研究用於治療類阿片藥物、乙醇和尼古丁的戒斷[55]已被證明有助於減少試圖戒菸者因壓力所引起對尼古丁的渴望,這可能涉及加強前額葉皮質介導的自我控制。[56]

胍法辛已被研究用於治療影響前額葉皮質功能相關的各種疾病,包括腦外傷中風思覺失調老年人的認知和注意力問題。[14][57]

目前有研究使用胍法辛作治療COVID19後症候群之用。[58][59][60]

參見 编辑

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胍法辛, 维基百科中的醫學内容仅供参考, 並不能視作專業意見, 如需獲取醫療幫助或意見, 请咨询专业人士, 詳見醫學聲明, 英語, guanfacine, 以tenex, 速釋劑型, immediate, release, dosage, 和intuniv, 緩釋劑型, 英语, modified, release, dosage, 等品牌銷售, 是一種口服α, 2a腎上腺素受體激動劑, 英语, alpha, adrenergic, agonist, 用於治療注意力不足過動症, adhd, 和高血壓, 經美國食品藥物. 维基百科中的醫學内容仅供参考 並不能視作專業意見 如需獲取醫療幫助或意見 请咨询专业人士 詳見醫學聲明 胍法辛 英語 Guanfacine 以Tenex 速釋劑型 immediate release dosage 和Intuniv 緩釋劑型 英语 modified release dosage 等品牌銷售 是一種口服a 2A腎上腺素受體激動劑 英语 Alpha adrenergic agonist 用於治療注意力不足過動症 ADHD 和高血壓 2 3 胍法辛經美國食品藥物管理局 FDA 批准用於ADHD的單一療法 2 也可用於增強其他藥品 例如興奮劑 的輔助之用 3 胍法辛也被作仿單標示外使用 用於治療抽動障礙 焦慮症和創傷後壓力症候群 PTSD 4 胍法辛臨床資料商品名 英语 Drug nomenclature Estulic Intuniv Tenex及其他 AHFS Drugs comMonographMedlinePlusa601059核准狀況歐 EMA yes 美 DailyMed Guanfacine给药途径口服給藥藥物類別 英语 Drug class a 2A腎上腺素受體激動劑 英语 Alpha adrenergic agonist ATC碼C02AC02 WHO 法律規範狀態法律規範澳 限医生处方 S4 1 加 处方药 only 美 处方药 only 2 识别信息IUPAC命名法 N Diaminomethylidene 2 2 6 dichlorophenyl acetamideCAS号29110 47 2 YPubChem CID3519IUPHAR BPS522DrugBankDB01018 YChemSpider3399 YUNII30OMY4G3MKKEGGD08031 NChEMBLChEMBL862 YCompTox Dashboard 英语 CompTox Chemicals Dashboard EPA DTXSID9046944ECHA InfoCard100 044 933化学信息化学式C 9H 9Cl 2N 3O摩尔质量246 09 g mol 13D模型 JSmol 英语 JSmol 交互式图像SMILES Clc1cccc Cl c1CC O N C N NInChI InChI 1S C9H9Cl2N3O c10 6 2 1 3 7 11 5 6 4 8 15 14 9 12 13 h1 3H 4H2 H4 12 13 14 15 YKey INJOMKTZOLKMBF UHFFFAOYSA N Y使用後常見的副作用有嗜睡 便秘和口乾 3 其他副作用可能有低血壓和泌尿系統問題 5 FDA將胍法辛歸類為妊娠期 B類 表示於動物生殖研究方面尚未證明個體於懷孕或母乳哺育期間對胎兒或嬰兒有風險 或是不良影響 6 5 此藥物似乎透過激活大腦中的a 2A腎上腺素受體 減少交感神經系統活動來發揮作用 3 胍法辛於1974年首次於文獻中被描述 7 並於1986年在美國被批准用於醫療用途 3 市面上有這種藥品的通用名藥物販售 3 它是美國於2020年排名第300的最常用處方藥 開立的處方箋數量超過100萬張 8 9 目录 1 醫療用途 2 不良影響 3 交互作用 4 藥理學 4 1 藥效學 4 2 藥物動力學 5 歷史 6 社會與文化 6 1 品牌名稱 7 藥品研究 8 參見醫療用途 编辑 nbsp 每片為一毫克劑量的胍法辛藥片 胍法辛經FDA批准作為單一療法 或可聯合興奮劑 用於治療注意力不足過動症 ADHD 2 10 11 胍法辛被認為無物質濫用潛力 與興奮劑不同 它甚至可用於降低尼古丁和古柯鹼等的濫用問題 12 此藥物也被FDA批准用於治療高血壓 13 胍法辛可協同增強苯丙胺 安非他命 和哌醋甲酯等興奮劑在治療ADHD的作用 且在許多情況下還可幫助控制興奮劑的副作用 3 據稱胍法辛於治療ADHD時 可幫助個體更好控制行為 抑制不適當的分心和衝動 並抑制不適當的攻擊性衝動 14 對此藥品所做的系統性回顧和統合分析 發現其對於治療兒童和成人ADHD均有效 在成人治療中發現效應值適中 標準化平均差異 Hedges g 0 66 15 16 17 有項系統性回顧和統合分析還發現胍法辛可減少患有ADHD的兒童和青少年的對立反抗行為 這些兒童和青少年或者患有 或是不患有對立性反抗症 效應值為小至中等 18 但胍法辛和其他a2 腎上腺素受體激動劑被認為在治療ADHD的有效性方面不如興奮劑 18 19 17 胍法辛也被用於治療抽動障礙 焦慮症 如廣泛性焦慮症 和創傷後壓力症候群 PTSD 4 胍法辛和其他a2A 腎上腺素受體激動劑具有抗焦慮藥般的作用 20 可減少杏仁核產生的情緒反應 並加強前額葉皮質對情緒 行動和思想的調節 21 這些作用源自於對心理壓力誘導的兒茶酚胺釋放的抑制 以及前額葉皮質中受體側突觸的作用 21 由於其生物半衰期時間較長 也可改善PTSD患者因做噩夢而導致的睡眠中斷 22 所有這些行為都可能有助於緩解與PTSD相關的過度警覺 創傷記憶重現和衝動 23 胍法辛似乎對治療遭受心理創傷或受虐待兒童特別有幫助 21 不良影響 编辑胍法辛的副作用是有劑量曝露 反應相關性 英语 Dose response relationship 24 很常見 gt 10 發生率 的不良反應有嗜睡 疲倦 頭痛和腹痛 25 常見 發生率1 10 不良反應有厭食 噁心 口乾 尿失禁和皮疹 25 根據報告 胍法辛會導致罹患ADHD兒童有很高的嗜睡率 例如在一項試驗中 服用胍法辛組的嗜睡率為73 服用安慰劑組為6 26 27 胍法辛可能會導致罹患ADHD的兒童睡眠惡化 包括減少總睡眠時間 26 27 於2020年所做的一項系統性回顧發現胍法辛產生的副作用有腹痛 鎮靜和QT間期延長 英语 Drug induced QT prolongation 28 交互作用 编辑胍法辛的利用率受CYP3A4和CYP3A5 英语 CYP3A5 兩種酵素的顯著影響 抑制或誘導這些酵素的藥物會改變胍法辛於循環中的數量 因而改變其功效和不良反應發生率 由於其對心臟有影響 若與其他循環系統活性藥物一起使用時應謹慎 當它與鎮靜劑一起使用時 也應謹慎 25 藥理學 编辑藥效學 编辑 胍法辛 29 結合位點 親和力 納摩爾 nM 物種 參考a 2A腎上腺素受體 50 3 93 3 人類 30 31 a 2B腎上腺素受體 1 020 1 380 人類 30 31 a 2C腎上腺素受體 1 120 3 890 人類 30 31 數值越小 與結合位點親和力越強 胍法辛是a 2A腎上腺素受體的高度結合選擇性 英语 binding selectivity 激動劑 對其他受體的結合親和力較低 29 然而它也是一種5 HT2B受體激動劑 32 33 34 35 胍法辛透過活化中樞神經系統內的a2A 腎上腺素受體 36 而發揮作用 導致周圍神經系統流出減少 而降低外周交感神經張力 從而降低血管的收縮 英语 systole 壓和舒張 英语 dystole 壓 37 胍法辛在治療ADHD時 被認為是透過加強前額葉皮質對注意力和行為的調節來發揮作用 38 14 這些對前額葉皮質功能的增強作用被認為是由於藥物刺激樹突上的受體側突觸a2A 腎上腺素受體 而非依賴釋放側突觸a2A 腎上腺素受體的活化 14 環磷酸鳥苷 cAMP 介導的HCN通道 英语 HCN channel 和KCNQ通道 英语 KCNQ channels 開放受到抑制 而增強前額葉皮質突觸連接和神經元動作電位發生 38 39 在猴子身上的實驗結果 發現胍法辛可改善工作記憶 注意力調節和行為抑制 而這些作用與其鎮靜作用無關 14 使用胍法辛治療前額葉疾患是由耶魯大學醫學院阿恩斯滕實驗室 Arnsten Lab 所開發 38 14 胍法辛對a2A 腎上腺素受體的選擇性比可樂定高很多 可樂定不僅能結合及活化a2A腎上腺素受體 還能結合及活化a2B和a2C腎上腺素受體以及咪唑啉受體 英语 Imidazoline receptor 14 此藥品在降低血壓和鎮靜方面比可樂定為弱 對受體側突觸的a2A腎上腺素受體的作用也比可樂定為弱 降低藍斑核活性和正腎上腺素釋放的效果低10倍 並且在釋放側突觸的a2A腎上腺素受體方面可能具有更大的功效 由胍法辛比可樂定更能增強老年猴子的前額皮質相關工作記憶所顯示 14 5 HT2B受體被活化後是眾人已知的抗標靶 與心臟瓣膜疾病 英语 Valvular heart disease 有關聯 32 33 然而並非所有5 HT2B受體激動劑 例如羅平尼咯 都具有這種作用 32 33 雖然胍法辛已被使用許久 但並無與心臟瓣膜疾病相關的報導 可能是其對5 HT2B受體有較小的激動效力 35 40 41 在體外研究中 其對5 HT2B受體的親和力比對a2A腎上腺素受體的親和力低100倍 對5 HT2B受體的親和力比血清素低30倍 而在活化5 HT2B受體的效力比對血清素低1 000倍 40 結論是在臨床性濃度下 胍法辛預計不會表現出與5 HT2B受體的顯著結合或激活 因此不太可能是人類的心臟瓣膜疾病的病原體 40 但仍有不同的研究提出胍法辛在5 HT2B受體激動方面具有不同程度功效的報告 34 35 40 41 截至2018年 尚無關於胍法辛導致心臟瓣膜疾病風險的臨床數據 42 雖說胍法辛於此的可能性較低 但仍可能存有風險 40 藥物動力學 编辑 口服胍法辛的生物利用度為80 沒明確的證據表明存在任何首過代謝 其生物半衰期為17小時 主要消除途徑為腎臟 主要代謝產物是3 羥基化衍生物 具有中等生物轉化的證據 關鍵中間體是環氧化合物 43 腎功能受損患者的消除過程未受影響 因此對此類患者而言 有經過肝臟代謝的假設 此類患者產生姿位性低血壓和鎮靜等副作用頻率增加也證明此點 44 歷史 编辑胍法辛於1974年首次經文獻描述 7 45 46 47 48 於1986年被FDA核准用於治療高血壓 商品名為Tenex 49 接著於2010年被FDA批准用於治療6至17歲族群的ADHD 10 它於2015年被歐洲藥品管理局批准用於治療ADHD 商品名為Intuniv 50 此藥品於2018年被加入澳大利亞藥品福利計劃 英语 Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme 中 用於治療ADHD 51 社會與文化 编辑品牌名稱 编辑 此藥品的品牌名稱有Tenex 速釋劑型 Afken Estulic和Intuniv 緩釋劑型 藥品研究 编辑胍法辛已被研究作為治療PTSD用 對成人的療效證據有限 但一項研究發現對同時罹患ADHD的兒童有積極的結果 52 此藥物對於使用選擇性5 羥色胺再攝取抑制劑 SSRI 治療無反應的成年PTSD患者也可能有用 53 使用胍法辛治療妥瑞症的研究結果是好壞參半 54 胍法辛似乎不能有效改善患有ADHD和行為性失眠的兒童的睡眠 26 反而是此藥品在一項臨床試驗中會讓某些睡眠參數惡化 例如總睡眠時間 26 27 胍法辛已被研究用於治療類阿片藥物 乙醇和尼古丁的戒斷 55 已被證明有助於減少試圖戒菸者因壓力所引起對尼古丁的渴望 這可能涉及加強前額葉皮質介導的自我控制 56 胍法辛已被研究用於治療影響前額葉皮質功能相關的各種疾病 包括腦外傷 中風 思覺失調和老年人的認知和注意力問題 14 57 目前有研究使用胍法辛作治療COVID19後症候群之用 58 59 60 參見 编辑 Prescription medicines registration of new chemical entities in Australia 2017 Therapeutic Goods Administration TGA 2022 06 21 2023 04 09 原始内容存档于2023 04 10 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 Intuniv guanfacine tablet extended release Intuniv guanfacine kit DailyMed 2021 01 26 2022 08 06 原始内容存档于2022 08 06 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 Guanfacine Monograph for Professionals Drugs com American Society of Health System Pharmacists 2019 03 18 原始内容存档于2018 01 15 英语 4 0 4 1 Boland RJ Verduin ML Sadock BJ Ruiz P 编 Kaplan amp Sadock s Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry 5th Philadelphia 2023 1811 1812 2023 01 12 ISBN 978 1 9751 6748 6 OCLC 1264172789 原始内容存档于2023 02 08 5 0 5 1 British national formulary BNF 76 76 Pharmaceutical Press 2018 349 350 ISBN 9780857113382 Patient Information INTUNIV in TOO niv guanfacine Extended Release Tablets PDF FDA gov 2022 10 12 原始内容存档 PDF 于2022 10 13 7 0 7 1 Turner A S 1974 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