维基百科
血液检验项目正常参考值范围
血检项目参考值范围（英語：Reference ranges for blood tests），指的是医疗保健专家从血液样品中选取的一组用来描述医疗检验结果的正常参考值。
血液检验的测量值在临床中意义非常重要，人们通过对体液进行分析来寻找属于病理学中的病理改变来作为是否患病的参考，属于对临床化学[註 1]领域中的研究。
分类 编辑
离子及微量金属 编辑
这里包括了一些如含铁结合蛋白、含铜结合蛋白之类的一些蛋白质。
| 项目 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 | 备注 |
| 钠(Na) | 135[1],137[2][3] | 145[2][3],147[1] | mmol/L or mEq/L[1] | |
| 31[4], 32[4] | 33[4], 34[4] | mg/dl | ||
| 钾 (K) | 3.5[1][3], 3.6[2] | 5.0[1][2][3], 5.1 | mmol/L or mEq/L[1] | 参见低钾血症 或高钾血症。 |
| 14[5] | 20[5] | mg/dl | ||
| 氯 (Cl) | 95[1], 98[6], 100[3] | 105[1], 106[6], 110[3] | mmol/L or mEq/L[1] | |
| 340[7] | 370[7] | mg/dl | ||
| 钙离子 (Ca) | 1.03[8], 1.10[3] | 1.23[8], 1.30[3] | mmol/L | |
| 4.1 [9], 4.4[9] | 4.9 [9], 5.2[9] | mg/dL | ||
| 总血清铁 (TSI) – 男性 | 65[10], 76[2] | 176[10], 198[2] | µg/dL | |
| 11.6[11][12], 13.6[12] | 30[11], 32[12], 35[12] | μmol/L | ||
| 总血清铁(TSI) – 女性 | 26[2], 50[10] | 170[2][10] | µg/dL | |
| 4.6[12], 8.9[11] | 30.4[11] | μmol/L | ||
| 总血清铁(TSI) - 新生儿 | 100[10] | 250[10] | µg/dL | |
| 18[12] | 45[12] | µmol/L | ||
| 总血清铁(TSI) - 儿童 | 50[10] | 120[10] | µg/dL | |
| 9[12] | 21[12] | µmol/L | ||
| 总铁结合力(TIBC) | 240[10], 262[2] | 450[10], 474[2] | μg/dL | |
| 43[12], 47[12] | 81[12], 85[12] | µmol/L | ||
| 转铁蛋白 | 190[13], 194[3], 204[2] | 326[3], 330[13], 360[2] | mg/dL | |
| 25[14] | 45[14] | μmol/L | ||
| 饱和转铁蛋白 | 20[10] | 50[10] | % | |
| 铁 – 男性 | 12[15] | 300[15] | ng/mL | |
| 27 [16] | 670[16] | pmol/L | ||
| 铁 – 女性 | 12[15] | 150[15] | ng/mL | |
| 27 [16] | 330[16] | pmol/L | ||
| 氨 | 10[17], 20[18] | 35[17], 65[18] | μmol/L | |
| 17[19], 34[19] | 60[19], 110[19] | μg/dL | ||
| 铜 | 70[20] | 150[20] | µg/dL | |
| 11 [21] | 24[21] | μmol/L | ||
| 铜蓝蛋白 | 15[20] | 60[20] | mg/dL | |
| 1 [22] | 4[22] | μmol/L | ||
| 钙总量 (Ca) | 2.1[1][23], 2.2[3] | 2.5[23][3], 2.6[23], 2.8[1] | mmol/L | |
| 8.4[1], 8.5[20] | 10.2[1], 10.5[20] | mg/dL | ||
| 磷酸 (HPO42−) | 0.8 | 1.5 [24] | mmol/L | |
| 无机 磷 (血清) | 1.0[1] | 1.5[1] | mmol/L | |
| 3.0[1] | 4.5[1] | mg/dL | ||
| 铜 (Cu) | 11[25] | 24 | μmol/L | |
| 锌 (Zn) | 60 [26], 72[27] | 110[27], 130[26] | μg/dL | |
| 9.2[28], 11[3] | 17[3], 20[28] | µmol/L | ||
| 镁 | 1.5[20], 1.7[29] | 2.0[20], 2.3[29] | mEq/L or mg/dL | |
| 0.6[30], 0.7[3] | 0.82[30], 0.95[3] | mmol/L | ||
| 硒 (最适范围) | 120[31] | μg/L |
酸碱缓冲对 编辑
酸碱缓冲对如果没有特别指定为动脉/静脉血，一般指的是动脉血，而不是静脉血。
酸碱缓冲对中的少数项目在动脉/静脉中差异很大。[32]。
| 项目 | 动脉/静脉 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 | 备注 |
| pH | 动脉 | 7.34[2], 7.35[1] | 7.44[2], 7.45[1] | ||
| 静脉 | 7.31[33] | 7.41[33] | |||
| [H+] | 动脉 | 36[1] | 44[1] | nmol/L | |
| 3.6 [34] | 4.4[34] | ng/dL | |||
| 过剰碱基 | 动脉和静脉[33] | -3[33] | +3[33] | mEq/L | |
| 氧分圧 (pO2) | 动脉 | 10[1], 11[35] | 13[35], 14[1] | kPa | |
| 75[1][2], 83[20] | 100[2], 105[1] | mmHg 又はtorr | |||
| 静脉 | 4.0[35] | 5.3[35] | kPa | ||
| 30[33] | 40[33] | mmHg 又は torr | |||
| 氧饱和度 | 动脉 | 94[33], 95[6], 96[20] | 100[6][20] | % | |
| 静脉 | Approximately 75[6] | ||||
| 二氧化碳分压 (CO2) | 动脉 | 4.4[1], 4.7[35] | 5.9[1], 6.0[35] | kPa | 指定pCO2 |
| 33[1], 35[2] | 44[1], 45[2] | mmHg 或 torr | |||
| 23[33] | 30[33] | mmol/L | |||
| 100[36] | 132[36] | mg/dL | |||
| 静脉 | 5.5[35] | 6.8[35] | kPa | ||
| 41[33] | 51[33] | mmHg 又は torr | |||
| 碳酸氢根离子 (HCO3, ) | 动脉和静脉 | 18[20] | 23[20] | mmol/L | |
| 110[37] | 140[37] | mg/dL | |||
| 标准碳酸氢根离子(SBCe) | 动脉和静脉 | 21, 22[1] | 27, 28[1] | mmol/L or mEq/L[1] | |
| 134[37] | 170[37] | mg/dL | |||
肝功能 编辑
| 项目 | 检验者类型 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 | 备注 |
| 总蛋白 | 60[1], 63[2] | 78[1], 82[2], 84[20] | g/L | 参见低蛋白血症 | |
| 白蛋白 | 35[1][38] | 48[2], 55[1] | g/L | 参见低蛋白血症 | |
| 3.5[2] | 4.8[2], 5.5[1] | U/L | |||
| 540[39] | 740[39] | μmol/L | |||
| 球蛋白 | 23[1] | 35[1] | g/L | ||
| 总胆红素 | 1.7[40], 2[1], 3.4[40], 5[3] | 17[1][40], 22[40], 25[3] | μmol/L | ||
| 0.1[1], 0.2[2], 0.29[41] | 1.0[1][20], 1.3[2], 1.4[41] | mg/dL | |||
| 结合型/直接胆红素 | 0.0[1] or N/A[3] | 5[1], 7[40][3] | μmol/L | ||
| 0[1][2] | 0.3[1][2], 0.4[20] | mg/dL | |||
| 丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT/ALAT[3]) | 5[42], 7[2], 8[1] | 20[1], 21[6], 56[2] | U/L | 也被称为血清谷丙转氨酶 （SGPT:serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase） | |
| 女性 | 0.15[3] | 0.75[3] | µkat/L | ||
| 男性 | 0.15[3] | 1.1[3] | |||
| 天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST/ASAT[3]) | 女性 | 6[43] | 34[43] | IU/L | 也被称为 血清谷草转氨酶 |
| 0.25[3] | 0.60[3] | µkat/L | |||
| 男性 | 8[43] | 40[43] | IU/L | ||
| 0.25[3] | 0.75[3] | µkat/L | |||
| 碱性磷酸酶(ALP) | 女性 | 42[42] | 98[42] | U/L | |
| 男性 | 53[42] | 128[42] | |||
| 酶活性 | 0.6[3] | 1.8[3] | µkat/L | ||
| γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT) | 5[42], 8[2] | 40[42], 78[2] | U/L | ||
| 女性 | 0.8[44] | µkat/L | |||
| 男性 | 1.3[44] |
心肌酶 编辑
| 项目 | 检验者类型 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 | 备注 | |
| 肌酸激酶 (CK) | 男性 | 24[45], 38[2], 60[42] | 174[20], 320[42] | U/L or ng/mL | ||
| 女性 | 24[45], 38[2], 96[20] | 140[20], 200[42] | ||||
| CK-MB | 0 | 3[2], 3.8[3], 5[42] | ng/mL or μg/L[3] | |||
| 脑利钠肽 (BNP) | 男性 | 45-54 岁 | 4[46] | 40[46] | pg/mL | |
| 55-64 岁 | 5[46] | 52[46] | ||||
| 65-74 岁 | 7[46] | 67[46] | ||||
| 75-83 岁 | 9[46] | 86[46] | ||||
| 女性 | 45-54 岁 | 8[46] | 73[46] | |||
| 55-64 岁 | 10[46] | 93[46] | ||||
| 65-74 岁 | 13[46] | 120[46] | ||||
| 75-83 岁 | 16[46] | 155[46] | ||||
| NT-proBNP | 男性 | < 45 岁 | 90[47] | pg/mL | ||
| 45-54 岁 | 140[47] | |||||
| 55-64 岁 | 180[47] | |||||
| 65-74 岁 | 230[47] | |||||
| > 75 岁 | 850[47] | |||||
| 女性 | < 45 岁 | 180[47] | ||||
| 45-54 岁 | 190[47] | |||||
| 55-64 岁 | 230[47] | |||||
| 65-74 岁 | 350[47] | |||||
| > 75 岁 | 620[47] | |||||
| 肌红蛋白 | 女性 | 1[48] | 66[48] | ng/mL or µg/L | ||
| 男性 | 17[48] | 106[48] | ||||
疼痛开始12小时后肌钙蛋白的值:
| 项目 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 | 参考 |
| 肌钙蛋白I | 0.2[49] | ng/mL or μg/L | 通常的上限 | |
| 0.2[49] | 1.0[49] | ng/mL or μg/L | 急性冠脉综合征 | |
| 0.4[50] | 2.0[50] | ng/mL or μg/L | 平稳上升[50] | |
| 1.0[49], 1.5[51] | n/a[49][51] | ng/mL or μg/L | 疑似心肌梗塞 | |
| 肌钙蛋白T | 0.02[49] | ng/mL or μg/L | 通常的上限 | |
| 0.02[49] | 0.10[49] | ng/mL or μg/L | 急性冠脉综合征 | |
| 0.10[49] | n/a[49] | ng/mL or μg/L | 疑似心肌梗塞 |
肿瘤标志物 编辑
| 项目 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 | 备注 |
| 甲胎蛋白 (AFP) | 0 | 44[2] | ng/mL | |
| β人绒毛膜促性腺激素 (bHCG) | n/a | 5[2] | IU/l or mU/ml | 男性及非孕妇 |
| CA 19-9 | n/a | 40[2] | U/ml | |
| CA-125 | n/a | 30[52], 35[53] | kU/L or U/mL | |
| 癌胚抗原 (CEA) 50岁的非吸烟者 | n/a | 3.4[3], 3.6 [54] | μg/l | |
| 癌胚抗原 (CEA) 70岁的非吸烟者 | n/a | 4.1[54] | μg/l | |
| 癌胚抗原 (CEA) - 吸烟者 | n/a | 5[55] | μg/l | |
| 前列腺特异抗原 (PSA) | n/a | 2.5[3], 4[2] | μg/L[2][3] or ng/mL[20] | 45岁以下 <2,5 μg/L |
| 前列腺酸性磷酸酶（PAP） | 0 | 3[20] | units/dL (Bodansky units) |
内分泌 编辑
甲状腺激素 编辑
| 项目 | 检验者类型 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 |
| 促甲状腺激素 (TSH or thyrotropin) | 成人 - 通常范围 | 0.3[3], 0.4[2], 0.5[20], 0.6[56] | 4.0[3], 4.5[2], 6.0[20] | mIU/L or μIU/mL |
| 成人 - 最适范围 | 0.3[57], 0.5[58] | 2.0[58], 3.0[57] | mIU/L or μIU/mL | |
| 婴儿 | 1.3[59] | 19[59] | mIU/L or μIU/mL | |
| 游离甲状腺素 (FT4) | 通常的成人 | 0.7[60],0.8[2] | 1.4[60], 1.5[2] | ng/dL |
| 9[61][3], 10[62], 12 [63] | 18[3][61], 23[63] | pmol/L | ||
| 婴儿 0-3日 | 2.0[60] | 5.0[60] | ng/dL | |
| 26[61] | 65[61] | pmol/L | ||
| 婴儿 3-30日 | 0.9[60] | 2.2[60] | ng/dL | |
| 12[61] | 30[61] | pmol/L | ||
| 儿童/青春期 30日 - 18岁 | 0.8[60] | 2.0[60] | ng/dL | |
| 10[61] | 26[61] | pmol/L | ||
| 孕妇 | 0.5[60] | 1.0[60] | ng/dL | |
| 6.5[61] | 13[61] | pmol/L | ||
| 总甲状腺素 | 60[62][63] | 140[62], 160[63] | nmol/L | |
| 4[62], 5.5[2] | 11[62], 12.3[2] | μg/dL | ||
| 游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸 (FT3) | 通常的成人 | 0.2[62] | 0.5[62] | ng/dL |
| 3.1[64] | 7.7[64] | pmol/L | ||
| 儿童 2-16岁 | 0.1[65] | 0.6[65] | ng/dL | |
| 1.5[64] | 9.2[64] | pmol/L | ||
| 总三碘甲状腺原氨酸 | 0.9[3], 1.1[62] | 2.5[3], 2.7[62] | nmol/L | |
| 60[2], 75[62] | 175[62], 181[2] | ng/dL | ||
| 甲状腺素结合球蛋白 (TBG) | 12[2] | 30[2] | mg/L | |
| 甲状腺球蛋白 (Tg) | 1.5[62] | 30[62] | pmol/L | |
| 1[62] | 20 [62] | μg/L |
性激素 编辑
| 项目 | 检验者类型 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 |
| 睾丸酮 | 男性, 整体 | 8 [66], 10[67] | 27 [66], 35[67] | nmol/L |
| 230 [68], 300 [69] | 780[68] - 1000[69] | ng/dL | ||
| 男性 < 50 岁 | 10[3] | 45[3] | nmol/L | |
| 290[68] | 1300[68] | ng/dL | ||
| 男性 > 50 岁 | 6.2[3] | 26[3] | nmol/L | |
| 180[68] | 740[68] | ng/dL | ||
| 女性 | 0.7[67] | 2.8[67] - 3.0[3] | nmol/L | |
| 20[69] | 80[69] - 85[68] | ng/dL | ||
| 17-羟基孕酮 | 男性 | 0.06[20] | 3.0[20] | mg/L |
| 女性 (卵泡期) | 0.2[20] | 1.0[20] | mg/L | |
| 卵泡刺激素 (FSH) | 青春期前 | <1 [70] | 3[70] | IU/L |
| 成人男性 | 1[70] | 8[70] | ||
| 成人女性 (卵泡期及黄体期) | 1[70] | 11[70] | ||
| 成人女性 (排卵) | 6[70] 95% PI (standard) | 26[70] 95% PI) | ||
| 5[71] 90% PI (used in diagram) | 15[71] (90% PI) | |||
| 闭经后女性 | 30[70] | 118[70] | ||
| 黄体生成素 (LH) | 女性, peak | 20[71] 90% PI (used in diagram) | 75[71] (90% PI) | IU/L |
| 女性, 闭经后 | 15[72] | 60[72] | ||
| 雌二醇 (雌激素的一种) | 成人男性 | 50[73] | 200[73] | pmol/L |
| 1.4[74] | 5.5[74] | ng/dL | ||
| 成人女性 (卵泡期，5日) | 70[73] 95% PI (standard) | 500[73] 95% PI | pmol/L | |
| 110[71] 90% PI (used in diagram) | 220[71] 90% PI | |||
| 1.9[74] (95% PI) | 14[74] (95% PI) | ng/dL | ||
| 3.0[74] (90% PI) | 6.0[74] (90% PI) | |||
| 成人女性 (排卵前) | 400[73] | 1500[73] | pmol/L | |
| 11[74] | 41[74] | ng/dL | ||
| 成人女性(黄体期) | 70[73] | 600[73] | pmol/L | |
| 1.9[74] | 16[74] | ng/dL | ||
| 成人女性 - free (not protein bound) | 0.05[75] | 0.9[75] | ng/dL | |
| 1.7[75] | 33[75] | pmol/L | ||
| 闭经后女性 | N/A [73] | < 130[73] | pmol/L | |
| N/A[74] | < 3.5[74] | ng/dL | ||
| 黄体激素 | 女性（排卵日） | 2.2[71] (90% PI) | 9[71] (90% PI) | nmol/L |
| 70[76] (90% PI) | 280[76] (90% PI) | ng/dL | ||
| 雄烯二酮 | 成人男性及女性 | 60[72] | 270[72] | ng/dL |
| 闭经后女性 | < 180[72] | |||
| 青春期前 | < 60[72] |
其他激素 编辑
| 项目 | 检验者类型 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 |
| 副肾皮质刺激激素 (ACTH) | 4.4[77] | 18[78],22[77] | pmol/L | |
| 20[2] | 80[79], 100[2] | pg/mL | ||
| 皮质醇 | 上午09:00 | 140[80] | 700[80] | nmol/L |
| 5[81] | 25[81] | μg/dL | ||
| 深夜 | 80[80] | 350[80] | nmol/L | |
| 2.9[81] | 13[81] | μg/dL | ||
| 生长激素 (空腹时) | 0 | 5[1] | ng/mL | |
| 生长激素 (精氨酸刺激) | 7[1] | n/a | ng/mL | |
| 催乳素 | 女性 | n/a | 20[2] | ng/mL or µg/L[3] |
| 男性 | 15[2] | |||
| 甲状旁腺激素 (PTH) | 10[82], 17[83] | 65[82], 70[83] | pg/mL | |
| 1.1[3], 1.8[84] | 6.9[3], 7.5[84] | pmol/L | ||
| 25-羟胆钙化（固）醇 (维生素D的一种) - 通常参考值 | 8[20][85], 9[85] | 40[85], 80[20] | ng/mL | |
| 20[86], 23[87] | 95[87], 150[86] | nmol/L | ||
| 25-羟胆钙化（固）醇 - 治疗时参考值 | 30[88], 40[89] | 65[89], 100[88] | ng/mL | |
| 85[31], 100[89] | 120[31], 160[89] | nmol/L |
氨基酸 编辑
| 项目 | 性别 | 年龄 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 | 异常上升值 | 最适值 |
| 同型半胱氨酸 | 女性 | 12–19 岁 | 3.3 [90] | 7.2[90] | μmol/L | > 10.4 μmol/L or > 140 μg/dl | < 6.3 μmol/L [31] or < 85 μg/dL[31] |
| 45[91] | 100[91] | μg/dL | |||||
| >60 岁 | 4.9 [90] | 11.6 [90] | μmol/L | ||||
| 66[91] | 160[91] | μg/dL | |||||
| 男性 | 12–19 岁 | 4.3 [90] | 9.9 [90] | μmol/L | > 11.4 μmol/L or > 150 μg/dL | ||
| 60[91] | 130[91] | μg/dL | |||||
| >60 岁 | 5.9 [90] | 15.3 [90] | μmol/L | ||||
| 80[91] | 210[91] | μg/dL |
维生素类 编辑
| 项目 | 检验者类型 | 标准范围 | 单位 | 最适范围 | ||
| 下限值 | 上限值 | 下限值 | 上限值 | |||
| 维生素A | 30[20] | 65[20] | µg/dL | |||
| 维生素B9 (叶酸/叶酸盐) - 血清 | 1岁以上 | 3.0[92] | 16[92] | ng/mL or μg/L | 5 [93] | |
| 6.8[94] | 36[94] | nmol/l | 11[94] | |||
| 维生素B9 (叶酸/叶酸盐) - 红细胞 | 200[92] | 600[92] | ng/mL or μg/L | |||
| 450[94] | 1400[94] | nmol/L | ||||
| 孕妇 | ng/mL or μg/L | 400[92] | ||||
| nmol/L | 900[92] | |||||
| 维生素B12 (钴胺素) | 130[95], 160[96] | 700[95], 950[96] | ng/L | |||
| 100[97], 120[3] | 520[97], 700[3] | pmol/L | ||||
| 维生素C (抗坏血酸) | 0.4[20] | 1.5[20] | mg/dL | 0.9[31] | ||
| 23[98] | 85[98] | μmol/L | 50[31] | |||
| 25-羟胆钙化（固）醇 (维生素D) | 8[20][85], 9[85] | 40[85], 80[20] | ng/mL | 30[88], 40[89] | 65[89], 100[88] | |
| 20[86], 23[87] | 95[87], 150[86] | nmol/L | 85[31], 100[89] | 120[31], 160[89] | ||
| 维生素E | μmol/L | 28[31] | ||||
| mg/dL | 1.2[31] | |||||
有害物质 编辑
| 项目 | 参考种类 | 参考值 | 单位 |
| 铅 | 健康的维持 | < 20[6] or 40[20] | µg/dL |
| 乙醇 | 酒驾参考 | 0[99], 0.2[99], 0.8[99] | ‰ or g/L |
| 17.4[100] | mmol/L |
血液 编辑
红细胞 编辑
| 项目 | 检验者类型 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 | 备注 |
| 血红蛋白 (Hb) | 男性 | 2.0[101], 2.1[1] | 2.5[101], 2.7[1] | mmol/L | 婴儿高，儿童低。 |
| 130[3], 132[2], 135[1] | 162[2], 170[3], 175[1] | g/L | |||
| 女性 | 1.8[101], 1.9[1] | 2.3[101], 2.5[1][101] | mmol/L | 成人间性别差异很小。 | |
| 120[3] [1][2] | 150[3], 152[2], 160[1][20] | g/L | |||
| 血浆中血红蛋白 | 0.16[1] | 0.62[1] | μmol/L | 通常仅存在于小型红细胞内。 | |
| 1 | 4 | mg/dL | |||
| 糖化血红蛋白 (HbA1c) | < 50 岁 | 3.6[3] | 5.0[3] | % of Hb | |
| > 50 岁 | 3.9[3] | 5.3[3] | |||
| 结合珠蛋白 | < 50 岁 | 0.35[3] | 1.9[3] | g/L | |
| > 50 岁 | 0.47[3] | 2.1[3] | |||
| 红细胞比容 (Hct) | 男性 | 0.39[3], 0.4[2], 0.41[1], 0.45[20] | 0.50[3], 0.52[2],0.53[1], 0.62[20] | ||
| 女性 | 0.35[3], 0.36[1],0.37[2][20] | 0.46[1][2][3], 0.48[20] | |||
| 儿童 | 0.31[2] | 0.43[2] | |||
| 平均红细胞体积 (MCV) | 男性 | 76[20], 82[2] | 100[20], 102[2] | fL | 容积婴儿高，儿童低。 |
| 女性 | 78[2] | 101[2] | fL | ||
| 红细胞粒度分布幅（Red blood cell distribution width (RDW)） | 11.5[2] | 14.5[2] | % | ||
| 平均红细胞血红蛋白（Mean cell hemoglobin(MCH)） | 0.39[1] | 0.54[1] | fmol/cell | ||
| 25[1], 27[20][3] | 32[20], 33[3], 35[1] | pg/cell | |||
| 平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度（Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC)） | 31[2], 32[20][3] | 35[2], 36[20][3] | g/dL | ||
| 4.8 [102], 5.0[102] | 5.4[102], 5.6[102] | mmol/L | |||
| 红细胞 (RBC) | 男性 | 4.2[20], 4.3[1][2][3] | 5.7[3], 5.9[1], 6.2[2], 6.9[20] | x1012/L | |
| 女性 | 3.5[1], 3.8[2], 3.9[3] | 5.1[3], 5.5[1][2] | x1012/L | ||
| 婴儿/儿童 | 3.8[2] | 5.5[2] | x1012/L | ||
| 网织红细胞 | 26[3] | 130[3] | x109/L | ||
| 成人 | 0.5[1][2] | 1.5[1][2] | % of RBC | ||
| 新生儿 | 1.1[2] | 4.5[2] | % of RBC | ||
| 婴儿 | 0.5[2] | 3.1[2] | % of RBC |
白细胞 编辑
| 项目 | 检验者类型 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 | 备注 |
| 白细胞数 (WBC) | 成人 | 3.5[3], 3.9[103], 4.1[2], 4.5[1] | 9.0[3], 10.0[103], 10.9[2], 11[1] |
| |
| 新生儿 | 9[104] | 30[104] | |||
| 1岁婴儿 | 6[104] | 18[104] | |||
| 中性粒细胞 (A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs) | 成人 | 1.3[3], 1.8[103], 2[104] | 5.4[3], 7[103], 8[104] | x109/L | |
| 45-54[1] | 62[1], 74 | % of WBC | |||
| 新生儿 | 6[104] | 26[104] | x109/L | ||
| 杆状单核细胞（中性粒细胞） （Neutrophilic band forms） | 成人 | 0.7[104] | x109/L | ||
| 3[1] | 5[1] | % of WBC | |||
| 淋巴细胞 | 成人 | 0.7[3], 1.0[103][104] | 3.5[103], 3.9[3], 4.8[104] | x109/L | |
| 16-25[1] | 33[1], 45 | % of WBC | |||
| 新生儿 | 2[104] | 11[104] | x109/L | ||
| 单核细胞 | 成人 | 0.1[3], 0.2[95][105] | 0.8[95][104][3] | x109/L | |
| 3[1], 4.0 | 7[1], 10 | % of WBC | |||
| 新生儿 | 0.4[104] | 3.1[104] | x109/L | ||
| 单核白细胞(单核细胞+淋巴细胞) | 成人 | 1.5 | 5 | x109/L | |
| 20 | 35 | % of WBC | |||
| CD4阳性T细胞 | 成人 | 0.4 [2], 0.5[6] | 1.5[6], 1.8[2] | x109/L | |
| 嗜酸性粒细胞 | 成人 | 0.0[3], 0.04[95] | 0.44[95], 0.45[104], 0.5[3] | x109/L | |
| 1[1] | 3[1], 7 | % of WBC | |||
| 新生儿 | 0.02[104] | 0.85[104] | x109/L | ||
| 嗜碱性粒细胞 | 成人 | 40[103] | 100[95][3], 200[104], 900[103] | x106/L | |
| 0.0 | 0.75[1], 2 | % of WBC | |||
| 新生儿 | 0.64 [104] | x109/L |
凝血・纤溶系统 编辑
| 项目 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 | 备注 |
| 血小板/红细胞数 (Plt) | 140[2], 150[1][3] | 350[20][3], 400[1], 450[2] | x109/L | |
| 凝血酶原时间 (PT) | 10[6], 11[1][106], 12[2] | 13[6], 13.5[106], 14[2], 15[1] | s | 凝血酶原时间受到检测药剂不同的影响。INR可以把它的值标准化。 |
| INR | 0.9[3] | 1.2[3] | INR是被检验者的凝血酶原时间的修正。 | |
| 活化部分凝血活酶时间（Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)） | 18[2], 30[6][3] | 28[2], 42[3], 45[6] | s | |
| 凝血酶凝固时间 (TCT) | 11 | 18 | s | |
| 纤维蛋白原 | 1.7[2], 2.0[3] | 3.6[3], 4.2[2] | g/L | |
| 抗凝血酶 | 0.80[3] | 1.2[3] | kIU/L | |
| 出血时间 | 2 | 9 | min | |
| 粘度 | 1.5[107] | 1.72[107] | cP |
免疫 编辑
急性期蛋白质 编辑
| 项目 | 检验者 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 | 参考 |
| 红细胞沉降率 (ESR) | 男性 | 0 | 年龄÷2[108] | mm/hr | 红细胞沉降率随着年龄的增长，女性往往偏高。[109] |
| 女性 | (年龄+10)÷2 [108] | ||||
| C-反应蛋白 (CRP) | n/a | 5[110][3], 6[111] | mg/L | ||
| 200[112], 240[112] | nmol/L | ||||
| α1-抗胰蛋白酶 (AAT) | 20[113], 22[114] | 38[114], 53[113] | μmol/L | ||
| 89[115], 97[3] | 170[3], 230[115] | mg/dL |
抗体的种类 编辑
| 项目 | 检验者 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 | 参考 |
| 免疫球蛋白A（IgA） | 成人 | 70[3], 110[116] | 360[3], 560[116] | mg/dL | |
| 免疫球蛋白D（IgD） | 0.5[116] | 3.0[116] | |||
| 免疫球蛋白E（IgE） | 0.01[116] | 0.04[116] | |||
| 免疫球蛋白G（IgG） | 800[116] | 1800[116] | |||
| 免疫球蛋白M（IgM） | 54[116] | 220[116] |
自身抗体 编辑
| 项目 | 阴性 | 疑似阳性 | 阳性 | 单位 |
| 抗SS-A抗体 (Ro) | < 15[117] | 15-25[117] | > 25[117] | Units per millilitre (U/mL) |
| 抗SS-B抗体 (La) | < 3[117] | 3 – 4[117] | > 4[117] | |
| Anti ds-DNA | < 40[117] | 40 – 60[117] | > 60[117] | |
| Anti ss-DNA | < 8[117] | 8 - 10[117] | > 10[117] | |
| Anti-histone antibodies | < 25[117] | n/a[117] | > 25[117] | |
| Cytoplasmic/classical 抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体 (c-ANCA) | < 20[117] | 21 - 30[117] | > 30[117] | |
| Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA) | < 5[117] | n/a | > 5[117] | |
| 抗线粒体抗体 (AMA) | < 10 [117] | n/a[117] | > 10[117] | |
| 类风湿因子 (RF) | < 20 | 20 - 30 | > 30[2] | |
| 抗链球菌溶血素 O titre (ASOT) （学龄前） | > 100 | |||
| ASOT（就学期） | > 250[2] | |||
| ASOT（成人） | > 125[2] |
| 项目 | 阴性 | 弱阳性 | 中阳性 | 高阳性 | 单位 |
| 抗磷脂 IgG | < 20[117] | 20 –30[117] | 31 – 50[117] | > 51[117] | GPLU/ml[117] |
| 抗磷脂 IgM | < 1.5[117] | 1.5 –2.5[117] | 2 – 9.9[117] | > 10[117] | MPL /ml [117] |
| 抗磷脂 IgA | < 10[117] | 10 -20[117] | 21 – 30[117] | > 31[117] | arb U/ml[117] |
| 抗瓜氨酸蛋白抗体 (Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies) | < 20[117] | 20 – 39[117] | 40 - 59[117] | > 60[117] | EU[117] |
其他酶及蛋白质 编辑
| 项目 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 | 备注 |
| 乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH) | 50[20] | 150[20] | U/L | |
| 0.4[42] | 1.7[42] | μmol/L | ||
| LDH (酶的活性) | 1.8[3] | 3.4[3] | µkat/L | < 70歳[3] |
| 淀粉 | 25[1], 30[2], 53[20] | 110[2], 120[118], 123[20], 125[1], 190[42] | U/L | |
| 0.15[3] | 1.1[3] | µkat/L | ||
| 200[112] | 240[112] | nmol/L | ||
| D-二聚体 | n/a | 500[119] | ng/mL | 妊妇で高い。[120] |
| 0.5[3] | mg/L | |||
| 脂肪酶 | 7[2], 10[20], 23[42] | 60[2], 150[20], 208[42] | U/L | |
| 血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE) | 23[42] | 57[42] | U/L | |
| 酸性磷酸酶 | 3.0[42] | ng/mL | ||
| 嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白 (ECP) | 2.3[3] | 16[3] | µg/L |
其他电解质及代谢物 编辑
| 项目 | 检验者类型 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 | 参考 |
| 渗透压 | 275[1], 280[20], 281[3] | 295[1], 296[20], 297[3] | mOsm/kg | 不包含溶质的血浆重量 | |
| 渗透压 | Slightly less than osmolality | mOsm/l | 包含溶质的血浆容量 | ||
| 尿素 | 1.2[1], 3.0[121] | 3.0[1], 7.0[121] | mmol/L | 尿素氮（BUN - Blood urea nitrogen） | |
| 7[1] | 18[1], 21[2] | mg/dL | |||
| *尿酸[2] | 0.18[1] | 0.48[1] | mmol/L | ||
| 女性 | 2.0[20] | 7.0[20] | mg/dL | ||
| 男性 | 2.1 [20] | 8.5[20] | mg/dL | ||
| 肌酐 | 男性 | 60[3], 68[122] | 90[3], 118[122] | μmol/L | 参见肌酐清除率 |
| 0.7[123], 0.8[123] | 1.0[123], 1.3[123] | mg/dL | |||
| 女性 | 50[3], 68[122] | 90[3], 98[122] | μmol/L | ||
| 0.6[123], 0.8[123] | 1.0[123], 1.1[123] | mg/dL | |||
| 尿素氮/肌酐比 | 5[20] | 35[20] | - | ||
| 血浆血糖值 (空腹时) | 3.8[1], 4.0[3] | 6.0[3], 6.1[124] | mmol/L | 糖化血红蛋白 | |
| 65[2], 70[1], 72[125] | 100[124], 110[20] | mg/dL | |||
| 总血糖値 (空腹时) | 3.3[3] | 5.6[3] | mmol/L | ||
| 60[125] | 100[125] | mg/dL | |||
| 乳酸 (静脉) | 4.5[20] | 19.8[20] | mg/dL | ||
| 0.5[126] | 2.2[126] | mmol/L | |||
| 乳酸 (动脉) | 4.5[20] | 14.4[20] | mg/dL | ||
| 0.5[126] | 1.6[126] | mmol/L | |||
| 丙酮酸 | 300[20] | 900[20] | μg/dL | ||
| 34 [127] | 102[127] | μmol/L | |||
脂质 编辑
| 项目 | 检验者类型 | 下限值 | 上限值 | 单位 | 最适范围 |
| 中性脂肪 | 10 – 39 岁 | 54[20] | 110[20] | mg/dL | < 100 mg/dL[31] or 1.1[31] mmol/L |
| 0.61[128] | 1.2 [128] | mmol/L | |||
| 40 – 59 岁 | 70[20] | 150[20] | mg/dL | ||
| 0.77[128] | 1.7[128] | mmol/L | |||
| > 60 岁 | 80[20] | 150[20] | mg/dL | ||
| 0.9[128] | 1.7[128] | mmol/L | |||
| 总胆固醇 | 3.0[129], 3.6[1][129] | 5.0[3][130], 6.5[1] | mmol/L | < 3.9 [31] | |
| 120[2], 140[1] | 200[2], 250[1] | mg/dL | < 150 [31] | ||
| HDL胆固醇 | 女性 | 1.0[131], 1.2[3], 1.3[129] | 2.2[131] | mmol/L | > 1.0[131] or 1.6[129] mmol/L > 40[132] or 60[133] mg/dL |
| 40[132], 50[134] | 86[132] | mg/dL | |||
| HDL胆固醇 | 男性 | 0.9[131][3] | 2.0[131] | mmol/L | |
| 35[132] | 80[132] | mg/dL | |||
| LDL胆固醇 (中性脂肪 >5.0 mmol/L 的情况下无效) | 2.0[131], 2.4[130] | 3.0[130][3], 3.4[131] | mmol/L | < 2.5 [131] | |
| 80[132], 94[132] | 120[132], 130[132] | mg/dL | < 100[132] | ||
| LDL/HDL比 | n/a | 5[3] | (unitless) |
注释 编辑
- ^ 临床生化学、化学病理学、纯血液化学的总称
参考资料 编辑
- ^ 1.000 1.001 1.002 1.003 1.004 1.005 1.006 1.007 1.008 1.009 1.010 1.011 1.012 1.013 1.014 1.015 1.016 1.017 1.018 1.019 1.020 1.021 1.022 1.023 1.024 1.025 1.026 1.027 1.028 1.029 1.030 1.031 1.032 1.033 1.034 1.035 1.036 1.037 1.038 1.039 1.040 1.041 1.042 1.043 1.044 1.045 1.046 1.047 1.048 1.049 1.050 1.051 1.052 1.053 1.054 1.055 1.056 1.057 1.058 1.059 1.060 1.061 1.062 1.063 1.064 1.065 1.066 1.067 1.068 1.069 1.070 1.071 1.072 1.073 1.074 1.075 1.076 1.077 1.078 1.079 1.080 1.081 1.082 1.083 1.084 1.085 1.086 1.087 1.088 1.089 1.090 1.091 1.092 1.093 1.094 1.095 1.096 1.097 1.098 1.099 1.100 1.101 1.102 1.103 1.104 1.105 1.106 1.107 Last page of Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1). McGraw-Hill Medical. 2007. ISBN 0-07-149868-0.
- ^ 2.000 2.001 2.002 2.003 2.004 2.005 2.006 2.007 2.008 2.009 2.010 2.011 2.012 2.013 2.014 2.015 2.016 2.017 2.018 2.019 2.020 2.021 2.022 2.023 2.024 2.025 2.026 2.027 2.028 2.029 2.030 2.031 2.032 2.033 2.034 2.035 2.036 2.037 2.038 2.039 2.040 2.041 2.042 2.043 2.044 2.045 2.046 2.047 2.048 2.049 2.050 2.051 2.052 2.053 2.054 2.055 2.056 2.057 2.058 2.059 2.060 2.061 2.062 2.063 2.064 2.065 2.066 2.067 2.068 2.069 2.070 2.071 2.072 2.073 2.074 2.075 2.076 2.077 2.078 2.079 2.080 2.081 2.082 2.083 2.084 2.085 2.086 2.087 2.088 2.089 2.090 2.091 2.092 2.093 2.094 2.095 2.096 2.097 2.098 2.099 2.100 2.101 2.102 2.103 2.104 2.105 2.106 Normal Reference Range Table （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
- ^ 3.000 3.001 3.002 3.003 3.004 3.005 3.006 3.007 3.008 3.009 3.010 3.011 3.012 3.013 3.014 3.015 3.016 3.017 3.018 3.019 3.020 3.021 3.022 3.023 3.024 3.025 3.026 3.027 3.028 3.029 3.030 3.031 3.032 3.033 3.034 3.035 3.036 3.037 3.038 3.039 3.040 3.041 3.042 3.043 3.044 3.045 3.046 3.047 3.048 3.049 3.050 3.051 3.052 3.053 3.054 3.055 3.056 3.057 3.058 3.059 3.060 3.061 3.062 3.063 3.064 3.065 3.066 3.067 3.068 3.069 3.070 3.071 3.072 3.073 3.074 3.075 3.076 3.077 3.078 3.079 3.080 3.081 3.082 3.083 3.084 3.085 3.086 3.087 3.088 3.089 3.090 3.091 3.092 3.093 3.094 3.095 3.096 3.097 3.098 3.099 3.100 3.101 3.102 3.103 3.104 3.105 3.106 3.107 3.108 3.109 3.110 3.111 3.112 3.113 3.114 3.115 3.116 3.117 3.118 3.119 3.120 3.121 3.122 3.123 3.124 3.125 3.126 3.127 Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99 g·mol−1
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10 g·mol−1
- ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 MERCK MANUALS > Common Medical Tests > Blood Tests （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Last full review/revision February 2003
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45 g·mol−1
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Larsson, L.; Ohman, S. Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism. Clinical Chemistry. 1978-11, 24 (11): 1962–1965 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0009-9147. PMID 709830. （原始内容于2021-04-27）.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08 g·mol−1
- ^ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 Slon S. . University of Illinois Medical Center. 2006-09-22 [2006-07-06]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-26）.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） July 15, 2005
- ^ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 12.12 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85 g·mol−1
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Table 1. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Page 133. Clinical Chemistry 45, No. 1, 1999 (stating 1.9–3.3 g/L)
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass
- ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Ferritin （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
- ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000 g·mol−1
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Mitchell, M. L.; Filippone, M. D.; Wozniak, T. F. Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2001-08, 125 (8): 1084–1087 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0003-9985. PMID 11473464. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2001)1252.0.CO;2. （原始内容于2021-05-02）.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Diaz, J.; Tornel, P. L.; Martinez, P. Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects, determined by microdiffusion. Clinical Chemistry. 1995-07, 41 (7): 1048 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0009-9147. PMID 7600690. （原始内容于2021-05-02）.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol
- ^ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 20.16 20.17 20.18 20.19 20.20 20.21 20.22 20.23 20.24 20.25 20.26 20.27 20.28 20.29 20.30 20.31 20.32 20.33 20.34 20.35 20.36 20.37 20.38 20.39 20.40 20.41 20.42 20.43 20.44 20.45 20.46 20.47 20.48 20.49 20.50 20.51 20.52 20.53 20.54 20.55 20.56 20.57 20.58 20.59 20.60 20.61 20.62 20.63 20.64 20.65 20.66 20.67 20.68 20.69 20.70 20.71 20.72 20.73 20.74 20.75 20.76 Blood Test Results with Normal Range Reference Chart - BloodBook, Blood Information for Life. www.bloodbook.com. [2020-12-25]. （原始内容于2012-11-02）.
- ^ 21.0 21.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g·mol−1
- ^ 22.0 22.1 Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa
- ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08 g·mol−1
- ^ Walter F., PhD. Boron. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. 2005. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3. Page 849
- ^ Reference range for copper 於 GPnotebook
- ^ 26.0 26.1 (PDF). [2010-01-17]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-03-07）.
- ^ 27.0 27.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
- ^ 28.0 28.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
- ^ 29.0 29.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
- ^ 30.0 30.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
- ^ 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.05 31.06 31.07 31.08 31.09 31.10 31.11 31.12 31.13 31.14 Adëeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test values （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on July 9, 2009
- ^ Middleton, P; Kelly, A‐M; Brown, J; Robertson, M. Agreement between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate. Emergency Medicine Journal : EMJ. 2006-8, 23 (8): 622–624. ISSN 1472-0205. PMC 2564165 . PMID 16858095. doi:10.1136/emj.2006.035915.
- ^ 33.00 33.01 33.02 33.03 33.04 33.05 33.06 33.07 33.08 33.09 33.10 33.11 The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates--> ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on Dec 6, 2009
- ^ 34.0 34.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01 g·mol−1
- ^ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg
- ^ 36.0 36.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol
- ^ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol
- ^ Reference range (albumin) 於 GPnotebook
- ^ 39.0 39.1 Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD
- ^ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol
- ^ 41.0 41.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 585g/mol
- ^ 42.00 42.01 42.02 42.03 42.04 42.05 42.06 42.07 42.08 42.09 42.10 42.11 42.12 42.13 42.14 42.15 42.16 42.17 42.18 Fachwörterbuch Kompakt Medizin E-D/D-E. Author: Fritz-Jürgen Nöhring. Edition 2. Publisher:Elsevier, Urban&FischerVerlag, 2004. ISBN 3437151207, 9783437151200. Length: 1288 pages
- ^ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 GPnotebook > reference range (AST) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on Dec 7, 2009
- ^ 44.0 44.1 Helander, A.; Vabö, E.; Levin, K.; Borg, S. . Clinical Chemistry. 1998-10, 44 (10): 2120–2125 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0009-9147. PMID 9761244. （原始内容存档于2021-08-09）.
- ^ 45.0 45.1 Creatine kinase 於 GPnotebook
- ^ 46.00 46.01 46.02 46.03 46.04 46.05 46.06 46.07 46.08 46.09 46.10 46.11 46.12 46.13 46.14 46.15 Saint Francis Hospital Laboratory > BNP reference range change （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Jay Hupp & Dr. Michel S. Medawar. Effective November, 2002
- ^ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 47.5 47.6 47.7 47.8 47.9 The University of Iowa (UIHC) > Department of Pathology > LABORATORY SERVICES HANDBOOK > N-terminal-pro-BNP （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Showing 95th percentiles. Epic Lab Code: LAB649. Updated: 10/27/2009
- ^ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 Muscle Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc. > Cardiac Biomarkers （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on April 22, 2010
- ^ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.7 49.8 49.9 South London Healthcare NHS Trust
- ^ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Moderately Elevated Serum Troponin Concentrations Are Associated With Increased Morbidity and Mortality Rates in Surgical Intensive Care Unit Patients （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Rene P. Relos, MD; Ian K. Hasinoff, MD; Greg J. Beilman, MD. Posted: 12/05/2003; Crit Care Med. 2003;31(11)
- ^ 51.0 51.1 Kay, Stephen E.; Doery, James; Sholl, David. . The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2002-02, 36 (1): 143–144 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0004-8674. PMID 11929456. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.0988f.x. （原始内容存档于2021-08-10）.
- ^ GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009
- ^ ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009
- ^ 54.0 54.1 Bjerner, Johan; Høgetveit, Anita; Wold Akselberg, Katrine; Vangsnes, Kirsti; Paus, Elisabeth; Bjøro, Trine; Børmer, Ole Petter; Nustad, Kjell. Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 2008, 68 (8): 703–713 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 1502-7686. PMID 18609108. doi:10.1080/00365510802126836. （原始内容于2021-05-02）.
- ^ Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at MedicineNet
- ^ The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease and Condition
- ^ 57.0 57.1 2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
- ^ 58.0 58.1 The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006
- ^ 59.0 59.1 Demers, Laurence M.; Carole A. Spencer. LMPG: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (USA). 2002 [2007-04-13]. （原始内容于2008-11-20）. - see Section 2. Pre-analytic factors
- ^ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 60.5 60.6 60.7 60.8 60.9 Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） UNC Health Care System
- ^ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.4 61.5 61.6 61.7 61.8 61.9 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
- ^ 62.00 62.01 62.02 62.03 62.04 62.05 62.06 62.07 62.08 62.09 62.10 62.11 62.12 62.13 62.14 Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - Thyroid Disease Manager
- ^ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 Euthyroid Patient with Elevated Serum Free Thyroxine （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） George van der Watt1,a, David Haarburger1 and Peter Berman
- ^ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol
- ^ 65.0 65.1 Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Cioffi Michele; Gazzerro Patrizia; Vietri Maria Teresa; Magnetta Rosa; Durante Adriana; D'Auria Annamaria; Puca Giovanni Alfredo; Molinari Anna Maria ;
- ^ 66.0 66.1 . [2012-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-17）.
- ^ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
- ^ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 68.5 68.6 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
- ^ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 MedlinePlus > Testosterone （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Update Date: 3/18/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director
- ^ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.4 70.5 70.6 70.7 70.8 70.9 reference range (FSH) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） GPnotebook. Retrieved on September 27, 2009
- ^ 71.0 71.1 71.2 71.3 71.4 71.5 71.6 71.7 Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Reto Stricker, Raphael Eberhart, Marie-Christine Chevailler, Frank A. Quinn, Paul Bischof and Rene´ Stricker. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44(7):883–887 PMID 16776638
- ^ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 72.4 72.5 New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference Ranges[永久失效連結] Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
- ^ 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 73.4 73.5 73.6 73.7 73.8 73.9 GPNotebook - reference range (oestradiol) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on September 27, 2009
- ^ 74.00 74.01 74.02 74.03 74.04 74.05 74.06 74.07 74.08 74.09 74.10 74.11 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol
- ^ 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 Wu, C. H.; Motohashi, T.; Abdel-Rahman, H. A.; Flickinger, G. L.; Mikhail, G. Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1976-08, 43 (2): 436–445 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 950372. doi:10.1210/jcem-43-2-436. （原始内容于2021-05-02）.
- ^ 76.0 76.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol
- ^ 77.0 77.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 4540g/mol according to PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on September 28, 2009
- ^ Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:Normal. WebMD. 09-03-2006 [2008-11-09]. （原始内容于2008-12-22）.
- ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 4540g/mol according to PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on September 28, 2009
- ^ 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
- ^ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol
- ^ 82.0 82.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
- ^ 83.0 83.1 Table 2 in: Aloia JF, Feuerman M, Yeh JK. Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone. Endocr Pract. 2006, 12 (2): 137–44. PMC 1482827 . PMID 16690460.
- ^ 84.0 84.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
- ^ 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 85.5 Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol
- ^ 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 Bender, David A. Vitamin D. Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-521-80388-8. Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.
- ^ 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., Dietrich, T., Orav, J.E., Hu, F.B., Zhang, Y., Karlson, E., Dawson-Hughes, B. 2004. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with better lower extremity function in both active and inactive adults 60+ years of age. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80:752-758.
- ^ 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 Reusch, J.; Ackermann, H.; Badenhoop, K. Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population. Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones Et Metabolisme. 2009-05, 41 (5): 402–407 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 1439-4286. PMID 19241329. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128131. （原始内容于2021-05-01）.
- ^ 89.0 89.1 89.2 89.3 89.4 89.5 89.6 89.7 Vasquez, Alex; Cannell, John. Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures: Data are not sufficient to show inefficacy. BMJ. 2005-07-07, 331 (7508): 108–109 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 16002891. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b. （原始内容于2018-06-03） （英语）.
- ^ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 90.4 90.5 90.6 90.7 . [2012-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-05）.
- ^ 91.0 91.1 91.2 91.3 91.4 91.5 91.6 91.7 Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol
- ^ 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 92.4 92.5 Central Manchester University Hospitals --> Reference ranges （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on July 9, 2009
- ^ University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on April 28, 2009
- ^ 94.0 94.1 94.2 94.3 94.4 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol−1
- ^ 95.0 95.1 95.2 95.3 95.4 95.5 95.6 GPnotebook > B12 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on April 28, 2009
- ^ 96.0 96.1 Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
- ^ 97.0 97.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
- ^ 98.0 98.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol
- ^ 99.0 99.1 99.2 For 醉酒駕駛 by country, see Drunk driving law by country
- ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol
- ^ 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 101.4 Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol, according to Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG. Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol. 2001, 90 (2): 511–519. PMID 11160049.
- ^ 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol (Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG. Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol. 2001, 90 (2): 511–519. PMID 11160049.). 1 g/dL = 0.1551 mmol/L
- ^ 103.0 103.1 103.2 103.3 103.4 103.5 103.6 103.7 lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on May 14, 2009
- ^ 104.00 104.01 104.02 104.03 104.04 104.05 104.06 104.07 104.08 104.09 104.10 104.11 104.12 104.13 104.14 104.15 104.16 104.17 104.18 104.19 104.20 Clinical Laboratory Medicine. By Kenneth D. McClatchey. Page 807.. [2012-12-19]. （原始内容于2012-11-12）.
- ^ Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in polish population Central European Journal of Immunology 1-2/2006. (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1-2): 1-5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,
- ^ 106.0 106.1 MedlinePlus百科全书 003652
- ^ 107.0 107.1 [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on November 20, 2009
- ^ 108.0 108.1 Miller, A.; Green, M.; Robinson, D. Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983-01-22, 286 (6361): 266 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0267-0623. PMC 1546487 . PMID 6402065. doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266. （原始内容于2021-05-02）.
- ^ Böttiger, L. E.; Svedberg, C. A. Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age. British Medical Journal. 1967-04-08, 2 (5544): 85–87 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0007-1447. PMC 1841240 . PMID 6020854. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85. （原始内容于2021-05-02）.
- ^ C-reactive protein 於 GPnotebook
- ^ 2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
- ^ 112.0 112.1 112.2 112.3 Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol
- ^ 113.0 113.1 Sipahi, Tansu; Kara, Cengiz; Tavil, Betül; Inci, Ayşe; Oksal, Ayşegül. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2003-03, 25 (3): 274–275 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 1077-4114. PMID 12621252. doi:10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019. （原始内容于2021-05-02）.
- ^ 114.0 114.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
- ^ 115.0 115.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
- ^ 116.0 116.1 116.2 116.3 116.4 116.5 116.6 116.7 116.8 116.9 The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > Immunoglobulins （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009
- ^ 117.00 117.01 117.02 117.03 117.04 117.05 117.06 117.07 117.08 117.09 117.10 117.11 117.12 117.13 117.14 117.15 117.16 117.17 117.18 117.19 117.20 117.21 117.22 117.23 117.24 117.25 117.26 117.27 117.28 117.29 117.30 117.31 117.32 117.33 117.34 117.35 117.36 117.37 117.38 117.39 117.40 117.41 117.42 chronolab.com > Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases > Reference ranges （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on April 29, 2010
- ^ Reference range (amylase) 於 GPnotebook
- ^ Plasma Measurement of D-Dimer Levels for the Early Diagnosis of Ischemic Stroke Subtypes （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Walter Ageno, MD; Sergio Finazzi, MD; Luigi Steidl, MD; Maria Grazia Biotti, MD; Valentina Mera, MD; GianVico Melzi d'Eril, MD; Achille Venco, MD. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2589-2593.
- ^ Kline, Jeffrey A.; Williams, Ginger W.; Hernandez-Nino, Jackeline. D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed. Clinical Chemistry. 2005-05, 51 (5): 825–829 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0009-9147. PMID 15764641. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883. （原始内容于2021-05-01）.
- ^ 121.0 121.1 Gardner, M D; Scott, R. Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town.. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1980-04, 33 (4): 380–385. ISSN 0021-9746. PMC 1146084 . PMID 7400337. doi:10.1136/jcp.33.4.380.
- ^ 122.0 122.1 122.2 122.3 Finney, H.; Newman, D. J.; Price, C. P. Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2000-01,. 37 ( Pt 1): 49–59 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0004-5632. PMID 10672373. doi:10.1258/0004563001901524. （原始内容于2021-05-01）.
- ^ 123.0 123.1 123.2 123.3 123.4 123.5 123.6 123.7 Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μg/L to mg/dL
- ^ 124.0 124.1 MedlinePlus百科全书 Glucose tolerance test
- ^ 125.0 125.1 125.2 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol
- ^ 126.0 126.1 126.2 126.3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol
- ^ 127.0 127.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol
- ^ 128.0 128.1 128.2 128.3 128.4 128.5 Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, by dividing by 89, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dl and mmol/l? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009
- ^ 129.0 129.1 129.2 129.3 Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
- ^ 130.0 130.1 130.2 Reference range (cholesterol) 於 GPnotebook
- ^ 131.0 131.1 131.2 131.3 131.4 131.5 131.6 131.7 Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) - plasma or serum （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007
- ^ 132.0 132.1 132.2 132.3 132.4 132.5 132.6 132.7 132.8 132.9 Derived from values in mmol/l, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
- ^ What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） American Heart Association. Retrieved on September 12, 2009
- ^ . [2012-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2001-09-03）.
关联项目 编辑
外部链接 编辑
- biochemical reference values 於 GPnotebook
- Values at lymphomation.org （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Descriptions at amarillomed.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）