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维基百科

多巴胺受体D4

一月 09, 2024

维基百科中的醫學内容仅供参考，並不能視作專業意見。如需獲取醫療幫助或意見，请咨询专业人士。詳見醫學聲明。

多巴胺受体D4是一种由DRD4基因编码的G蛋白偶联受体。[6]

多巴胺受体D4
識別號
别名DRD4；, D4DR, dopamine receptor D4
外部IDOMIM：126452 MGI：94926 HomoloGene：20215 GeneCards：DRD4
為以下藥物的標靶
PF-592379、​羅替戈汀、​A-412997、​ABT-670、​多巴胺、​fenoldopam、​quinpirole、​WAY-100635、​阿樸嗎啡、​過乳降、​麥角乙脲、​培高利特、​roxindole、​溴隱亭、​(+)-butaclamol、​氯丙嗪、​氯氮平、​eticlopride、​氟哌啶醇、​L745870、​洛沙平、​5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-(methylamino)-N-(2-methyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-3-pyrrolidinyl)benzamide、​perospirone、​吡貝地爾、​普樂明、​sertindole、​sonepiprazole、​spiperone、​levosulpiride、​特麦角脲、​三氟拉嗪、​zotepine、​匹莫齊特、​氟哌利多、​氟哌啶醇、​阿樸嗎啡、​thioridazine hydrochloride、​bromocriptine mesylate、​chlorpromazine hydrochloride、​pergolide mesylate、​promazine hydrochloride[1]
基因位置（人类）
染色体11號染色體[2]
基因座11p15.5起始637,269 bp[2]
终止640,706 bp[2]
RNA表达模式
查阅更多表达数据
直系同源
物種人類小鼠
Entrez

1815

13491

Ensembl

ENSG00000069696
​ENSG00000276825

ENSMUSG00000025496

UniProt

P21917

P51436

mRNA​序列

NM_000797

NM_007878

蛋白序列

NP_000788

NP_031904

基因位置​（UCSC）Chr 11: 0.64 – 0.64 MbChr 7: 140.87 – 140.88 Mb
PubMed​查找[4][5]
維基數據
檢視/編輯人類檢視/編輯小鼠

和其他多巴胺受体亚型一样, D4受体由神经递质——多巴胺激活。它与精神分裂症,帕金森症,躁郁症，上瘾行为，以及诸如厌食症, 贪食症和暴食症等神经性进食紊乱症等许多神经学或心理学状况相关。

此受体也是许多治疗精神分裂症和帕金森症的靶标. D4受体被认为与D2-类似，被激活的受体抑制腺甙酸环化酶，从而减少细胞内第二信息递质环磷腺苷 的浓度。[7]

基因学 编辑

此人体蛋白由 11号染色体上位于11p15.5的基因DRD4编码。

人类基因中有轻微的变化（变异/多态)：

  • 在外显子3的一处48-碱基对VNTR
  • 启动子中的C-521T
  • 外显子1中碱基235至247的13-碱基对删除
  • 外显子I中12碱基对重复。[8]
  • Val194Gly
  • 120bp处的多态串联重复

此基因的变异与多种行为表型相关，包括自主神经系统失常，注意缺陷障碍，[9] 精神分裂症,[10] 以及寻求新奇的人格特征。[11]

48-碱基对VNTR(可变数量串联重复) 编辑

外显子3中的48-碱基对可变数量串联重复（VNTR）有2至11次重复。 等位基因的频率在人群中变化很大，例如，7-重复版本在美洲很高而在亚洲则很低。[12] “长”版本的多态基因是重复6到10次的等位基因。7R对多巴胺分子的反应强度似乎要略弱一些。[13]


'长DRD4'变体, 或更具体地即7重复(7R)，松散地与形成ADHD [14] 以及其它的心理特征和异常的易感性相关。

48-碱基对VNTR已经成为了在跨文化环境下对其在人类行为的进化和角色方面所作出的诸多推测的主题。7R等位基因似乎在4万年前就已经被选择出来。[12] 1999年，陈（音）及其同事[15] 观察到那些在过去3万年到1万年间迁移得比较远的人类群体带有7R/长等位基因的频率较高。他们也指出游牧人群带有7R等位基因的频率比定居人群高。 较近期，也有观察到拥有7R等位基因的游牧人阿里尔人健康状况更好。然而，定居不久的（非游牧）带有7R等位基因的阿里尔人似乎有轻微的健康退化状况。[16]

寻奇性格 编辑

尽管有关于DRD4 48碱基对VNTR与“寻奇性格”（具有爱探索和爱刺激人的一种性格特质）之间关联的早期发现，[17][18] 2008年的一项 元分析对比了36份出版了的关于“寻奇性格”和多态性的研究，没有找到有效相关性。关于11份研究的元分析确发现了基因的另一多态性——-521C/T显示出与“寻奇性格”的联系。[19] 。究其各种情况，“寻奇”行为可能是由几个基因介导的，仅归因于DRD4本身所造成的变化并不是特别大。

认知发展 编辑

有一些研究指出育儿过程可能影响带有DRD4 7-重复等位基因儿童的认知发展。[20] 具有母性感受、正念和自治支持的育儿过程在15个月时对儿童后来在18至20个月的执行性功能有益[20] 经历较差育儿过程的儿童比那些有较好经历者更冲动且更追求感官刺激。[20]高质量的育儿过程与儿童在四岁时较好的努力控制 相关。[20]

配体 编辑

 
代表性的D4-常见配体的化学结构

激动剂 编辑

  • WAY-100635: 全效 激动剂, 带有5-HT1A拮抗组分[21]
  • A-412,997: 完全激动剂, 对超过79种不同的受体和离子通道选择性>100倍。[22]
  • ABT-724 - 开发用于治疗勃起功能障碍[23]
  • ABT-670 - 比ABT-724口服生物利用率高[24]
  • FAUC 316: 部分激动剂, 对其他多巴胺受体子类型选择性>8600-fold倍[25]
  • FAUC 299: 部分激动剂[25]
  • (E)-1-芳基-3-(4-吡啶哌啶-1-基）丙酮肟[26]
  • PIP3EA: 部分激动剂[27]
  • Flibanserin - 部分激动剂
  • PD-168,077 - D4选择性但也绑定到α1A, α2C 和 5HT1A
  • CP-226,269 - D4选择性但也绑定到D2, D3, α2A, α2C 和 5HT1A
  • Ro10-5824 - 部分激动剂

受体拮抗剂 编辑

  • A-381393: 强效，亚型选择性拮抗剂 (>2700倍)[28]
  • FAUC 213[29]
  • L-745,870[30][31]
  • L-750,667[32]
  • S 18126: 也叫 σ1 affin[33]
  • Fananserin - 混合型5-HT2A / D4 拮抗剂
  • Clozapine，一种典型的抗精神病药物

反激动剂 编辑

可参见 编辑

  • 精神病多巴胺假说

参考列表 编辑

  1. ^ 對多巴胺受体D4起作用的藥物；在維基數據上查看/編輯參考. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000069696、​ENSG00000276825 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000025496 - Ensembl, May 2017
  4. ^ Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 
  5. ^ Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 
  6. ^ Van Tol HH, Bunzow JR, Guan HC, Sunahara RK, Seeman P, Niznik HB, Civelli O. Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine. Nature. April 1991, 350 (6319): 610–4. PMID 1840645. doi:10.1038/350610a0. 
  7. ^ Neve KA, Seamans JK, Trantham-Davidson H. Dopamine receptor signaling. J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res. August 2004, 24 (3): 165–205. PMID 15521361. doi:10.1081/RRS-200029981. 
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  17. ^ Ebstein RP, Novick O, Umansky R, Priel B, Osher Y, Blaine D, Bennett ER, Nemanov L, Katz M, Belmaker RH. Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of Novelty Seeking. Nat. Genet. January 1996, 12 (1): 78–80. PMID 8528256. doi:10.1038/ng0196-78. 
  18. ^ Benjamin J, Li L, Patterson C, Greenberg BD, Murphy DL, Hamer DH. Population and familial association between the D4 dopamine receptor gene and measures of Novelty Seeking. Nat. Genet. January 1996, 12 (1): 81–4. PMID 8528258. doi:10.1038/ng0196-81. 
  19. ^ Munafo MR, Yalcin B, Willis-Owen SA, Flint J. Association of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and approach-related personality traits: meta-analysis and new data. Biol Psychiatry. 2008, 63 (2): 197–206. PMID 17574217. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.006. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Posner MI, Rothbart MK, Sheese BE, Voelker P. Control networks and neuromodulators of early development. Dev Psychol. May 2012, 48 (3): 827–35. PMID 21942663. doi:10.1037/a0025530. 
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  22. ^ Moreland RB, Patel M, Hsieh GC, Wetter JM, Marsh K, Brioni JD. A-412997 is a selective dopamine D4 receptor agonist in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2005, 82 (1): 140–7. PMID 16153699. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2005.08.001. 
  23. ^ Cowart M, Latshaw SP, Bhatia P, Daanen JF, Rohde J, Nelson SL, Patel M, Kolasa T, Nakane M, Uchic ME, Miller LN, Terranova MA, Chang R, Donnelly-Roberts DL, Namovic MT, Hollingsworth PR, Martino BR, Lynch JJ, Sullivan JP, Hsieh GC, Moreland RB, Brioni JD, Stewart AO. Discovery of 2-(4-pyridin-2-ylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-1H-benzimidazole (ABT-724), a dopaminergic agent with a novel mode of action for the potential treatment of erectile dysfunction. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. July 2004, 47 (15): 3853–64. PMID 15239663. doi:10.1021/jm030505a. 
  24. ^ Patel MV, Kolasa T, Mortell K; et al. Discovery of 3-methyl-N-(1-oxy-3',4',5',6'-tetrahydro-2'H-[2,4'-bipyridine]-1'-ylmethyl)benzamide (ABT-670), an orally bioavailable dopamine D4 agonist for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. J. Med. Chem. December 2006, 49 (25): 7450–65. PMID 17149874. doi:10.1021/jm060662k. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Hübner H, Kraxner J, Gmeiner P. Cyanoindole derivatives as highly selective dopamine D4 receptor partial agonists: solid-phase synthesis, binding assays, and functional experiments. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43 (23): 4563–9. PMID 11087581. doi:10.1021/jm0009989. 
  26. ^ Kolasa T, Matulenko MA, Hakeem AA; et al. 1-aryl-3-(4-pyridine-2-ylpiperazin-1-yl)propan-1-one oximes as potent dopamine D4 receptor agonists for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. J. Med. Chem. August 2006, 49 (17): 5093–109. PMID 16913699. doi:10.1021/jm060279f. 
  27. ^ Enguehard-Gueiffier C, Hübner H, El Hakmaoui A; et al. 2-[(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]imidazo(di)azines as selective D4-ligands. Induction of penile erection by 2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (PIP3EA), a potent and selective D4 partial agonist. J. Med. Chem. June 2006, 49 (13): 3938–47. PMID 16789750. doi:10.1021/jm060166w. 
  28. ^ Nakane M, Cowart MD, Hsieh GC; et al. 2-[4-(3,4-Dimethylphenyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]-1H benzoimidazole (A-381393), a selective dopamine D4 receptor antagonist. Neuropharmacology. July 2005, 49 (1): 112–21. PMID 15992586. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.02.004. 
  29. ^ 29.0 29.1 Prante O, Tietze R, Hocke C, Löber S, Hübner H, Kuwert T, Gmeiner P. Synthesis, Radiofluorination, and In Vitro Evaluation of Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-Based Dopamine D4 Receptor Ligands: Discovery of an Inverse Agonist Radioligand for PET. J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51 (6): 1800–10. PMID 18307287. doi:10.1021/jm701375u. 
  30. ^ Kulagowski JJ, Broughton HB, Curtis NR; et al. 3-((4-(4-Chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-methyl)-1H-pyrrolo-2,3-b-pyridine: an antagonist with high affinity and selectivity for the human dopamine D4 receptor. J. Med. Chem. May 1996, 39 (10): 1941–2. PMID 8642550. doi:10.1021/jm9600712. 
  31. ^ Patel S, Freedman S, Chapman KL; et al. Biological profile of L-745,870, a selective antagonist with high affinity for the dopamine D4 receptor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1 November 1997, 283 (2): 636–47. PMID 9353380. 
  32. ^ Patel S, Patel S, Marwood R; et al. Identification and pharmacological characterization of [125I]L-750,667, a novel radioligand for the dopamine D4 receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. December 1996, 50 (6): 1658–64. PMID 8967990. 
  33. ^ Millan MJ, Newman-Tancredi A, Brocco M, Gobert A, Lejeune F, Audinot V, Rivet JM, Schreiber R, Dekeyne A, Spedding M, Nicolas JP, Peglion JL. S 18126 ([2-[4-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)piperazin-1-yl methyl]indan-2-yl]), a potent, selective and competitive antagonist at dopamine D4 receptors: an in vitro and in vivo comparison with L 745,870 (3-(4-[4-chlorophenyl]piperazin-1-yl)methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2, 3b]pyridine) and raclopride. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1 October 1998, 287 (1): 167–86 [2013-02-15]. PMID 9765336. （原始内容于2003-07-12）. 
  34. ^ Lanig H, Utz W, Gmeiner P. Comparative molecular field analysis of dopamine D4 receptor antagonists including 3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine (FAUC 113), 3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]-1H-pyrrolo-[2,3-b]pyridine (L-745,870), and clozapine. J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44 (8): 1151–7. PMID 11312915. doi:10.1021/jm001055e. 

外部链接 编辑

  • Dopamine Receptors: D4. IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. （原始内容于2012-03-05）. 
  • 醫學主題詞表（MeSH）：Receptors,+Dopamine+D4
  • Marisa Wilson. Are you a thrill seeker??. Davidson College. [2008-04-05]. （原始内容于2008-01-05）. 
  • . D4DR Club. [2008-04-05]. （原始内容存档于2008-04-30）. 

多巴胺受体D4引用了美国国家医学图书馆提供的資料，这些資料属于公共领域。

一月 09, 2024
多巴胺受体d, 维基百科中的醫學内容仅供参考, 並不能視作專業意見, 如需獲取醫療幫助或意見, 请咨询专业人士, 詳見醫學聲明, 多巴胺受体d4是一种由drd4基因编码的g蛋白偶联受体, 多巴胺受体d4識別號别名drd4, d4dr, dopamine, receptor, d4外部idomim, 126452, 94926, homologene, 20215, genecards, drd4為以下藥物的標靶pf, 592379, 羅替戈汀, 412997, 多巴胺, fenoldopam, quinpirole. 维基百科中的醫學内容仅供参考 並不能視作專業意見 如需獲取醫療幫助或意見 请咨询专业人士 詳見醫學聲明 多巴胺受体D4是一种由DRD4基因编码的G蛋白偶联受体 6 多巴胺受体D4識別號别名DRD4 D4DR dopamine receptor D4外部IDOMIM 126452 MGI 94926 HomoloGene 20215 GeneCards DRD4為以下藥物的標靶PF 592379 羅替戈汀 A 412997 ABT 670 多巴胺 fenoldopam quinpirole WAY 100635 阿樸嗎啡 過乳降 麥角乙脲 培高利特 roxindole 溴隱亭 butaclamol 氯丙嗪 氯氮平 eticlopride 氟哌啶醇 L745870 洛沙平 5 chloro 2 methoxy 4 methylamino N 2 methyl 1 phenylmethyl 3 pyrrolidinyl benzamide perospirone 吡貝地爾 普樂明 sertindole sonepiprazole spiperone levosulpiride 特麦角脲 三氟拉嗪 zotepine 匹莫齊特 氟哌利多 氟哌啶醇 阿樸嗎啡 thioridazine hydrochloride bromocriptine mesylate chlorpromazine hydrochloride pergolide mesylate promazine hydrochloride 1 基因位置 人类 染色体11號染色體 2 基因座11p15 5起始637 269 bp 2 终止640 706 bp 2 基因位置 小鼠 染色体小鼠7号染色体 3 基因座7 F5 7 86 6 cM起始140 871 919 bp 3 终止140 876 377 bp 3 RNA表达模式查阅更多表达数据基因本體分子功能 signal transducer activity potassium channel regulator activity SH3 domain binding 相同蛋白质结合 dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity G protein coupled receptor activity 血浆蛋白结合 dopamine binding dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity coupled via Gi Go 肾上腺素分泌 norepinephrine binding 金屬離子結合 G protein coupled serotonin receptor activity neurotransmitter receptor activity細胞組分 integral component of membrane integral component of plasma membrane 膜 细胞膜 postsynapse glutamatergic synapse 树突生物學過程 response to amphetamine rhythmic process arachidonic acid secretion regulation of circadian rhythm positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission 訊息傳遞 fear response dopamine metabolic process behavioral response to ethanol behavioral response to cocaine positive regulation of sodium proton antiporter activity cellular calcium ion homeostasis positive regulation of kinase activity adult locomotory behavior 抑制性突觸 negative regulation of protein secretion 社会行为 negative regulation of voltage gated calcium channel activity regulation of dopamine metabolic process response to histamine behavioral fear response dopamine receptor signaling pathway G protein coupled receptor signaling pathway adenylate cyclase inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalization G protein coupled receptor signaling pathway coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger 化学性突触传递 G protein coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwaySources Amigo QuickGO直系同源物種人類小鼠Entrez181513491EnsemblENSG00000069696 ENSG00000276825ENSMUSG00000025496UniProtP21917P51436mRNA 序列NM 000797NM 007878蛋白序列NP 000788NP 031904基因位置 UCSC Chr 11 0 64 0 64 MbChr 7 140 87 140 88 MbPubMed 查找 4 5 維基數據檢視 編輯人類檢視 編輯小鼠和其他多巴胺受体亚型一样 D4受体由神经递质 多巴胺激活 它与精神分裂症 帕金森症 躁郁症 上瘾行为 以及诸如厌食症 贪食症和暴食症等神经性进食紊乱症等许多神经学或心理学状况相关 此受体也是许多治疗精神分裂症和帕金森症的靶标 D4受体被认为与D2 类似 被激活的受体抑制腺甙酸环化酶 从而减少细胞内第二信息递质环磷腺苷 的浓度 7 目录 1 基因学 1 1 48 碱基对VNTR 可变数量串联重复 2 寻奇性格 3 认知发展 4 配体 4 1 激动剂 4 2 受体拮抗剂 4 3 反激动剂 5 可参见 6 参考列表 7 外部链接基因学 编辑此人体蛋白由 11号染色体上位于11p15 5的基因DRD4编码 人类基因中有轻微的变化 变异 多态 在外显子3的一处48 碱基对VNTR 启动子中的C 521T 外显子1中碱基235至247的13 碱基对删除 外显子I中12碱基对重复 8 Val194Gly 120bp处的多态串联重复此基因的变异与多种行为表型相关 包括自主神经系统失常 注意缺陷障碍 9 精神分裂症 10 以及寻求新奇的人格特征 11 48 碱基对VNTR 可变数量串联重复 编辑 外显子3中的48 碱基对可变数量串联重复 VNTR 有2至11次重复 等位基因的频率在人群中变化很大 例如 7 重复版本在美洲很高而在亚洲则很低 12 长 版本的多态基因是重复6到10次的等位基因 7R对多巴胺分子的反应强度似乎要略弱一些 13 长DRD4 变体 或更具体地即7重复 7R 松散地与形成ADHD 14 以及其它的心理特征和异常的易感性相关 48 碱基对VNTR已经成为了在跨文化环境下对其在人类行为的进化和角色方面所作出的诸多推测的主题 7R等位基因似乎在4万年前就已经被选择出来 12 1999年 陈 音 及其同事 15 观察到那些在过去3万年到1万年间迁移得比较远的人类群体带有7R 长等位基因的频率较高 他们也指出游牧人群带有7R等位基因的频率比定居人群高 较近期 也有观察到拥有7R等位基因的游牧人阿里尔人健康状况更好 然而 定居不久的 非游牧 带有7R等位基因的阿里尔人似乎有轻微的健康退化状况 16 寻奇性格 编辑尽管有关于DRD4 48碱基对VNTR与 寻奇性格 具有爱探索和爱刺激人的一种性格特质 之间关联的早期发现 17 18 2008年的一项 元分析对比了36份出版了的关于 寻奇性格 和多态性的研究 没有找到有效相关性 关于11份研究的元分析确发现了基因的另一多态性 521C T显示出与 寻奇性格 的联系 19 究其各种情况 寻奇 行为可能是由几个基因介导的 仅归因于DRD4本身所造成的变化并不是特别大 认知发展 编辑有一些研究指出育儿过程可能影响带有DRD4 7 重复等位基因儿童的认知发展 20 具有母性感受 正念和自治支持的育儿过程在15个月时对儿童后来在18至20个月的执行性功能有益 20 经历较差育儿过程的儿童比那些有较好经历者更冲动且更追求感官刺激 20 高质量的育儿过程与儿童在四岁时较好的努力控制 相关 20 配体 编辑 nbsp 代表性的D4 常见配体的化学结构激动剂 编辑 WAY 100635 全效 激动剂 带有5 HT1A拮抗组分 21 A 412 997 完全激动剂 对超过79种不同的受体和离子通道选择性 gt 100倍 22 ABT 724 开发用于治疗勃起功能障碍 23 ABT 670 比ABT 724口服生物利用率高 24 FAUC 316 部分激动剂 对其他多巴胺受体子类型选择性 gt 8600 fold倍 25 FAUC 299 部分激动剂 25 E 1 芳基 3 4 吡啶哌啶 1 基 丙酮肟 26 PIP3EA 部分激动剂 27 Flibanserin 部分激动剂 PD 168 077 D4选择性但也绑定到a1A a2C 和 5HT1A CP 226 269 D4选择性但也绑定到D2 D3 a2A a2C 和 5HT1A Ro10 5824 部分激动剂受体拮抗剂 编辑 A 381393 强效 亚型选择性拮抗剂 gt 2700倍 28 FAUC 213 29 L 745 870 30 31 L 750 667 32 S 18126 也叫 s1 affin 33 Fananserin 混合型5 HT2A D4 拮抗剂 Clozapine 一种典型的抗精神病药物反激动剂 编辑 FAUC F41 反激动剂 亚型选择性超过D2和 D3三个数量级 29 34 可参见 编辑精神病多巴胺假说参考列表 编辑 對多巴胺受体D4起作用的藥物 在維基數據上查看 編輯參考 2 0 2 1 2 2 GRCh38 Ensembl release 89 ENSG00000069696 ENSG00000276825 Ensembl May 2017 3 0 3 1 3 2 GRCm38 Ensembl release 89 ENSMUSG00000025496 Ensembl May 2017 Human PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Mouse PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Van Tol HH Bunzow JR Guan HC Sunahara RK Seeman P Niznik HB Civelli O Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine Nature April 1991 350 6319 610 4 PMID 1840645 doi 10 1038 350610a0 Neve KA Seamans JK Trantham Davidson H Dopamine receptor signaling J Recept Signal Transduct Res August 2004 24 3 165 205 PMID 15521361 doi 10 1081 RRS 200029981 Catalano M Nobile M Novelli E Nothen MM Smeraldi E Distribution of a novel mutation in the first exon of the human dopamine D4 receptor gene in psychotic patients Biol Psychiatry October 1993 34 7 459 64 PMID 8268330 doi 10 1016 0006 3223 93 90236 7 Thapar A Langley K Owen MJ O Donovan MC Advances in genetic findings on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Psychol Med December 2007 37 12 1681 92 PMID 17506925 doi 10 1017 S0033291707000773 Gene Overview of All 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for the dopamine D4 receptor Mol Pharmacol December 1996 50 6 1658 64 PMID 8967990 引文格式1维护 显式使用等标签 link Millan MJ Newman Tancredi A Brocco M Gobert A Lejeune F Audinot V Rivet JM Schreiber R Dekeyne A Spedding M Nicolas JP Peglion JL S 18126 2 4 2 3 dihydrobenzo 1 4 dioxin 6 yl piperazin 1 yl methyl indan 2 yl a potent selective and competitive antagonist at dopamine D4 receptors an in vitro and in vivo comparison with L 745 870 3 4 4 chlorophenyl piperazin 1 yl methyl 1H pyrrolo 2 3b pyridine and raclopride J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1 October 1998 287 1 167 86 2013 02 15 PMID 9765336 原始内容存档于2003 07 12 Lanig H Utz W Gmeiner P Comparative molecular field analysis of dopamine D4 receptor antagonists including 3 4 4 chlorophenyl piperazin 1 ylmethyl pyrazolo 1 5 a pyridine FAUC 113 3 4 4 chlorophenyl piperazin 1 ylmethyl 1H pyrrolo 2 3 b pyridine L 745 870 and clozapine J Med Chem 2001 44 8 1151 7 PMID 11312915 doi 10 1021 jm001055e 外部链接 编辑Dopamine Receptors D4 IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 原始内容存档于2012 03 05 Current Research on the DRD4 Gene 醫學主題詞表 MeSH Receptors Dopamine D4 Marisa Wilson Are you a thrill seeker Davidson College 2008 04 05 原始内容存档于2008 01 05 The D4DR Gene D4DR Club 2008 04 05 原始内容存档于2008 04 30 多巴胺受体D4引用了美国国家医学图书馆提供的資料 这些資料属于公共领域 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 多巴胺受体D4 amp oldid 76867190, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

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