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同源框蛋白質NANOG

十月 18, 2023

  NANOG重定向至此，关于缩写同样为「NANOG」的一个组织，详见条目「北美网络运营商集团」（North American Network Operators' Group）

NANOG（讀法：nanOg）是一种对未分化的胚胎干细胞（ESC）自我更新至关重要的转录因子。人体的NANOG蛋白质由NANOG基因编码[5][6]。

同源框蛋白質NANOG
已知的結構
PDB直系同源搜索: PDBe RCSB
識別號
别名NANOG；, entrez:79923, Nanog, Nanog homeobox
外部IDOMIM：607937 MGI：1919200 HomoloGene：78027 GeneCards：NANOG
基因位置（人类）
染色体12號染色體[1]
基因座12p13.31起始7,787,794 bp[1]
终止7,799,146 bp[1]
RNA表达模式
查阅更多表达数据
直系同源
物種人類小鼠
Entrez

79923

71950

Ensembl

ENSG00000111704

ENSMUSG00000012396

UniProt

Q9H9S0

Q80Z64

mRNA​序列

NM_001297698
​NM_024865

NM_028016
​NM_001289828
​NM_001289830
​NM_001289831

蛋白序列

NP_001284627
​NP_079141

NP_001276757
​NP_001276759
​NP_001276760
​NP_082292

基因位置​（UCSC）Chr 12: 7.79 – 7.8 MbChr 6: 122.68 – 122.69 Mb
PubMed​查找[3][4]
維基數據
檢視/編輯人類檢視/編輯小鼠

结构 编辑

人类NANOG蛋白质是一种长305氨基酸残基的蛋白质，拥有一个长约60氨基酸残基的DNA结合同源域（homeodomain, HD）以及一个无规则的N端。NANOG的同源结构域由三个α螺旋以及一些连结这些α螺旋的环结构组成。尽管Nanog蛋白在脊椎动物中保守性不强，但是其同源结构域却拥有很强保守性[7][8]。

功能 编辑

NANOG对胚胎干细胞幹性的维持至关重要。NANOG能够与Sox2、Oct4共同作用，通过形成一个表达特异基因的转录网络，维持胚胎干细胞的自我更新能力，並抑制胚胎干细胞的分化[9][10]。

 
胚胎干细胞的转录流程

研究進展 编辑

基础生物学理论 编辑

鼠胚胎幹細胞中Nanog的過表達能够使这类细胞能够在无白血病抑制因子（Leukemia inhibitory factor, LIF）的环境中维持的自我更新能力[11]，过表达NANOG的人胚胎干细胞能够在多次传代后仍然保持幹性。敲低Nanog基因的表达能够促进胚胎干细胞的分化[12]。

如果Nanog蛋白不表达或失去功能，鼠胚胎干细胞会分化成其他类型的细胞[5][6][13]。

已证明肿瘤抑制因子p53能够与NANOG基因的启动子结合，并能够在鼠胚胎干细胞DNA受损後抑制NANOG基因的表达。因此，p53能够通过p53依赖细胞周期阻滞以及自噬诱导胚胎干细胞的分化[13]。

Nanog基因能够使得NIH3T3细胞的生长加快，并表现出能够在软琼脂上形成细胞集落等等与原来不同的特性[14]。

一部分肿瘤细胞或肿瘤幹细胞会表达NANOG蛋白[15][16]。

进化生物学 编辑

人类和黑猩猩的基因組共享10个位置相同的NANOG蛋白假基因，其中一个是基因重複造成，另外九个为逆转录產生的假基因（retropseudogenes）。在九个NANOG逆转录假基因中，有两个缺乏Poly-A尾，说明在它们的产生过程中可能发生了复制错误。且因为同一种假基因在两个不相关的基因组中出現，還包含相同複製錯誤的機會極低，此一事实提供了一个人与黑猩猩之间演化的證據[17]。

命名 编辑

成功分离鼠Nanog基因的伊恩·钱伯斯（Ian Chambers）教授这样说：「Nanog似乎是一种拥有决定胚胎干细胞能在实验室中生长的能力的基因，也就是说它能够使得干细胞『长生不老』，因此，我用「Tír na nÓg」（提爾納諾，爱尔兰神话中的异世界）来命名这种蛋白质/基因。」[18]。

参考文献 编辑

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000111704 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000012396 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 
  4. ^ Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Mitsui K, Tokuzawa Y, Itoh H, Segawa K, Murakami M, Takahashi K, Maruyama M, Maeda M, Yamanaka S. The homeoprotein Nanog is required for maintenance of pluripotency in mouse epiblast and ES cells. Cell. May 2003, 113 (5): 631–42. PMID 12787504. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00393-3. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Chambers I, Colby D, Robertson M, Nichols J, Lee S, Tweedie S, Smith A. Functional expression cloning of Nanog, a pluripotency sustaining factor in embryonic stem cells. Cell. May 2003, 113 (5): 643–55. PMID 12787505. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00392-1. 
  7. ^ Gehring WJ et al. Homeodomain-DNA recognition. Cell. 1994, 78 (2): 211–223. 
  8. ^ Gehring WJ, Affolter M, Bürglin T. Homeodomain protein. Annu Rev Biochem. 1994, (63): 487–526. 
  9. ^ NANOG Nanog homeobox [ Homo sapiens (human) ]. NCBI. [2016-12-18]. （原始内容于2020-09-22）. 
  10. ^ Boiani M, Schöler HR. Regulatory networks in embryo-derived pluripotent stem cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2005-12, 6 (11): 872–84. 
  11. ^ Darr H, Mayshar Y, Benvenisty N. Overexpression of NANOG in human ES cells enables feeder-free growth while inducing primitive ectoderm features. Development. Mar 2006, 133 (6): 1193–201. PMID 16501172. doi:10.1242/dev.02286. 
  12. ^ Zaehres H, Lensch MW, Daheron L, Stewart SA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Daley GQ. High-efficiency RNA interference in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells. Mar 2005, 23 (3): 299–305. PMID 15749924. doi:10.1634/stemcells.2004-0252. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Lin T, Chao C, Saito S, Mazur SJ, Murphy ME, Appella E, Xu Y. p53 induces differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells by suppressing Nanog expression. Nature Cell Biology. Feb 2005, 7 (2): 165–71. PMID 15619621. doi:10.1038/ncb1211. 
  14. ^ Piestun D, Kochupurakkal BS, Jacob-Hirsch J, Zeligson S, Koudritsky M, Domany E, Amariglio N, Rechavi G, Givol D. Nanog transforms NIH3T3 cells and targets cell-type restricted genes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. Apr 2006, 343 (1): 279–85. PMID 16540082. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.152. 
  15. ^ Gong, Shuai et al. Regulation of NANOG in cancer cells.. Molecular Carcinogenesis 54.9(2015):679–687. 
  16. ^ Hoei-Hansen CE, Almstrup K, Nielsen JE, Brask Sonne S, Graem N, Skakkebaek NE, Leffers H, Rajpert-De Meyts E. Stem cell pluripotency factor NANOG is expressed in human fetal gonocytes, testicular carcinoma in situ and germ cell tumours. Histopathology. Jul 2005, 47 (1): 48–56. PMID 15982323. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02182.x. 
  17. ^ Daniel J. Fairbanks. Relics of Eden: The Powerful Evidence of Evolution in Human DNA. Buffalo, N.Y: Prometheus Books. 2007: 94–96, 177–182. ISBN 1-59102-564-8. 
  18. ^ ScienceDaily: Cells Of The Ever Young: Getting Closer To The Truth. [2007-07-26]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-25）. 

延伸阅读 编辑

  • Cavaleri F, Schöler HR. Nanog: a new recruit to the embryonic stem cell orchestra. Cell. May 2003, 113 (5): 551–2. PMID 12787492. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00394-5. 
  • Constantinescu S. Stemness, fusion and renewal of hematopoietic and embryonic stem cells. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2004, 7 (2): 103–12. PMID 12927049. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2003.tb00209.x. 
  • Pan G, Thomson JA. Nanog and transcriptional networks in embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Cell Research. Jan 2007, 17 (1): 42–9. PMID 17211451. doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7310125. 
  • Mitsui K, Tokuzawa Y, Itoh H, Segawa K, Murakami M, Takahashi K, Maruyama M, Maeda M, Yamanaka S. The homeoprotein Nanog is required for maintenance of pluripotency in mouse epiblast and ES cells. Cell. May 2003, 113 (5): 631–42. PMID 12787504. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00393-3. 
  • Chambers I, Colby D, Robertson M, Nichols J, Lee S, Tweedie S, Smith A. Functional expression cloning of Nanog, a pluripotency sustaining factor in embryonic stem cells. Cell. May 2003, 113 (5): 643–55. PMID 12787505. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00392-1. 
  • Clark AT, Rodriguez RT, Bodnar MS, Abeyta MJ, Cedars MI, Turek PJ, Firpo MT, Reijo Pera RA. Human STELLAR, NANOG, and GDF3 genes are expressed in pluripotent cells and map to chromosome 12p13, a hotspot for teratocarcinoma. Stem Cells. 2004, 22 (2): 169–79. PMID 14990856. doi:10.1634/stemcells.22-2-169. 
  • Hart AH, Hartley L, Ibrahim M, Robb L. Identification, cloning and expression analysis of the pluripotency promoting Nanog genes in mouse and human. Developmental Dynamics. May 2004, 230 (1): 187–98. PMID 15108323. doi:10.1002/dvdy.20034. 
  • Booth HA, Holland PW. Eleven daughters of NANOG. Genomics. Aug 2004, 84 (2): 229–38. PMID 15233988. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.02.014. 
  • Hatano SY, Tada M, Kimura H, Yamaguchi S, Kono T, Nakano T, Suemori H, Nakatsuji N, Tada T. Pluripotential competence of cells associated with Nanog activity. Mechanisms of Development. Jan 2005, 122 (1): 67–79. PMID 15582778. doi:10.1016/j.mod.2004.08.008. 
  • Deb-Rinker P, Ly D, Jezierski A, Sikorska M, Walker PR. Sequential DNA methylation of the Nanog and Oct-4 upstream regions in human NT2 cells during neuronal differentiation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. Feb 2005, 280 (8): 6257–60. PMID 15615706. doi:10.1074/jbc.C400479200. 
  • Zaehres H, Lensch MW, Daheron L, Stewart SA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Daley GQ. High-efficiency RNA interference in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells. Mar 2005, 23 (3): 299–305. PMID 15749924. doi:10.1634/stemcells.2004-0252. 
  • Hoei-Hansen CE, Almstrup K, Nielsen JE, Brask Sonne S, Graem N, Skakkebaek NE, Leffers H, Rajpert-De Meyts E. Stem cell pluripotency factor NANOG is expressed in human fetal gonocytes, testicular carcinoma in situ and germ cell tumours. Histopathology. Jul 2005, 47 (1): 48–56. PMID 15982323. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02182.x. 
  • Hyslop L, Stojkovic M, Armstrong L, Walter T, Stojkovic P, Przyborski S, Herbert M, Murdoch A, Strachan T, Lako M. Downregulation of NANOG induces differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to extraembryonic lineages. Stem Cells. Sep 2005, 23 (8): 1035–43. PMID 15983365. doi:10.1634/stemcells.2005-0080. 
  • Oh JH, Do HJ, Yang HM, Moon SY, Cha KY, Chung HM, Kim JH. Identification of a putative transactivation domain in human Nanog. Experimental & Molecular Medicine. Jun 2005, 37 (3): 250–4. PMID 16000880. doi:10.1038/emm.2005.33. 
  • Boyer LA, Lee TI, Cole MF, Johnstone SE, Levine SS, Zucker JP, Guenther MG, Kumar RM, Murray HL, Jenner RG, Gifford DK, Melton DA, Jaenisch R, Young RA. Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells. Cell. Sep 2005, 122 (6): 947–56. PMC 3006442  . PMID 16153702. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.020. 
  • Kim JS, Kim J, Kim BS, Chung HY, Lee YY, Park CS, Lee YS, Lee YH, Chung IY. Identification and functional characterization of an alternative splice variant within the fourth exon of human nanog. Experimental & Molecular Medicine. Dec 2005, 37 (6): 601–7. PMID 16391521. doi:10.1038/emm.2005.73. 
  • Darr H, Mayshar Y, Benvenisty N. Overexpression of NANOG in human ES cells enables feeder-free growth while inducing primitive ectoderm features. Development. Mar 2006, 133 (6): 1193–201. PMID 16501172. doi:10.1242/dev.02286. 

外部链接 编辑

  • 醫學主題詞表（MeSH）：NANOG+protein,+human
  • 醫學主題詞表（MeSH）：Nanog+protein,+mouse
  • FactorBook NANOG
  • . Young Lab. Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. [2009-02-28]. （原始内容存档于2009-06-28）. 
  • Jaenisch Lab Research Summary. Whitehead Institute. [2009-02-28]. （原始内容于2012-06-26）. 

参见 编辑

十月 18, 2023
同源框蛋白質nanog, nanog重定向至此, 关于缩写同样为, nanog, 的一个组织, 详见条目, 北美网络运营商集团, north, american, network, operators, group, nanog, 讀法, nanog, 是一种对未分化的胚胎干细胞, 自我更新至关重要的转录因子, 人体的nanog蛋白质由nanog基因编码, 已知的結構pdb直系同源搜索, pdbe, rcsbpdbid列表2kt0識別號别名nanog, entrez, 79923, nanog, nanog, ho. NANOG重定向至此 关于缩写同样为 NANOG 的一个组织 详见条目 北美网络运营商集团 North American Network Operators Group NANOG 讀法 nanOg 是一种对未分化的胚胎干细胞 ESC 自我更新至关重要的转录因子 人体的NANOG蛋白质由NANOG基因编码 5 6 同源框蛋白質NANOG已知的結構PDB直系同源搜索 PDBe RCSBPDBID列表2KT0識別號别名NANOG entrez 79923 Nanog Nanog homeobox外部IDOMIM 607937 MGI 1919200 HomoloGene 78027 GeneCards NANOG基因位置 人类 染色体12號染色體 1 基因座12p13 31起始7 787 794 bp 1 终止7 799 146 bp 1 基因位置 小鼠 染色体小鼠6号染色体 2 基因座6 6 F1起始122 684 448 bp 2 终止122 691 592 bp 2 RNA表达模式查阅更多表达数据基因本體分子功能 DNA结合转录因子活性 DNA结合 sequence specific DNA binding 血浆蛋白结合 transcription corepressor activity RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence specific DNA binding DNA binding transcription activator activity RNA polymerase II specific DNA binding transcription factor activity RNA polymerase II specific RNA polymerase II cis regulatory region sequence specific DNA binding細胞組分 核仁 细胞核 核质生物學過程 基因調節 regulation of cell differentiation multicellular organism development 细胞分化 細胞增殖 regulation of transcription DNA templated somatic stem cell population maintenance transcription DNA templated positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II endodermal cell fate specification negative regulation of nucleic acid templated transcription stem cell population maintenance transcription by RNA polymerase II cytokine mediated signaling pathway regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of stem cell proliferationSources Amigo QuickGO直系同源物種人類小鼠Entrez7992371950EnsemblENSG00000111704ENSMUSG00000012396UniProtQ9H9S0Q80Z64mRNA 序列NM 001297698 NM 024865NM 028016 NM 001289828 NM 001289830 NM 001289831蛋白序列NP 001284627 NP 079141NP 001276757 NP 001276759 NP 001276760 NP 082292基因位置 UCSC Chr 12 7 79 7 8 MbChr 6 122 68 122 69 MbPubMed 查找 3 4 維基數據檢視 編輯人類檢視 編輯小鼠 目录 1 结构 2 功能 3 研究進展 3 1 基础生物学理论 3 2 进化生物学 4 命名 5 参考文献 6 延伸阅读 7 外部链接 8 参见结构 编辑人类NANOG蛋白质是一种长305氨基酸残基的蛋白质 拥有一个长约60氨基酸残基的DNA结合同源域 homeodomain HD 以及一个无规则的N端 NANOG的同源结构域由三个a螺旋以及一些连结这些a螺旋的环结构组成 尽管Nanog蛋白在脊椎动物中保守性不强 但是其同源结构域却拥有很强保守性 7 8 功能 编辑NANOG对胚胎干细胞幹性的维持至关重要 NANOG能够与Sox2 Oct4共同作用 通过形成一个表达特异基因的转录网络 维持胚胎干细胞的自我更新能力 並抑制胚胎干细胞的分化 9 10 nbsp 胚胎干细胞的转录流程研究進展 编辑基础生物学理论 编辑 鼠胚胎幹細胞中Nanog的過表達能够使这类细胞能够在无白血病抑制因子 Leukemia inhibitory factor LIF 的环境中维持的自我更新能力 11 过表达NANOG的人胚胎干细胞能够在多次传代后仍然保持幹性 敲低Nanog基因的表达能够促进胚胎干细胞的分化 12 如果Nanog蛋白不表达或失去功能 鼠胚胎干细胞会分化成其他类型的细胞 5 6 13 已证明肿瘤抑制因子p53能够与NANOG基因的启动子结合 并能够在鼠胚胎干细胞DNA受损後抑制NANOG基因的表达 因此 p53能够通过p53依赖细胞周期阻滞以及自噬诱导胚胎干细胞的分化 13 Nanog基因能够使得NIH3T3细胞的生长加快 并表现出能够在软琼脂上形成细胞集落等等与原来不同的特性 14 一部分肿瘤细胞或肿瘤幹细胞会表达NANOG蛋白 15 16 进化生物学 编辑 人类和黑猩猩的基因組共享10个位置相同的NANOG蛋白假基因 其中一个是基因重複造成 另外九个为逆转录產生的假基因 retropseudogenes 在九个NANOG逆转录假基因中 有两个缺乏Poly A尾 说明在它们的产生过程中可能发生了复制错误 且因为同一种假基因在两个不相关的基因组中出現 還包含相同複製錯誤的機會極低 此一事实提供了一个人与黑猩猩之间演化的證據 17 命名 编辑成功分离鼠Nanog基因的伊恩 钱伯斯 Ian Chambers 教授这样说 Nanog似乎是一种拥有决定胚胎干细胞能在实验室中生长的能力的基因 也就是说它能够使得干细胞 长生不老 因此 我用 Tir na nog 提爾納諾 爱尔兰神话中的异世界 来命名这种蛋白质 基因 18 参考文献 编辑 1 0 1 1 1 2 GRCh38 Ensembl release 89 ENSG00000111704 Ensembl May 2017 2 0 2 1 2 2 GRCm38 Ensembl release 89 ENSMUSG00000012396 Ensembl May 2017 Human PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Mouse PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine 5 0 5 1 Mitsui K Tokuzawa Y Itoh H Segawa K Murakami M Takahashi K Maruyama M Maeda M Yamanaka S The homeoprotein Nanog is required for maintenance of pluripotency in mouse epiblast and ES cells Cell May 2003 113 5 631 42 PMID 12787504 doi 10 1016 S0092 8674 03 00393 3 6 0 6 1 Chambers I Colby D Robertson M Nichols J Lee S Tweedie S Smith A Functional expression cloning of Nanog a pluripotency sustaining factor in embryonic stem cells Cell May 2003 113 5 643 55 PMID 12787505 doi 10 1016 S0092 8674 03 00392 1 Gehring WJ et al Homeodomain DNA recognition Cell 1994 78 2 211 223 引文格式1维护 显式使用等标签 link Gehring WJ Affolter M Burglin T Homeodomain protein Annu Rev Biochem 1994 63 487 526 NANOG Nanog homeobox Homo sapiens human NCBI 2016 12 18 原始内容存档于2020 09 22 Boiani M Scholer HR Regulatory networks in embryo derived pluripotent stem cells Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2005 12 6 11 872 84 Darr H Mayshar Y Benvenisty N Overexpression of NANOG in human ES cells enables feeder free growth while inducing primitive ectoderm features Development Mar 2006 133 6 1193 201 PMID 16501172 doi 10 1242 dev 02286 Zaehres H Lensch MW Daheron L Stewart SA Itskovitz Eldor J Daley GQ High efficiency RNA interference in human embryonic stem cells Stem Cells Mar 2005 23 3 299 305 PMID 15749924 doi 10 1634 stemcells 2004 0252 13 0 13 1 Lin T Chao C Saito S Mazur SJ Murphy ME Appella E Xu Y p53 induces differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells by suppressing Nanog expression Nature Cell Biology Feb 2005 7 2 165 71 PMID 15619621 doi 10 1038 ncb1211 Piestun D Kochupurakkal BS Jacob Hirsch J Zeligson S Koudritsky M Domany E Amariglio N Rechavi G Givol D Nanog transforms NIH3T3 cells and targets cell type restricted genes Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications Apr 2006 343 1 279 85 PMID 16540082 doi 10 1016 j bbrc 2006 02 152 Gong Shuai et al Regulation of NANOG in cancer cells Molecular Carcinogenesis 54 9 2015 679 687 引文格式1维护 显式使用等标签 link Hoei Hansen CE Almstrup K Nielsen JE Brask Sonne S Graem N Skakkebaek NE Leffers H Rajpert De Meyts E Stem cell pluripotency factor NANOG is expressed in human fetal gonocytes testicular carcinoma in situ and germ cell tumours Histopathology Jul 2005 47 1 48 56 PMID 15982323 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2559 2005 02182 x Daniel J Fairbanks Relics of Eden The Powerful Evidence of Evolution in Human DNA Buffalo N Y Prometheus Books 2007 94 96 177 182 ISBN 1 59102 564 8 ScienceDaily Cells Of The Ever Young Getting Closer To The Truth 2007 07 26 原始内容存档于2012 03 25 延伸阅读 编辑Cavaleri F Scholer HR Nanog a new recruit to the embryonic stem cell orchestra Cell May 2003 113 5 551 2 PMID 12787492 doi 10 1016 S0092 8674 03 00394 5 Constantinescu S Stemness fusion and renewal of hematopoietic and embryonic stem cells Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 2004 7 2 103 12 PMID 12927049 doi 10 1111 j 1582 4934 2003 tb00209 x Pan G Thomson JA Nanog and transcriptional networks in embryonic stem cell pluripotency Cell Research Jan 2007 17 1 42 9 PMID 17211451 doi 10 1038 sj cr 7310125 Mitsui K Tokuzawa Y Itoh H Segawa K Murakami M Takahashi K Maruyama M Maeda M Yamanaka S The homeoprotein Nanog is required for maintenance of pluripotency in mouse epiblast and ES cells Cell May 2003 113 5 631 42 PMID 12787504 doi 10 1016 S0092 8674 03 00393 3 Chambers I Colby D Robertson M Nichols J Lee S Tweedie S Smith A Functional expression cloning of Nanog a pluripotency sustaining factor in embryonic stem cells Cell May 2003 113 5 643 55 PMID 12787505 doi 10 1016 S0092 8674 03 00392 1 Clark AT Rodriguez RT Bodnar MS Abeyta MJ Cedars MI Turek PJ Firpo MT Reijo Pera RA Human STELLAR NANOG and GDF3 genes are expressed in pluripotent cells and map to chromosome 12p13 a hotspot for teratocarcinoma Stem Cells 2004 22 2 169 79 PMID 14990856 doi 10 1634 stemcells 22 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