1907年德国學者穆勒(英语:Friedrich W. K. Müller)在普鲁士科学院学报发表论文,穆勒根据一篇回纥文佛经跋文中一段文字:“回纥文的《弥勒下生经》,先从印度语译为twγry语,又从twγry语译为突厥語”,认为twγry就是历史上的“Tokharoi”,因此将此种未为人知的语言定名为吐火羅语[3]。
甲种吐火罗语残卷中有“ārśi”一字。英国学者哈罗德·贝列(英语:Harold Walter Bailey)认为ārśi就是玄奘《大唐西域記》中的阿耆尼(梵語Agni):“出高昌近地,自近者始,曰阿耆尼国。旧曰焉耆”;贝列最早称甲种吐火罗语为焉耆语;此说已为大多数学者认同。他不赞成“哈喇沙尔语”(karacharien)这称呼,因为“哈喇沙尔”虽然和焉耆是同地异名,但毕竟是维吾尔语,历史上比较晚,不如焉耆恰当[6][7]。
月氏语编辑
英国学者沃尔特·恒宁(英语:Walter Bruno Henning)也认为“twγry"语言不是吐火罗语,联系“Tokharoi”是错误的,twγry应当是“吐何里tukri”(吐何里指高昌、焉耆一带),他又认为吐何里人的先祖是古提人(Guti),即汉语文献中的“月氏”[8][9]。
吐火羅語暨印歐學期刊(英语:Tocharian and Indo-European Studies)
註釋编辑
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^Burrow, T. Tokharian Elements in the Kharoṣṭhī Documents from Chinese Turkestan. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1935, (4): 667––675. JSTOR 25201230.
^Müller, Friedrich W. K. Beitrag zur genaueren Bestimmung der unbekannten Sprachen Mittelasiens. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 5. December 1907, 1907 (2): 958––960 [2021-03-29]. (原始内容于2016-09-28).请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Sieg, Emil; Siegling, Wilhelm. Tocharisch, die Sprache der Indoskythen: Vorläufige Bemerkungen über eine bisher unbekannte indogermanische Literatursprache. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 16. Juli 1908, 1908 (2): 915––932 [2021-03-29]. (原始内容于2016-09-28).请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Lévi, Sylvain. Le "Tokharien B", langue de Koutcha. Journal Asiatique. 1913, 11 (2): 311––380.
^Bailey, Harold W. Ttaugara. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies. 1937, 8 (4): 883––921. JSTOR 3488482.
^Bailey, Harold W. Recent Work in "Tokharian". Transactions of the Philological Society. 1947, 46 (1): 126––153. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1947.tb00542.x.
^Henning, Walter B. Argi and the "Tokharians". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies. 1938, 9 (3): 545––571. JSTOR 608222.
^Henning, Walter B. The First Indo-Europeans in History. G. L. Ulman (编). Society and History, Essays in Honor of Karl August Wittfogel. De Gruyter Mouton: 215––230. 1978.
^ 10.010.1Gerd, Carling; Pinault, Georges-Jean; Winter, Werner. Dictionary and Thesaurus of Tocharian A, Volume 1: A-J. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 2009. ISBN 978-34-470-5814-8.
^ 11.011.111.211.3Adams, Douglas Q. A Dictionary of Tocharian B (2 Vols.): Revised and Greatly Enlarged Edition. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Rodopi. 2013 [2021-04-24]. ISBN 978-90-420-3671-0. (原始内容于2020-07-28).
^ 12.012.1Words. A Comprehensive Edition of Tocharian Manuscripts (吐火罗语文献全编). Department of Linguistics, University of Vienna. 2019-10-14 [2021-04-24]. (原始内容于2021-04-25).
^Meier, Kristin; Peyrot, Michaël. The Word for 'Honey' in Chinese, Tocharian and Sino-Vietnamese. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 2017, 167 (1): 7––22. JSTOR 10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.167.1.0007.
^Adams, Douglas Q. The Position of Tocharian among the Other Indo-European Languages. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 1984, 104 (3): 395––402. JSTOR 601651.
^Holm, Hans J. The Distribution of Data in Word Lists and its Impact on the Subgrouping of Languages. Christine Preisach, Hans Burkhardt, Lars Schmidt-Thieme, Reinhold Decker (编). Data Analysis, Machine Learning and Applications. Springer Berlin Heidelberg: 629––636. 2008. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78246-9_74.
^Bouckaert, Remco; Lemey, Philippe; Dunn, Michael; Greenhill, Simon J.; Alekseyenko, Alexander V.; Drummond, Alexei J.; Gray, Russell D.; Suchard, Marc A.; Atkinson, Quentin D. Mapping the Origins and Expansion of the Indo-European Language Family. Science. 2012, 337 (6097): 957–960. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..957B. PMC 4112997. PMID 22923579. doi:10.1126/science.1219669.
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