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一月 30, 2023
奥义书, 奧義書, 梵語, उपन, षद, 羅馬化, upaniṣad, 直译, 近坐, 引申为, 秘密传授, 古印度一类哲学文献的总称, 是广义的吠陀文献之一, 虽然由吠陀发展而来, 因而经常被理解为婆羅門教與印度教的經典, 但并不都是由婆罗门阶层写的, 也不都完全反映婆羅門教的观点, 实际上, 某些奧義書敌视婆罗门祭司, 准确的说, 是一種哲學论文或對話錄, 討論哲學, 冥想以及世界的本質, 大多数成了研究神秘主义哲学的著作, 关于的秘传性质, 在它们的行文中常有所反映, 歌者说, 关于梵的知识只能传授给儿子. 奧義書 梵語 उपन षद 羅馬化 Upaniṣad 直译 近坐 引申为 秘密传授 古印度一类哲学文献的总称 是广义的吠陀文献之一 虽然奥义书由吠陀发展而来 因而经常被理解为婆羅門教與印度教的經典 但奥义书并不都是由婆罗门阶层写的 也不都完全反映婆羅門教的观点 实际上 某些奧義書敌视婆罗门祭司 1 准确的说 奥义书是一種哲學论文或對話錄 討論哲學 冥想以及世界的本質 大多数奥义书成了研究神秘主义哲学的著作 关于奥义书的秘传性质 在它们的行文中常有所反映 歌者奥义书说 关于梵的知识只能传授给儿子或入室弟子 而絕不能教给其他人 2 隨著19世紀初期的翻譯 奧義書 開始引起西方的廣泛關注 目录 1 简介 2 思想 3 註釋 4 參考文獻 5 延伸閱讀 6 外部連結简介 编辑印度现存的奧義書多达兩百多種 但其中与吠陀关系紧密且产生年代较早的并不多 有的奥义书写成时间晚至16世纪 甚至有宣传伊斯兰教思想而挂名奥义书者 如安拉奥义书 有些研究者认为只有最早的五部奥义书 歌者奥义书 英语 Chandogya Upanishad 廣林奧義書 英语 Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 爱达罗氏奥义书 英语 Aitareya Upanishad 海螺氏奥义书 英语 Shvetashvatara Upanishad 鹧鸪氏奥义书 可以称得上是严格的吠陀正典 3 中世纪的印度大哲学家商羯罗选出一些重要的奥义书作注 称它们为 主要奥义书 英语 Mukhya Upanishads Mukhya Upanishad 主要奥义书的名单并不一致 但一般包括以下几种 他氏奥义书 英语 Aitareya Upanishad 或译为爱达罗氏奥义书 属于梨俱吠陀 歌者奥义书 英语 Chandogya Upanishad 属于娑摩吠陀 由谁奥义书 英语 Kena Upanishad 属于娑摩吠陀 廣林奧義書 英语 Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 或譯大森林奧義書 属于白夜柔吠陀 自在奥义书 或譯至尊奧義書 属于白夜柔吠陀 鹧鸪氏奥义书 或译为泰帝利耶奥义书 属于黑夜柔吠陀 石氏奥义书 英语 Katha Upanishad 或譯伽陀奧義書 属于黑夜柔吠陀 白螺氏奥义书 英语 Shvetashvatara Upanishad 属于黑夜柔吠陀 剃髮奧義書 英语 Mundaka Upanishad 或译为秃顶奥义书 属于阿闼婆吠陀 蛙氏奥义书 英语 Mandukya Upanishad 属于阿闼婆吠陀 疑问奥义书 或译为六问奥义书 属于阿闼婆吠陀 现代研究者通常认为 与吠陀时代末期的思想密切相关的奥义书有13种 即上述奥义书再加上属于梨俱吠陀的海螺氏奥义书 英语 Kaushitaki Upanishad 又名憍尸多基奥义书 和属于黑夜柔吠陀的慈氏奥义书 英语 Maitrayaniya Upanishad 或译为弥勒奥义书 德国东方学家保罗 多伊森根据语言学将这13种奥义书分为3类 4 第一类是用散文体写成的最古老的奥义书 产生时间在前800年至前500年之间 包括广林奥义书 歌者奥义书 鹧鸪氏奥义书 海螺氏奥义书 爱达罗氏奥义书和由谁奥义书 第二类是用诗体写成的 产生时间在前500年至前1世纪之间 包括由谁奥义书 石氏奥义书 自在奥义书 白骡奥义书和秃顶奥义书 由谁奥义书兼有散文体和诗体 因此第一类与第二类都包括了它 第三类是用后期散文体写成的最晚近的奥义书 产生时间在公元前后 包括疑问奥义书 慈氏奥义书和蛙氏奥义书 其他学者可能有不同的分期方法 如拉纳德根据语言学和对书中思想发展的分析将上述13种分类为5组 拉达克利希南的分类与多伊森基本一致 但认为广林奥义书中也有晚出的部分 而慈氏奥义书和白骡奥义书最晚 因为它们受到了数论和瑜伽的影响 一般都认为广林奥义书和歌者奥义书是现存最古老的奥义书 但二者谁更早的问题 尚无定论 除了上述13种在印度哲学史研究中有特殊意义的奥义书外 其它一些重要奥义书包括 金刚针奥义书 英语 Vajrasuchi Upanishad 属于娑摩吠陀 离所缘奥义书 英语 Niralamba Upanishad 属于白夜柔吠陀 摩诃那罗延奥义书 英语 Mahanarayana Upanishad 属于黑夜柔吠陀 胎藏奥义书 英语 Garbha Upanishad 属于黑夜柔吠陀 室建陀奥义书 英语 Skanda Upanishad 属于黑夜柔吠陀 普度斗争世奥义书 属于黑夜柔吠陀 自我奥义书 英语 Adhyatma Upanishad 属于阿闼婆吠陀 菁华奥义书 属于阿闼婆吠陀 糍供奥义书 属于阿闼婆吠陀 生气火祀奥义书 属于阿闼婆吠陀 智顶奥义书 属于阿闼婆吠陀 舍利奥义书 属于阿闼婆吠陀 思想 编辑奥义书在印度宗教与哲学的发展过程中有重大意义 在奥义书产生之前 吠陀时期的印歐人只敬拜上古諸神 梵书则大多是形式主义的祭祀手册 奥义书最早集中精力讨论宇宙的终极真理 奥义书中两个最重要的概念是 我 和 梵 奥义书用各种奇妙的比喻 很多在现代人看来是不可理解的 来说明 梵就是一切 也就是最高存在 人类的我 个体灵魂 来自宇宙的我 即梵 宇宙灵魂 总之 宇宙就是梵 梵就是我 梵我一如 日语 梵我一如 这个最高真理就是奥义书主要的观点 在奥义书的思想基础上产生了吠檀多派 后来直接影响到印度教大改革者商羯罗 另一个由奥义书系统搭建起来的重要观念是轮回业报 轮回业报的观点在梨俱吠陀中根本没有 梵书中偶尔提及人死后可以转生 只有奥义书完整建立了转世者的转世形态取决于他前世的所作所为 业 的思想 广林奥义书说 转世者 因善业而成为善人 因恶业而成为恶人 5 当然 从无尽的轮回中解脱出来的方法也有 那就是认识到奥义书主张的 梵我一如 註釋 编辑 印度两大史诗评论汇编 314页 温特尼茨语 歌者奥义书 3 11 印度佛教史 商务印书馆 ISBN 7 100 02682 2 Sharma B N Krishnamurti Motilal Banarsidass Publishers ISBN 9788120815759 17 19页 广林奥义书 3 2參考文獻 编辑 五十奥义书 徐梵澄译 中国社会科学出版社 ISBN 978 7 5004 1459 9 奥义书 黄宝生译 商务印书馆 ISBN 978 7 100 06502 3 印度哲学史 黄心川著 商务印书馆 ISBN 7 100 00804 2 Brooks Douglas Renfrew The Secret of the Three Cities An Introduction to Hindu Shakta Tantrism The University of Chicago Press 1990 Brown Rev George William Missionary review of the world Volume 45 Funk amp Wagnalls 1922 Deussen Paul Bedekar V M tr Palsule tr G B Sixty Upanishads of the Veda Volume 2 Motilal Banarsidass 1997 ISBN 978 81 208 1467 7 Deussen P The Philosophy of the Upanishads Cosimo 2010 ISBN 978 1 61640 239 6 Chari P N Srinivasa Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 编 History of Philosophy Eastern and Western 1956 Chousalkar Ashok Social and Political Implications of Concepts Of Justice And Dharma Mittal Publications 1986 Collins Randall The Sociology of Philosophies A Global Theory of Intellectual Change Harvard University Press 2000 ISBN 0 674 00187 7 Cornille Catherine The Guru in Indian Catholicism Ambiguity Or Opportunity of Inculturation Wm B Eerdmans Publishing 1992 2016 11 17 ISBN 978 0 8028 0566 9 原始内容存档于2020 06 30 Deussen Paul The philosophy of the Upanishads Alfred Shenington Geden T amp T Clark 1908 ISBN 0 7661 5470 X Easwaran Eknath The Upanishads Nilgiri Press 2007 ISBN 978 1 58638 021 2 Eliot T S Collected Poems 1909 1962 New York Harcourt Brace amp World 1963 ISBN 0 15 118978 1 Encyclopaedia Britannica Advaita 10 August 2010 原始内容存档于2015 05 05 Farquhar John Nicol An outline of the religious literature of India H Milford Oxford university press 1920 ISBN 81 208 2086 X Fields Gregory P Religious Therapeutics Body and Health in Yoga Ayurveda and Tantra SUNY Press 2001 ISBN 0 7914 4916 5 Flood Gavin D An Introduction to Hinduism Cambridge University Press 1996 ISBN 978 0521438780 Glucklich Ariel The Strides of Vishnu Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective Oxford University Press 2008 ISBN 0 19 531405 0 Heehs Peter Indian religions a historical reader of spiritual expression and experience NYU Press 2002 ISBN 978 0 8147 3650 0 Holdrege Barbara A Veda and Torah Albany SUNY Press 1995 ISBN 0 7914 1639 9 Jayatilleke K N Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge PDF 1st London George Allen amp Unwin Ltd 1963 2016 11 17 原始内容 PDF 存档于2018 12 24 Joshi Kireet The Veda and Indian culture an introductory essay Motilal Banarsidass Publ 1994 ISBN 978 81 208 0889 8 Keith Arthur Berriedale The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 2007 2016 11 17 ISBN 978 81 208 0644 3 原始内容存档于2020 06 30 King Richard Indian philosophy an introduction to Hindu and Buddhist thought Edinburgh University Press 1999 ISBN 0 87840 756 1 King Richard Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism the Mahayana context of the Gauḍapadiya karika Gauḍapada State University of New York Press 1995 ISBN 978 0 7914 2513 8 Klostermaier Klaus K A survey of Hinduism SUNY Press 2007 ISBN 0 585 04507 0 Lanman Charles R The Outlook Volume 56 Outlook Co 1897 Lal Mohan Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature sasay to zorgot Sahitya Akademi 1992 2016 11 17 ISBN 978 81 260 1221 3 原始内容存档于2020 06 30 Muller Friedrich Max The Upanishads Sacred books of the East The Upanishads Friedrich Max Muller Oxford University Press 1900 Mahadevan T M P Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 编 History of Philosophy Eastern and Western George Allen amp Unwin Ltd 1956 Monier Williams A Sanskrit English Dictionary 10 August 2010 ISBN 0 8426 0286 0 原始内容存档于2021 02 26 Muller F Max The science of language founded on lectures delivered at the royal institution in 1861 AND 1863 1899 ISBN 0 404 11441 5 Nakamura Hajime A history of early Vedanta philosophy Volume 2 Trevor Leggett Motilal Banarsidass Publ 2004 Olivelle Patrick The Samnyasa Upanisads Oxford University Press 1992 ISBN 978 0195070453 Olivelle Patrick Upaniṣads Oxford University Press 1998 ISBN 978 0192835765 Panikkar Raimundo The Vedic experience Mantramanjari an anthology of the Vedas for modern man and contemporary celebration Motilal Banarsidass 2001 ISBN 978 81 208 1280 2 Parmeshwaranand Swami Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Upanisads Sarup amp Sons 2000 ISBN 978 81 7625 148 8 Phillips Stephen H Classical Indian metaphysics refutations of realism and the emergence of new logic Open Court Publishing 1995 2010 10 24 ISBN 978 81 208 1489 9 原始内容存档于2022 03 17 Samuel Geoffrey The Origins of Yoga and Tantra Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century Cambridge University Press 2010 Radhakrishnan Sarvepalli Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 编 History of Philosophy Eastern and Western George Allen amp Unwin Ltd 1956 Raghavendrachar Vidvan H N Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 编 History of Philosophy Eastern and Western 1956 Ranade R D A constructive survey of Upanishadic philosophy Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan 1926 Rinehart Robin Robin Rinehart 编 Contemporary Hinduism ritual culture and practice ABC CLIO 2004 ISBN 978 1 57607 905 8 Schopenhauer Arthur Payne E F J E F J Payne 编 Parerga and paralipomena short philosophical essays Volume 2 of Parerga and Paralipomena E F J Payne Oxford University Press 2000 ISBN 978 0 19 924221 4 Schrodinger Erwin What is life Cambridge University Press 1992 ISBN 978 0 521 42708 1 Schrader Friedrich Otto Adyar Library A descriptive catalogue of the Sanskrit manuscripts in the Adyar Library Oriental Pub Co 1908 Sen Sris Chandra Vedic literature and Upanishads The Mystic Philosophy of the Upanishads General Printers amp Publishers 1937 Sharma B N Krishnamurti A history of the Dvaita school of Vedanta and its literature from the earliest beginnings to our own times Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 2000 ISBN 978 81 208 1575 9 Sharma Shubhra Life in the Upanishads Abhinav Publications 1985 ISBN 978 81 7017 202 4 Singh N K Encyclopaedia of Hinduism Anmol Publications PVT LTD 2002 ISBN 978 81 7488 168 7 Slater Thomas Ebenezer Studies in the Upanishads ATLA monograph preservation program Christian Literature Society for India 1897 Smith Huston The Illustrated World s Religions A Guide to Our Wisdom Traditions New York Labyrinth Publishing 1995 ISBN 0 06 067453 9 Tripathy Preeti Indian religions tradition history and culture Axis Publications 2010 2016 11 17 ISBN 978 93 80376 17 2 原始内容存档于2020 06 30 Urwick Edward Johns The message of Plato a re interpretation of the Republic Methuen amp co ltd 1920 ISBN 9781136231162 Varghese Alexander P India History Religion Vision And Contribution To The World Volume 1 Atlantic Publishers amp Distributors 2008 ISBN 978 81 269 0903 2 Versluis Arthur American transcendentalism and Asian religions Oxford University Press US 1993 ISBN 978 0 19 507658 5 Wadia A R Socrates Plato and Aristotle Radhakrishnan Sarvepalli 编 History of Philosophy Eastern and Western vol II George Allen amp Unwin Ltd 1956 Raju P T The Philosophical Traditions of India Delhi Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited 1992 延伸閱讀 编辑Edgerton Franklin The Beginnings of Indian Philosophy Cambridge Harvard University Press 1965 Embree Ainslie T The Hindu Tradition New York Random House 1966 ISBN 0 394 71702 3 Hume Robert Ernest The Thirteen Principal Upanishads Oxford University Press Johnston Charles From the Upanishads Kshetra Books Reprinted in 2014 1898 ISBN 9781495946530 Muller Max translator The Upaniṣads Part I New York Dover Publications Reprinted in 1962 ISBN 0 486 20992 X Muller Max translator The Upaniṣads Part II New York Dover Publications Reprinted in 1962 ISBN 0 486 20993 8 Radhakrishnan Sarvapalli The Principal Upanishads New Delhi HarperCollins Publishers India Reprinted in 1994 1953 ISBN 81 7223 124 5 外部連結 编辑维基语录上的奥义书语录梵語维基文库中与本条目相关的原始文献 उपन षत Complete set of 108 Upanishads Manuscripts with the commentary of Brahma Yogin Adyar Library Upanishads 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Sanskrit documents in various formats The Upaniṣads 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy The Theory of Soul in the Upanishads 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 T W Rhys Davids 1899 Spinozistic Substance and Upanishadic Self A Comparative Study 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 M S Modak 1931 W B Yeats and the Upanishads 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 A Davenport 1952 The Concept of Self in the Upanishads An Alternative Interpretation 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 D C Mathur 1972 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 奥义书 amp oldid 72214688, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，
