均衡飲食

均衡飲食是健康的必要條件。人類日常的飲食成分含有七大營養素，分別是碳水化合物、蛋白質、脂肪、礦物質、纖维素、维生素和水。這七大營養素的攝取量必須平衡，否則就會引起身體不適，出現過重或肥胖、營養不良、或其他各種因為缺乏某種特定礦物質或抗生素而引發的疾病。

許多營養的食物

特定条件

除了一般人群的膳食建议外，还有许多特定的饮食方案主要是为了促进特定人群的健康，比如患有高血压（如低钠饮食或更具体的DASH饮食）的人，或者超重或肥胖的人（控制体重饮食）。其中一些方案在正常人群中的有益效果可能多多少少有一些证据支持。^{[來源請求]}

糖尿病

健康的饮食结合积极的运动可以帮助糖尿病患者控制血糖水平。^[1] 美国疾病控制与预防中心（US CDC）建议患有糖尿病的人计划规律均衡的膳食，增加非淀粉蔬菜的摄入量，减少添加糖和精制谷物的摄入，以及注重食用整食而不是高度加工的食物。^[2] 通常，糖尿病患者和患有风险的人被鼓励增加纤维摄入。^[3]

高血压

低钠饮食对高血压患者有益。2008年发表的科克伦回顾总结指出，长期（四周以上）的低钠饮食可以有效地降低血压，无论是在高血压（高血压）患者还是正常血压患者中都有效。^[4]

DASH饮食（膳食方法以控制高血压为主）是由国家心脏、肺部和血液研究所（NIH，美国政府机构的一部分）推广的饮食方案，用于控制高血压。该计划的主要特点是限制钠的摄入量，^[5] 并且饮食还一般鼓励摄入坚果、全谷物、鱼类、家禽、水果和蔬菜，同时减少红肉、甜食和糖的摄入。它还富含“钾、镁和钙以及蛋白质”。

地中海饮食，包括限制红肉的消费和在烹饪中使用橄榄油，也被证明可以改善心血管结果。^[6]

肥胖

更多信息：Dieting

治疗肥胖最有效的方法是减重手术。^[7] 但是，超重或肥胖的人可以结合健康饮食和体育锻炼来试图减重，尽管这只在短期内（最多一年）特别有效，之后一些体重通常会恢复。^[8][9][10] 对六项随机对照试验的荟萃分析发现，饮食类型（低脂、低碳水化合物和低热量）之间没有差异，所有研究中都达到2至4千克的减重效果。^[11]

与麸质相关的疾病

更多信息：Gluten-free diet

麸质是一种在小麦和相关谷物中（包括大麦、黑麦、燕麦以及它们所有的种类和杂交品种，如小黑麦、喀姆特小麦和三粒小麦）^[12] 对于那些患有麸质相关疾病，包括乳糜泻、非乳糜泻性麸质敏感症、麸质性共济失调、疱疹样皮炎和小麦过敏的人来说，无麸质饮食是唯一可用的治疗方法。^{[13][14][15][16]}

癫痫

更多信息：Ketogenic diet

生酮饮食是一种由医疗团队管理时，用于减少成人和儿童癫痫发作的治疗方法。^[17]

参考文献

1. Diabetes Diet, Eating, & Physical Activity - NIDDK. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. [2023-05-13] （美国英语）. 
2. CDC. Meal Planning. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023-04-19 [2023-05-13] （美国英语）. 
3. Evert, Alison B.; Dennison, Michelle; Gardner, Christopher D.; Garvey, W. Timothy; Lau, Ka Hei Karen; MacLeod, Janice; Mitri, Joanna; Pereira, Raquel F.; Rawlings, Kelly; Robinson, Shamera; Saslow, Laura; Uelmen, Sacha; Urbanski, Patricia B.; Yancy, William S. Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report. Diabetes Care. May 2019, 42 (5): 731–754. ISSN 1935-5548. PMC 7011201  . PMID 31000505. doi:10.2337/dci19-0014. 
4. He, FJ; MacGregor, GA. MacGregor, Graham A , 编. Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004, 1 (3): CD004937. PMID 15266549. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004937. 
5. Your Guide To Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH (PDF). [2009年6月8日]. 
6. Walker C, Reamy BV. Diets for cardiovascular disease prevention: what is the evidence?. Am Fam Physician. April 2009, 79 (7): 571–7. PMID 19378874. 
7. Colquitt, JL; Pickett, K; Loveman, E; Frampton, GK. Surgery for weight loss in adults. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014年8月8日, 8 (8): CD003641. PMC 9028049  . PMID 25105982. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003641.pub4. 
8. Thom, G; Lean, M. Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health? (PDF). Gastroenterology (Review). May 2017, 152 (7): 1739–1751. PMID 28214525. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056. 
9. NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Obesity in Adults (US). Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Bethesda (MD). 1998. 
10. Tina Gianoulis, "Dieting" in the St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture Ed. Thomas Riggs. Vol. 2. 2nd ed. Detroit: St. James Press. adderall weight loss before and after pictures. Biogerontology. [2017-02-26]. 
11. Strychar I. Diet in the management of weight loss. CMAJ. January 2006, 174 (1): 56–63. PMC 1319349  . PMID 16389240. doi:10.1503/cmaj.045037. 
12. Biesiekierski, JR. What is gluten?. J Gastroenterol Hepatol (Review). 2017, 32 (Suppl 1): 78–81. PMID 28244676. doi:10.1111/jgh.13703  . Similar proteins to the gliadin found in wheat exist as secalin in rye, hordein in barley, and avenins in oats and are collectively referred to as “gluten.” Derivatives of these grains such as triticale and malt and other ancient wheat varieties such as spelt and kamut also contain gluten. The gluten found in all of these grains has been identified as the component capable of triggering the immune-mediated disorder, coeliac disease.  
13. Ludvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JC, Biagi F, Fasano A, Green PH, Hadjivassiliou M, Kaukinen K, Kelly CP, Leonard JN, Lundin KE, Murray JA, Sanders DS, Walker MM, Zingone F, Ciacci C. The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms. Gut. January 2013, 62 (1): 43–52. PMC 3440559  . PMID 22345659. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301346. 
14. Mulder CJ, van Wanrooij RL, Bakker SF, Wierdsma N, Bouma G. Gluten-free diet in gluten-related disorders. Dig. Dis. (Review). 2013, 31 (1): 57–62. PMID 23797124. S2CID 14124370. doi:10.1159/000347180. The only treatment for CD, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and gluten ataxia is lifelong adherence to a GFD. 
15. Hischenhuber C, Crevel R, Jarry B, Mäki M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Romano A, Troncone R, Ward R. Review article: safe amounts of gluten for patients with wheat allergy or coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1 March 2006, 23 (5): 559–75. PMID 16480395. S2CID 9970042. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02768.x  . For both wheat allergy and coeliac disease the dietary avoidance of wheat and other gluten-containing cereals is the only effective treatment. 
16. Volta U, Caio G, De Giorgio R, Henriksen C, Skodje G, Lundin KE. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: a work-in-progress entity in the spectrum of wheat-related disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. June 2015, 29 (3): 477–91. PMID 26060112. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2015.04.006. A recently proposed approach to NCGS diagnosis is an objective improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms and extra-intestinal manifestations assessed through a rating scale before and after GFD. Although a standardized symptom rating scale is not yet applied worldwide, a recent study indicated that a decrease of the global symptom score higher than 50% after GFD can be regarded as confirmatory of NCGS (Table 1) [53]. (…) After the confirmation of NCGS diagnosis, according to the previously mentioned work-up, patients are advized to start with a GFD [49]. 
17. What is the Ketogenic Diet. www.eatright.org. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2019年4月.