fbpx
维基百科

单倍群Q-M242

十二月 30, 2023

单倍群Q-M242 （英語：Haplogroup Q-M242）是人类Y染色体DNA单倍群之一，Q是单倍群P下游P1的一个分支（另一个分支是单倍群R）。

单倍群Q
起源时间1,7200-3,1700年前 [1][2][3] (大约2,4500年前)
共祖年代{{{TMRCA}}}
起源地中亚[4][5] 、西伯利亚[2]
上游单倍群P1-M45
下游单倍群Q1 (L232/S432)
对应突变M242 rs8179021
分布区域克季人 93.8%,[6]

土庫曼人（卡拉卡爾帕克斯坦共和國、約穆特人 ）73%,[7]塞爾庫普人 66.4%.,[6]图瓦人 62.5%.,[8] 切爾干人 60.0%.,[9]图巴拉尔人 41%,[9]西伯利亞韃靼人 38%,[10]

其他突厥人, 因纽特人, 美国原住民, 叶尼塞语系, 泰国的阿卡人, 孟高棉语族以及有些阿萨姆邦部落

美洲原住民、土庫曼人、叶尼塞人、楚科奇人、堪察加人、图瓦人、达雅人、阿卡人等是世界上拥有最高单倍群Q频率的族群。單倍群Q在其他北亞人、西亞人、中亞人、東亞人、欧洲人等中也有少量分佈。[11]

起源 编辑

单倍群Q-M242是单倍群P1-M45的分支之一（另一分支為R-M207）。目前的假說認為大约在17000至31700年前起源於西伯利亞中南部的阿尔泰地區[2]。

系統發生樹 编辑

下面是2015年ISOGG树。

  • Q-M242 M242
    • Q-P36.2 P36.2, L232, L273, L274 (Q1)
      • Q-MEH2 MEH2 (Q1a)
        • Q-F1096 F1096, F1215 (Q1a1)
          • Q-NWT01 NWT01 (Q1a1a)
            • Q-M120 M120, M265/N14 (Q1a1a1)
          • Q-M25 M25，M143 (Q1a1b)
            • Q-L712 L712 (Q1a1b1)
        • Q-M346 L56, L57, M346, L528 (Q1a2)
          • Q-L53 L53 (Q1a2a)
            • Q-L54 L54 (Q1a2a1)
              • Q-CTS11969 CTS11969, M930 (Q1a2a1a)
                • Q-M3 M3 (Q1a2a1a1)
                  • Q-M19 M19 (Q1a2a1a1a)
                • Q-L804 L804 (Q1a2a1a2)
              • Q-CTS1780 CTS1780, M981, M971, Z780 (Q1a2a1b)
              • Q-L330 L330 (Q1a2a1c)
          • Q-F835 F835, L940 (Q1a2b)
          • Q-F1161 F1161
            • Q-L527 L527
      • Q-L275 L275, L314 (Q1b)
        • Q-M378 M378/Page100, L214, L215/Page82 (Q1b1)
          • Q-FGC1774 FGC1774, Y2016 (Q1b1a)
            • Q-245 L245 (Q1b1a1)
        • Q-Y1150 Y1150 (Q1b2, Q1b-L68)

子单倍群的分布 编辑

分布 编辑

美洲 编辑

前哥伦比亚时期的美洲土著人民拥有高频单倍群Q。这是因为遷徙新大陸模型：他们从远东穿过白令海峡移民到美洲。[2]

北美洲 编辑

北美46%的Q为Q-M3[44]

格陵兰：53.7% (122/227: 70 Q-NWT01, 52 Q-M3)；而且考古家发现了一个4000年前的Saqqaq古人（Q1a-MEH2*）。他更接近远东的Koryak和楚科奇人。[45]

瑟莫蘇克有最高的平均频率：82%。凯克卡塔有最低频率：30%。[46]

2010年，3.1%的美国男性为Q-M242。[47]

民族 美国人口百分比 † 单倍群Q频率
白人 63.7% Q-P36*0.6%, Q-M3 0.1%
西班牙裔美国人 16.3% Q-P36*3.8%, Q-M3 7.9%
黑人 12.6% Q-P36*(xM3) 0.2%
亚裔美国人 4.8% ~0%
美洲原住民 ‡ 0.9% Q-P36*31.2%和

, Q-M3 26.9%

来源 :[47]† 2010年美國人口普查[48]

‡大陆和阿拉斯卡，不包括太平洋岛屿

中南美洲 编辑

94%的中美洲和南美洲的原住民拥有单倍群Q。[49]具有Q-M242单倍群的人群建立了许多古老的美洲文化和文明，例如：

由于欧洲的入侵以及大屠杀，很多现代美洲人是麥士蒂索人或者混血的。但是与北美相比，单倍群Q在南美和中美更普遍。

国家分布：

亚洲 编辑

Q-M242起源于东亚。[2] 很多民族拥有这个单倍群：

北亚 编辑

西伯利亚、阿尔泰、贝加尔湖的民族Q-M242较多。[69]

  • 所有阿尔泰样本：24.3% (46/189: 45 Q-M346, 1 Q-M25)；Q-M242、Q-M346、Q-M3
    • 切爾干人：60.0%(15/25：都是Q-M346)，
    • 图巴拉尔人：41%(11/27: 1 Q-M25，10 Q-M346)
    • Altaians-Kizhi：17% (20/120)
    • 阿爾泰人：4.2%（南），32.0%（北），63.6％（Kurmach-Baigol)；13.7% (20/146 )[9] 或25.8%[70]（全部）

东亚 编辑

中国[17][18]

  • 2011年，复旦大学：3.3% (12/361)。[76]
  • 2011年，Hua Zhong et al.：3.99%（34/853，包括30/853 Q-M120、3/853 Q-M346、1/853 Q-M25）。[77]

蒙古

朝鲜人：1.9%[84][85][86]

日本：0.3％[87][80][88][20][19] (静冈、埼玉縣)

东南亚 编辑

东南亚（或东盟）：[66]

越南：7.1%[89][90]

缅甸：2.8% (3/106）[91]

中亚 编辑

西亚 编辑

伊朗：5.5% (52/938)[30]

其他研究结果得出的频率接近。[99][100][101]

其他西亚国家：

高加索：[100]

南亚 编辑

阿富汗人：6.9%；普什图人：8.4% (9/49: 8个Q*，1个Q-M346)[13]

巴基斯坦、伊朗高原的东部：2.2% (14/638)[108]~3.4% (6/176).[28]

印度人：2.38% (15/630)，各阶层（印度种姓制度）；有罕见的Q-MEH2[5]

孟加拉国：9.7% (23/237: 查克马 13/89, Marma 4/60, 特里普拉邦 6/88)；文章将Q-M242归为P*(x R1,R2).[111]

尼泊尔的加德满都：1.2% Q-M242[24]

斯里蘭卡：3.3% Q-M242[89]

欧洲 编辑

东欧 编辑

中欧、东欧、俄罗斯：1.7%男性为Q-M242

北欧 编辑

北欧：2.5%男性。

西欧 编辑

南欧 编辑

阿什肯納茲猶太人：5.2% (23/441) Q-P36[40]

塞法迪犹太人：2.3% (4/174)[138]~5.6% (3/53)[139]

也许由可萨人征服欧洲带来。

非洲 编辑

埃及人：0.7% (1/147),[33]

阿尔及利亚：0.6% (1/156)[100]

科摩罗、东非、马达加斯加：0.8% (3/381，都是Q-M346，也许因为南岛语系从中国移民到东非；或明朝的郑和)

世界上大约3.1%的男性为Q-M242。

古代考古遗址 编辑

参见 编辑

Subclades 编辑

  • Q-M242
  • Q-NWT01
  • Q-M120
  • Q-M25
  • Q-M346
  • Q-L53
  • Q-L54
  • Q-M3
  • Q-M323
  • Q-P89.1
  • Q-Z780
  • Q-L275

单倍群进化树 编辑

人类Y染色体DNA单倍型类群进化树

Y染色体最近共同祖先
A
A1b A1a-T
A1a A2-T
A2 A3 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
G H IJK
IJ K
I J LT K(xLT)
L T M NO P S
O N Q R

各族群Y染色体单倍型类群 · 著名的Y染色體單倍型類群人

阅读 编辑

  • Abu-Amero, Khaled K; Hellani, Ali; González, Ana M; Larruga, Jose M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Underhill, Peter A. Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions. BMC Genetics. 2009, 10 (1): 59. PMC 2759955  . PMID 19772609. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59. 
  • Behar, Doron M.; Garrigan, Daniel; Kaplan, Matthew E.; Mobasher, Zahra; Rosengarten, Dror; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Ostrer, Harry; et al. Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations. Human Genetics. 2004, 114 (4): 354–65. PMID 14740294. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1073-7. 
  • Bortolini, M; Salzano, F; Thomas, M; Stuart, S; Nasanen, S; Bau, C; Hutz, M; Layrisse, Z; et al. Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003, 73 (3): 524–39. PMC 1180678  . PMID 12900798. doi:10.1086/377588. 
  • Cadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J. Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2007, 16 (3): 374–86. PMID 17928816. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. *Cadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J. Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2007, 16 (3): 374–86. PMID 17928816. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. 
  • Cinnioglu, Cengiz; King, Roy; Kivisild, Toomas; Kalfoglu, Ersi; Atasoy, Sevil; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L.; Lillie, Anita S.; Roseman, Charles C.; et al. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Human Genetics. 2004, 114 (2): 127–48. PMID 14586639. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4. 
  • Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim. Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 15 (1): 121–6. PMC 2588664  . PMID 17047675. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. 
  • Gayden, T; Cadenas, AM; Regueiro, M; Singh, NB; Zhivotovsky, LA; Underhill, PA; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Herrera, RJ. The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2007, 80 (5): 884–94. PMC 1852741  . PMID 17436243. doi:10.1086/516757. 
  • Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi. Dual origins of the Japanese* common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. Journal of Human Genetics. 2005, 51 (1): 47–58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. 
  • Mirabal, Sheyla; Regueiro, Maria; Cadenas, Alicia M; Cavalli-Sforza, L Luca; Underhill, Peter A; Verbenko, Dmitry A; Limborska, Svetlana A; Herrera, Rene J. Y-Chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2009, 17 (10): 1260–73. PMC 2986641  . PMID 19259129. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.6. 
  • Nonaka, I.; Minaguchi, K.; Takezaki, N. Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms. Annals of Human Genetics. 2007, 71 (Pt 4): 480–95. PMID 17274803. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x. 
  • Pakendorf, Brigitte; Novgorodov, Innokentij N.; Osakovskij, Vladimir L.; Danilova, Al’Bina P.; Protod’jakonov, Artur P.; Stoneking, Mark. Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia* genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts. Human Genetics. 2006, 120 (3): 334–53. PMID 16845541. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. 
  • Rasmussen, Morten; Li, Yingrui; Lindgreen, Stinus; Pedersen, Jakob Skou; Albrechtsen, Anders; Moltke, Ida; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; et al. Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo. Nature. 2010, 463 (7282): 757–62. PMC 3951495  . PMID 20148029. doi:10.1038/nature08835. 
  • Regueiro, M.; Cadenas, A.M.; Gayden, T.; Underhill, P.A.; Herrera, R.J. Iran* Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration. Human Heredity. 2006, 61 (3): 132–43. PMID 16770078. doi:10.1159/000093774. 
  • Sengupta, S; Zhivotovsky, L; King, R; Mehdi, S; Edmonds, C; Chow, C; Lin, A; Mitra, M; et al. Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 78 (2): 202–21. PMC 1380230  . PMID 16400607. doi:10.1086/499411. 
  • Sharma, Swarkar; Rai, Ekta; Bhat, Audesh K; Bhanwer, Amarjit S; Bamezai, Rameshwar NK. A novel subgroup Q5 of human Y-chromosomal haplogroup Q in India. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2007, 7 (1): 232. PMC 2258157  . PMID 18021436. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-232. 
  • Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; et al. Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation. Human Mutation. 2004, 24 (3): 248–60. PMID 15300852. doi:10.1002/humu.20077. 
  • Wells, Spencer. The Journey of Man* A Genetic Odyssey. Random House. 2002. ISBN 978-0-8129-7146-0. 
  • Wells, R. S.; Yuldasheva, N; Ruzibakiev, R; Underhill, PA; Evseeva, I; Blue-Smith, J; Jin, L; Su, B; et al. The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001, 98 (18): 10244–9. PMC 56946  . PMID 11526236. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. 
  • Wen, Bo; Li, Hui; Lu, Daru; Song, Xiufeng; Zhang, Feng; He, Yungang; Li, Feng; Gao, Yang; et al. Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture. Nature. 2004, 431 (7006): 302–5. PMID 15372031. doi:10.1038/nature02878. 
  • Su, Bing; Xiao, Chunjie; Deka, Ranjan; Seielstad, Mark T.; Kangwanpong, Daoroong; Xiao, Junhua; Lu, Daru; Underhill, Peter; et al. Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas. Human Genetics. 2000, 107 (6): 582–90. PMID 11153912. doi:10.1007/s004390000406. 
  • Zalloua, P; Xue, Y; Khalife, J; Makhoul, N; Debiane, L; Platt, D; Royyuru, A; Herrera, R; et al. Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2008, 82 (4): 873–82. PMC 2427286  . PMID 18374297. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. 
  • Zegura, S. L.; Karafet, TM; Zhivotovsky, LA; Hammer, MF. High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2003, 21 (1): 164–75. PMID 14595095. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. 
  • Wells, Spencer. The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey. Random House LLC. 2002 [May 13, 2014]. ISBN 978-0-8129-7146-0. LCCN 2003066679. 
  • Gokcumen, Omer. Ethnohistorical and Genetic Survey of Four Central Anatolian Settlements. University of Pennsylvania. 2008 [May 13, 2014]. ISBN 978-0-549-80966-1. 

外部链接 编辑

参考文献 编辑

  1. ^ Fagundes, Nelson J. R.; Kanitz, Ricardo; Eckert, Roberta; Valls, Ana C. S.; Bogo, Mauricio R.; Salzano, Francisco M.; Smith, David Glenn; Silva, Wilson A.; Zago, Marco A.; Ribeiro-Dos-Santos, Andrea K.; Santos, Sidney E. B.; Petzl-Erler, Maria Luiza; Bonatto, Sandro L. (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 2008, 82 (3): 583–592 [2009-11-19]. PMC 2427228  . PMID 18313026. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-03-25）. Since the first studies, it has been found that extant Native American populations exhibit almost exclusively five "mtDNA haplogroups" (A–D and X)6 classified in the autochthonous haplogroups A2, B2, C1, D1, and X2a.7 Haplogroups A–D are found all over the New World and are frequent in Asia, supporting a northeastern Asian origin of these lineages 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Zegura, S. L.; Karafet, TM; Zhivotovsky, LA; Hammer, MF. High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2004, 21 (1): 164–75 [2020-02-16]. PMID 14595095. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. （原始内容 (PDF)于2008-09-06）. 
  3. ^ . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-25）. 
  4. ^ Y-DNA Haplogroup Q and its Subclades - 2016. [2020-02-16]. （原始内容于2011-05-01）. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 A novel subgroup Q5 of human Y-chromosomal haplogroup Q-M242 in India. BMC Evol. Biol. 2007, 7 (1): 232. PMC 2258157  . PMID 18021436. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-232. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 T. M. Karafet, 'High Levels of Y-Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter-Gatherer Way of Life', Human Biology, December 2002, v. 74, no. 6, pp. 761–789
  7. ^ . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-30）. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 ZHANG Yong-Ke, CHEN Zheng, FAN An, et al. (2009), "Genetic relationships between Tuva population and the neighboring populations in the Altai Region of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region." HEREDITAS (Beijing) 2009 August, 31(8): 818―824. ISSN 0253-9772. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1005.2009.00818
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Kharkov, V. N.; Stepanov, V. A.; Medvedeva, O. F.; Spiridonova, M. G.; Voevoda, M. I.; Tadinova, V. N.; Puzyrev, V. P. Gene Pool Differences between Northern and Southern Altaians Inferred from the Data on Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups. Genetika. 2007, 43 (5): 675–687. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-30）. 
  11. ^ . HaploMaps. 2017-05-07 [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-07） （美国英语）. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 The Y Chromosome Consortium 2008. [2010-07-17]. （原始内容存档于2008-09-22）. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events. PLoS ONE. 2012, 7 (3): e34288. PMC 3314501  . PMID 22470552. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. 
  14. ^ Ghiani, ME; Moral, P; Mitchell, RJ; Hernández, M; García-Moro, C; Vona, G. Y-chromosome-Specific STR haplotype data on the Rapanui population (Easter Island). Hum Biol. 2006, 78 (5): 565–78. PMID 17506287. doi:10.1353/hub.2007.0005. 
  15. ^ Grugni, Viola; Battaglia, Vincenza; Hooshiar Kashani, Baharak; Parolo, Silvia; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Gandini, Francesca; Houshmand, Massoud. Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians. PLoS ONE. 2012, 7 (7): e41252. PMC 3399854  . PMID 22815981. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. 
  16. ^ Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Denisova, Galina; Maksimov, Arkady; Wozniak, Marcin; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Dambueva, Irina; Zakharov, Ilya. Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a. Journal of Human Genetics. 2011, 56 (8): 583–8. PMID 21677663. doi:10.1038/jhg.2011.64. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture. Nature. September 2004, 431 (7006): 302–5. PMID 15372031. doi:10.1038/nature02878. Supplementary Table 2: NRY haplogroup distribution in Han populations 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Su, Bing; Xiao, Chunjie; Deka, Ranjan; Seielstad, Mark T.; Kangwanpong, Daoroong; Xiao, Junhua; Lu, Daru; Underhill, Peter; et al. Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas. Human Genetics. 2000, 107 (6): 582–90. PMID 11153912. doi:10.1007/s004390000406. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Poznik, G. David; Xue, Yali; Mendez, Fernando L.; et al. Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences. Nature Genetics. June 2016, 48 (6): 593–599. PMC 4884158  . PMID 27111036. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Nonaka, I.; Minaguchi, K.; Takezaki, N. (PDF). Annals of Human Genetics. 2007, 71 (4): 480–495 [2020-02-16]. PMID 17274803. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-09-30）. 
  21. ^ Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, Sanj Khoyt, Marcin Woźniak, Tomasz Grzybowski, and Ilya Zakharov, "Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels." Journal of Human Genetics (2013) 58, 804–811; doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108.
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. August 2001, 98 (18): 10244–9. PMC 56946  . PMID 11526236. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. Table 1: Y-chromosome haplotype frequencies in 49 Eurasian populations, listed according to geographic region 
  23. ^ Di Cristofaro, J; Pennarun, E; Mazières, S; Myres, NM; Lin, AA; et al. Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge. PLoS ONE. 2013, 8 (10): e76748. PMC 3799995  . PMID 24204668. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748. 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Gayden, Tenzin; et al. The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow. Am J Hum Genet. May 2007, 80 (5): 884–894. PMC 1852741  . PMID 17436243. doi:10.1086/516757. 
  25. ^ Wang C-C, Wang L-X; Shrestha, R; Zhang, M; Huang, X-Y; et al. Genetic Structure of Qiangic Populations Residing in the Western Sichuan Corridor. PLoS ONE. 2014, 9 (8): e103772. PMC 4121179  . PMID 25090432. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103772. 
  26. ^ Cai, X; Qin, Z; Wen, B; Xu, S; Wang, Y; Lu, Yan; Wei, Lanhai; Wang, Chuanchao; Li, Shilin. Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes. PLoS ONE. 2011, 6 (8): e24282. PMC 3164178  . PMID 21904623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282. 
  27. ^ Pille Hallast, Chiara Batini, Daniel Zadik, et al., "The Y-Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-Confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades." Molecular Biology and Evolution Advance Access publication December 2, 2014. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu327
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 Sengupta, Sanghamitra; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; King, Roy; Mehdi, S.Q.; Edmonds, Christopher A.; Cheryl-, Cheryl-Emiliane T.; Chow, Emiliane T.; Lin, Alice A.; et al. Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 78 (2): 202–221. PMC 1380230  . PMID 16400607. doi:10.1086/499411. 
  29. ^ Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, et al. (2015), "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." Genome Research 25:1–8. Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; ISSN 1088-9051/15; www.genome.org.
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Grugni, Viola; et al. Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (7): e41252. PMC 3399854  . PMID 22815981. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. 
  31. ^ Zalloua, Pierre A.; Xue, Y; Khalife, J; Makhoul, N; Debiane, L; Platt, DE; Royyuru, AK; Herrera, RJ; et al. Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2008, 82 (4): 873–882. PMC 2427286  . PMID 18374297. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. 
  32. ^ 32.0 32.1 Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Hum. Genet. January 2004, 114 (2): 127–48. PMID 14586639. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4. 
  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Abu-Amero, Khaled K.; Hellani, Ali; Gonzalez, Ana M.; Larruga, Jose M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Underhill, Peter A. Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions. BMC Genetics. 2009, 10 (1): 59. PMC 2759955  . PMID 19772609. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59. 
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. March 2008, 16 (3): 374–86. PMID 17928816. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. 
  35. ^ 35.0 35.1 Karafet, Tatiana M.; Hallmark, Brian; Cox, Murray P.; et al. Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2010, 27 (8): 1833–1844. PMID 20207712. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq063. 
  36. ^ Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas (PDF). Am. J. Hum. Genet. September 2003, 73 (3): 524–39 [2006-12-20]. PMC 1180678  . PMID 12900798. doi:10.1086/377588. （原始内容 (PDF)于2011-04-28）. 
  37. ^ [genebase Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). Wendy Tymchuk - Senior Technical Editor. Genebase Systems. 2008 [2009-11-21]. 
  38. ^ Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; et al. Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation. Human Mutation. 2004, 24 (3): 248–60. PMID 15300852. doi:10.1002/humu.20077.  Q-M323 in 3/20=15% of a sample of Yemenite Jews.
  39. ^ Zhong, H.; Shi, H.; Qi, X.-B.; Duan, Z.-Y.; Tan, P.-P.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; Ma, R. Z. Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2010, 28 (1): 717–27. PMID 20837606. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247. 
  40. ^ 40.0 40.1 Behar, DM; et al. Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations. Hum Genet. 2004-03, 114 (4): 354–65. PMID 14740294. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1073-7. 
  41. ^ Adams, S. M.; Bosch, E.; Balaresque, P. L.; Ballereau, S. J.; Lee, A. C.; Arroyo, E.; López-Parra, A. M.; Aler, M.; et al. The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula. Am J Hum Genet. 2008, 83 (6): 725–736. PMC 2668061  . PMID 19061982. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. 
  42. ^ The First Peopling of South America: New Evidence from Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Q Vincenza Battaglia, Viola Grugni, Ugo Alessandro Perego, Norman Angerhofer, J. Edgar Gomez-Palmieri, Scott Ray Woodward, Alessandro Achilli, Natalie Myres, Antonio Torroni, Ornella Semino
  43. ^ Malhi, RS; Gonzalez-Oliver, A; Schroeder, KB; Kemp, BM; Greenberg, JA; Dobrowski, SZ; Smith, DG; Resendez, A; Karafet, T. Distribution of Y chromosomes among native North Americans: a study of Athapaskan population history. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2008, 137 (4): 412–24. PMC 2584155  . PMID 18618732. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20883. 
  44. ^ Frequency Distribution of Y-DNA Haplogroup Q M3. GeneTree. 2010 [2010-01-30]. （原始内容于2009-11-04）. 
  45. ^ Rasmussen, M; Li, Y; Lindgreen, S; Pedersen, JS; Albrechtsen, A; Moltke, I; Metspalu, M; Metspalu, E; Kivisild, T. Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo. Nature. 2010, 463 (7282): 463, 757–762. PMC 3951495  . PMID 20148029. doi:10.1038/nature08835. 
  46. ^ Katharina Olofsson, Jill; et al. Peopling of the North Circumpolar Region – Insights from Y Chromosome STR and SNP Typing of Greenlanders. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (1): e0116573. PMC 4312058  . PMID 25635810. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116573. 
  47. ^ 47.0 47.1 Hammer; et al. Population structure of Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in the United States and forensic implications for constructing Y chromosome STR databases. Forensic Sci. Int. 2006-12, 164 (1): 45–55. PMID 16337103. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.013. 
  48. ^ Population Estimates. [2020-02-16]. （原始内容于2014-12-18）. 
  49. ^ 49.0 49.1 Bortolini, M; Salzano, F; Thomas, M; Stuart, S; Nasanen, S; Bau, C; Hutz, M; Layrisse, Z; et al. Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003, 73 (3): 524–39. PMC 1180678  . PMID 12900798. doi:10.1086/377588. 
  50. ^ Vullo, Carlos; et al. Association between Y haplogroups and autosomal AIMs reveals intra-population substructure in Bolivian populations. Int J Legal Med. 2014, 129 (4): 673–680. PMID 24878616. doi:10.1007/s00414-014-1025-x. 
  51. ^ Söchtig, Jens; et al. Genomic insights on the ethno-history of the Maya and the 'Ladinos' from Guatemala. BMC Genomics. 2015, 16: 131. PMC 4422311  . PMID 25887241. doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1339-1.  => Guatemala population consists of about 40% Natives (Mayans)+60% Ladinos. According to this paper, 89% of Mayan and 25% of Ladinos belong to Y-DNA Q. Thus, 40*0.89+60*0.25=50.6%
  52. ^ Gaviria, A.; et al. Characterization and Haplotype analysis of 11 Y-STR loci in Ecuadorian population. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. 2013, 4 (1): e310–e311. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.158. 
  53. ^ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Battaglia; et al. The First Peopling of South America: New Evidence from Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Q. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (8): e71390. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...871390B. PMC 3749222  . PMID 23990949. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071390. 
  54. ^ Martínez-Cortés, G; et al. Admixture and population structure in Mexican-Mestizos based on paternal lineages. J. Hum. Genet. 2012, 57 (9): 568–74. PMID 22832385. doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.67. 
  55. ^ Lovo-Gómez, J; et al. The genetic male legacy from El Salvador. Forensic Sci. Int. 2007-09, 171 (2–3): 198–203. PMID 16916590. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.07.005. 
  56. ^ Grugni. Exploring the Y Chromosomal Ancestry of Modern Panamanians. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (12): e0144223. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1044223G. PMC 4670172  . PMID 26636572. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144223. 
  57. ^ Rojas, Win; et al. Genetic Make Up and Structure of Colombian Populations by Means of Uniparental and Biparental DNA Markers. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2010, 143 (1): 13–20. PMID 20734436. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21270. => (DANE, 2006) 86% of the whole Colombian population self-reported as of Mixed Ancestary, 3.4% as Native American, 10.5% as African-Columbian. In this paper, 12% (114/954) of MA, 95.7% (135/141) of NA, and 23.8% (5/21) of AC are turned out to be Y-DNA Q. Thus, 86*0.12+3.4*0.957+10.5*0.238=16.1%
  58. ^ Núñez, Carolina; et al. Y chromosome haplogroup diversity in a Mestizo population of Nicaragua. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. 2012, 6 (6): e192–e195. PMID 22770600. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.06.011.  The author revised his previous paper, genotyping 2 more samples as haplogroup Q by Y-SNP test.
  59. ^ Corach, Daniel; et al. Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA. Annals of Human Genetics. 2010, 74 (1): 65–76. PMID 20059473. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x. 
  60. ^ Ramallo; et al. Comparison of Y-chromosome haplogroup frequencies in eight Provinces of Argentina. Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series. 2009-12, 2 (1): 431–432. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.047. 
  61. ^ http://www.fsigeneticssup.com/article/S1875-1768[永久失效連結] (08)00138-8/fulltext(To read this document, allow cookies on your internet option), 5 out of 100 samples in the Y-STR table can be classified as haplogroup Q-M3.
  62. ^ Palha, T.; et al. Disclosing the Genetic Structure of Brazil through Analysis of Male Lineages with Highly Discriminating Haplotypes. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (7): e40007. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...740007P. PMC 3393733  . PMID 22808085. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040007. => about 80 out of 2,024 (3.95%) samples in the paper collected from all the regions of Brazil can be classified as Y-DNA Q.
  63. ^ 63.0 63.1 Jeffrey, T.; et al. The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet. 2002-01, 70 (1): 192–206. PMC 384887  . PMID 11731934. doi:10.1086/338457.  The SNPs used in the paper are P-M45, R1a1-M17, Q1a2-M3, and other xP-M45 SNPs. And the author mentions that, among ethnic groups in the paper, R1-M173 is harbored only in some eastern Siberian Udegeys and Koryaks and Native Americans. Also, R2 (distributed in India and its neighbours) cannot be found in far east Siberia. Thus, P-M45 except some samples mentioned above virtually means Q-M242 (xM3). In the paper, 35.3% of Nivkhs and 20.8% of Chukchi people and 18.2% of Siberian Eskimos are shown in P-M45, and 12.5% of Chukchis and 21.2% of Siberian Eskimos are in Q-M3. All of them can be estimated to be in haplogroup Q.
  64. ^ 64.0 64.1 Pakendorf, Brigitte; Novgorodov, Innokentij N.; Osakovskij, Vladimir L.; Danilova, Al’Bina P.; Protod’Jakonov, Artur P.; Stoneking, Mark. Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts. Human Genetics. 2006, 120 (3): 334–353. PMID 16845541. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. 
  65. ^ Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi. Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. Journal of Human Genetics. 2005, 51 (1): 47–58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. 
  66. ^ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Kim, Soon-Hee; et al. High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea. Investigative Genetics. 2011, 2 (1): 10. PMC 3087676  . PMID 21463511. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. 
  67. ^ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 Trejaut, J.A. Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia. BMC Genetics. 2014, 15: 77. PMC 4083334  . PMID 24965575. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-15-77. 
  68. ^ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 68.5 68.6 Cristofaro; et al. Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (10): e76748. PMC 3799995  . PMID 24204668. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748. 
  69. ^ Dulik, M C. Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaian. Am J Hum Genet. 2012-02, 90 (2): 229–246. PMC 3276666  . PMID 22281367. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.014. 
  70. ^ 70.0 70.1 70.2 Malyarchuk, Boris; et al. Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a. Journal of Human Genetics. 2011, 56 (8): 583–588. PMID 21677663. doi:10.1038/jhg.2011.64. 
  71. ^ E. J. VAJDA, "Siberian Link with Na-Dene Languages." The Dene–Yeniseian Connection, ed. by J. Kari and B. Potter(2010), pp.33–99, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series, vol. 5(2010), Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology
  72. ^ E. G. Pulleyblank, "The consonontal system of old Chinese" [Pt 1], Asia Major, vol. IX (1962), pp. 1–2
  73. ^ E. J. Vajda, Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide (2013, Oxford/New York, Routledge) pp.103-106, etc.
  74. ^ Did the Xiong-nu speak a Yeniseian language?. Central Asiatic Journal. 2000, 44 (1): 87–104. 
  75. ^ Y-Chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. March 2009, 17 (10): 1260–73. PMC 2986641  . PMID 19259129. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.6. 
  76. ^ Yan, Shi; Chuan-; Wang, Chao; Li, Hui; et al. An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2011, 19 (9): 1013–1015. PMC 3179364  . PMID 21505448. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. 
  77. ^ Zhong, Hua; Shi, Hong; Qi, Xue-Bin; Duan, Zi-Yuan; Tan, Ping-Ping; Jin, Li; Su, Bing; Ma, Runlin Z. Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011, 28 (1): 717–727. PMID 20837606. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247. 
  78. ^ Lu Yan (2011), "Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China." Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011: 1-84. (Doctoral dissertation in Chinese: 陆艳, “中国西部人群的遗传混合”, 上海：复旦大学，2011: 1-84.)
  79. ^ Shan; et al. Genetic polymorphism of 17 Y chromosomal STRs in Kazakh and Uighur populations from Xinjiang, China. Int J Legal Med. 2014-09, 128 (5): 743–4. PMID 24398978. doi:10.1007/s00414-013-0948-y. 
  80. ^ 80.0 80.1 80.2 Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; et al. Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 51: 47–58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. 
  81. ^ LIU Shuhu, NIZAM Yilihamu, RABIYAMU Bake, ABDUKERAM Bupatima, and DOLKUN Matyusup, "A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y-SNP." Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2018, 37(1): 146-156.
  82. ^ Qi, Xuebin; Cui, Chaoying; Peng, Yi; et al. Genetic Evidence of Paleolithic Colonization and Neolithic Expansion of Modern Humans on the Tibetan Plateau. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2013, 30 (8): 1761–1778. PMID 23682168. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst093. 
  83. ^ Tatiana M. Karafet, Ludmila P. Osipova, Olga V. Savina, et al. (2018), "Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic-speaking populations." Am J Hum Biol. 2018;e23194. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23194. DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23194.
  84. ^ Kim, Soon-Hee; et al. 'Y chromosome homogeneity in the Korean population. Int J Legal Med. 2010-11, 124 (6): 653–7. PMID 20714743. doi:10.1007/s00414-010-0501-1. 
  85. ^ Jin Park, Myung; et al. Understanding the Y chromosome variation in Korea-relevance of combined haplogroup and haplotype analyses. International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2012, 126 (4): 589–599. PMID 22569803. doi:10.1007/s00414-012-0703-9. 
  86. ^ The frequencies of Q-M242 shown in both studies (Kim2010, Park2012) are 1.4% (7/506, Kim) and 1.8% (13/706, Park) respectively. But, if recalculated by regional population weights, the adjusted frequencies reach 1.87% (Kim) and 1.91% (Park) respectively, converging to 1.9%.
  87. ^ Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin, et al. (2000), "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations." Nature Genetics, Volume 26, November 2000.
  88. ^ Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, et al. (2006), "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times." Genetics 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006).
  89. ^ 89.0 89.1 89.2 Karafet, TM; et al. Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders. Hum. Biol. 2005-02, 77 (1): 93–114. PMID 16114819. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. 
  90. ^ He, J-D; Peng, M-S; Quang, HH; Dang, KP; Trieu, AV; et al. Patrilineal Perspective on the Austronesian Diffusion in Mainland Southeast Asia. PLoS ONE. 2012, 7 (5): e36437. PMC 3346718  . PMID 22586471. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036437. 
  91. ^ Peng, Min-Sheng; et al. Retrieving Y chromosomal haplogroup trees using GWAS data. Eur J Hum Genet. 2014-08, 22 (8): 1046–1050. PMC 4350590  . PMID 24281365. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.272. 
  92. ^ Turspekov; et al. The Kazakhstan DNA project hits first hundred Y-profiles for ethnic Kazakhs. The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2012, 2: 1. 
  93. ^ 93.0 93.1 Seielstad, Mark; et al. A Novel Y-Chromosome Variant Puts an Upper Limit on the Timing of First Entry into the Americas. Am J Hum Genet. 2003-09, 73 (3): 700–705. PMC 1180698  . PMID 12929085. doi:10.1086/377589. 
  94. ^ E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, and N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 - 95.
  95. ^ Seielstad, Mark; Yuldasheva, Nadira; Singh, Nadia; Underhill, Peter; Oefner, Peter; Shen, Peidong; Wells, R. Spencer. . The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003-09, 73 (3): 700–705 [2020-02-16]. doi:10.1086/377589. （原始内容存档于2020-02-16） （英语）. 
  96. ^ Wells, R. S.; Yuldasheva, N.; Ruzibakiev, R.; Underhill, P. A.; Evseeva, I.; Blue-Smith, J.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; Pitchappan, R. The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001-08-28, 98 (18): 10244–10249. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 56946  . PMID 11526236. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098 （英语）. 
  97. ^ Malyarchuk, B; et al. Y-chromosome variation in Tajiks and Iranians. Ann. Hum. Biol. 2013-01, 40 (1): 48–54. PMID 23198991. doi:10.3109/03014460.2012.747628. 
  98. ^ Karafet; et al. Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes. Am J Hum Genet. 2001-09, 69 (3): 615–628. PMC 1235490  . PMID 11481588. doi:10.1086/323299. 
  99. ^ 99.0 99.1 Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration. Hum. Hered. 2006, 61 (3): 132–43. PMID 16770078. doi:10.1159/000093774. 
  100. ^ 100.0 100.1 100.2 Bekada, Asmahan; et al. Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (2): e56775. PMC 3576335  . PMID 23431392. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. 
  101. ^ The frequency of Q is 4% (6/150, all Q-M25) in Regueiro 2006, in which it is 9.1% (3/33) in north Iran and 2.6% (3/117) in south Iran. But, since more people live in the northern regions, if recalculated by population weights, the frequency will reach about 6%. It is also 6.2% (35/566) in Bekada 2013 with a large-scale sampling.
  102. ^ Al-Zahery, Nadia; et al. In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2011, 11: 288. PMC 3215667  . PMID 21970613. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-288. 
  103. ^ According to scholars, early Sumerians called themselves 'black-headed people', and spoke an agglutinative language with the word order of SOV, which was quite different from common Semitic or Indo-European languages. Among Semitic languages, only Akkadian had SOV word order, which is due to the influence of the Sumerian language.(For more information, see Sumer, Sumerian Language, Akkadian language, and so on.) On the other hand, surprisingly, some ancient writings found in Bolivia such as Pokotia Monolith, have been interpreted with the Proto-Sumerian language. http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/biados/texts/WintersPokotia.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  104. ^ Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events. Am. J. Hum. Genet. April 2008, 82 (4): 873–82. PMC 2427286  . PMID 18374297. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. 
  105. ^ Gokcumen, Omer. Ethnohistorical and Genetic Survey of Four Central Anatolian Settlements. University of Pennsylvania. 2008 [May 13, 2014]. ISBN 978-0-549-80966-1. [失效連結]
  106. ^ . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-09）. 
  107. ^ To aggregate the results of Haber 2012 and Cristofaro 2013, the frequency of each ethnic group is 33.3% (25/75) in Turkmens, followed by 8.1% (11/136) in Pashtuns, 7.6% in Uzbeks (11/144), 4.4% in Hazara, 3.0% in Tajiks. Currently, Afghans consist of Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Turkmen 3%, others 10%. Thus, if recalculated by population weights of ethnic groups, the frequency of Q in Afghans will be 6.3%.
  108. ^ Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim. Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2007, 15 (1): 121–126. PMC 2588664  . PMID 17047675. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. 
  109. ^ Khurana, P; et al. Y Chromosome Haplogroup Distribution in Indo-European Speaking Tribes of Gujarat, Western India. PLOS ONE. 2014, 9 (3): e90414. PMC 3948632  . PMID 24614885. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090414. 
  110. ^ Fornarino, Simona; et al. Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation. BMC Evol. Biol. 2009, 9: 154. PMC 2720951  . PMID 19573232. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. 
  111. ^ Nahar Gazi, Nurun; et al. Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations of Bangladesh: Evaluating the Gene Flow along the Sides of Bay-of-Bengal. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (10): e75064. PMC 3794028  . PMID 24130682. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075064. 
  112. ^ Malyarchuk, B. A.; et al. Gene Pool Structure of Russian Populations from the European Part of Russia Inferred from the Data on Y Chromosome Haplogroups Distribution. Russian Journal of Genetics. 2008, 44 (2): 187–192. doi:10.1134/S1022795408020105. 
  113. ^ Khar'kov, VN; et al. Frequencies of Y chromosome binary haplogroups in Belarussians. Genetika. 2005-08, 41 (8): 1132–6. PMID 16161635. doi:10.1007/s11177-005-0182-x. 
  114. ^ . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-22）. 
  115. ^ Eupedia. [2020-02-16]. （原始内容于2009-10-05）. 
  116. ^ . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-16）. 
  117. ^ Ehler, Edvard; et al. Y-chromosomal diversity of the Valachs from the Czech Republic: model for isolated population in Central Europe. Croat Med J. 2011-06, 52 (3): 358–367. PMC 3131682  . PMID 21674832. doi:10.3325/cmj.2011.52.358. 
  118. ^ . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-16）. 
  119. ^ . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-16）. 
  120. ^ Kristiina, Tambets. The Western; Eastern; et al. Outliers" Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet. 2004-04, 74 (4): 661–682. PMC 1181943  . PMID 15024688. doi:10.1086/383203. 
  121. ^ . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-16）. 
  122. ^ Varzari, Alexander; et al. Paleo-Balkan and Slavic Contributions to the Genetic Pool of Moldavians: Insights from the Y Chromosome. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (1): e53731. PMC 3547065  . PMID 23341985. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053731. 
  123. ^ Karachanak, Sena; et al. Y-Chromosome Diversity in Modern Bulgarians: New Clues about Their Ancestry. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (3): e56779. PMC 3590186  . PMID 23483890. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056779. 
  124. ^ Csányi, B.; et al. Y-Chromosome Analysis of Ancient Hungarian and Two Modern Hungarian-Speaking Populations from the Carpathian Basin. Annals of Human Genetics. July 2008, 72 (4): 519–534. PMID 18373723. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x. 
  125. ^ . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-02）. 
  126. ^ . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-19）. 
  127. ^ 127.0 127.1 David K. Faux, 2007, The Genetic Link of the Viking – Era Norse to Central Asia: An Assessment of the Y Chromosome DNA, Archaeological, Historical and Linguistic Evidence, http://www.davidkfaux.org/CentralAsiaRootsofScandinavia-Y-DNAEvidence.pdf （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  128. ^ . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-29）. 
  129. ^ Allison Mann, Vikings, merchants, and pirates at the top of the world : Y-chromosomal signatures of recent and ancient migrations in the Faroe Islands, MA Thesis of University of Louisville, 2012.
  130. ^ . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-25）. 
  131. ^ . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-27）. 
  132. ^ . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-01）. 
  133. ^ . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-19）. 
  134. ^ . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-23）. 
  135. ^ 135.0 135.1 Wiik, Kalevi. Where did European Men Come From?. Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2008, 4: 35–85. 
  136. ^ Di Gaetano, Cornelia; et al. Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome. Eur J Hum Genet. 2009-01, 17 (1): 91–99. PMC 2985948  . PMID 18685561. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120. 
  137. ^ Brisighelli, F. Uniparental markers of contemporary Italian population reveals details on its pre-Roman heritage. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (12): e50794. PMC 3519480  . PMID 23251386. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050794.  In Table S4, #BEL50 is estimated to be Q-M378 by haplotype, though it is shown as just P* (xR1).
  138. ^ Adams, Susan M.; et al. The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula. Am J Hum Genet. 2008-12, 83 (6): 725–736. PMC 2668061  . PMID 19061982. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. 
  139. ^ Alain Farhi et al., Preliminary Results of Sephardic DNA Testing, AVOTAYNU Volume XXIII, Number 2 Summer 2007, p.10
  140. ^ YFull - Experimental Y Tree （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Y-SNP calls for Afontova Gora 2 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Afantova had haplogroup Q1a1 and some type of R derived mtdna. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  141. ^ Rasmussen, M.; Anzick, S.; et al. The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana. Nature. February 2014, 506 (7487): 225–229. Bibcode:2014Natur.506..225R. PMC 4878442  . PMID 24522598. doi:10.1038/nature13025. 
  142. ^ Jennifer A. Raff & Deborah A. Bolnick. Palaeogenomics: Genetic roots of the first Americans // Nature. 2014. V. 506. P. 162–163.
  143. ^ Rasmussen, Morten; Sikora, Martin; Albrechtsen, Anders; Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Poznik, G. David; Zollikofer, Christoph P. E.; Ponce De León, Marcia S.; Allentoft, Morten E. The ancestry and affiliations of Kennewick Man. Nature. 2015, 523 (7561): 455–458. Bibcode:2015Natur.523..455R. PMC 4878456  . PMID 26087396. doi:10.1038/nature14625. 
  144. ^ Hollard et al., Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative makers, Forensic Science International: Genetics, published online 4 June 2014
  145. ^ . [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-01）. 
  146. ^ Rasmussen, M.; et al. Ancient human gonome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo. Nature. 2010, 463 (7282): 757–762. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..757R. PMC 3951495  . PMID 20148029. doi:10.1038/nature08835. 
  147. ^ On Henbei, Pengyang, and Heigouliang, Lihongjie, Y-Chromosome Genetic Diversity of the Ancient North Chinese populations, Jilin University-China (2012)
  148. ^ Yong-Bin Zhao et al., Ancient DNA evidence reveals that the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a1 admixture into the Han Chinese 3,000 years ago, American Journal of Human Biology (Aug 2014).
  149. ^ Lihongjie, Y-Chromosome Genetic Diversity of the Ancient North Chinese populations, Jilin University-China (2012)
  150. ^ L. L. Kang et al., Y chromosomes of ancient Hunnu people and its implication on the phylogeny of East Asian linguistic families (2013)
  151. ^ Knowing the Xiongnu Culture in Eastern Tianshan Mountain from Tomb Heigouliang and Dongheigou Site at the Beginning of Xihan Dynasty, RenMeng, WangJianXin, 2008
  152. ^ Qui, Y; et al. Identification of kinship and occupant status in Mongolian noble burials of the Yuan dynasty through a multidisciplinary approach. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 2015, B370 (1660): 20130378. PMC 4275886  . PMID 25487330. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0378. 

十二月 30, 2023
单倍群q, m242, 英語, haplogroup, m242, 是人类y染色体dna单倍群之一, q是单倍群p下游p1的一个分支, 另一个分支是单倍群r, 单倍群q起源时间1, 7200, 1700年前, 大约2, 4500年前, 共祖年代, tmrca, 起源地中亚, 西伯利亚, 上游单倍群p1, m45下游单倍群q1, l232, s432, 对应突变m242, rs8179021分布区域克季人, 土庫曼人, 卡拉卡爾帕克斯坦共和國, 約穆特人, 塞爾庫普人, 图瓦人, 切爾干人, 图巴拉尔人, 西伯利亞韃. 单倍群Q M242 英語 Haplogroup Q M242 是人类Y染色体DNA单倍群之一 Q是单倍群P下游P1的一个分支 另一个分支是单倍群R 单倍群Q起源时间1 7200 3 1700年前 1 2 3 大约2 4500年前 共祖年代 TMRCA 起源地中亚 4 5 西伯利亚 2 上游单倍群P1 M45下游单倍群Q1 L232 S432 对应突变M242 rs8179021分布区域克季人 93 8 6 土庫曼人 卡拉卡爾帕克斯坦共和國 約穆特人 73 7 塞爾庫普人 66 4 6 图瓦人 62 5 8 切爾干人 60 0 9 图巴拉尔人 41 9 西伯利亞韃靼人 38 10 其他突厥人 因纽特人 美国原住民 叶尼塞语系 泰国的阿卡人 孟高棉语族以及有些阿萨姆邦部落美洲原住民 土庫曼人 叶尼塞人 楚科奇人 堪察加人 图瓦人 达雅人 阿卡人等是世界上拥有最高单倍群Q频率的族群 單倍群Q在其他北亞人 西亞人 中亞人 東亞人 欧洲人等中也有少量分佈 11 目录 1 起源 2 系統發生樹 2 1 子单倍群的分布 3 分布 3 1 美洲 3 1 1 北美洲 3 1 2 中南美洲 3 2 亚洲 3 3 北亚 3 4 东亚 3 5 东南亚 3 6 中亚 3 7 西亚 3 8 南亚 3 9 欧洲 3 9 1 东欧 3 9 2 北欧 3 9 3 西欧 3 9 4 南欧 3 10 非洲 4 古代考古遗址 5 参见 5 1 Subclades 5 2 单倍群进化树 6 阅读 7 外部链接 8 参考文献起源 编辑单倍群Q M242是单倍群P1 M45的分支之一 另一分支為R M207 目前的假說認為大约在17000至31700年前起源於西伯利亞中南部的阿尔泰地區 2 系統發生樹 编辑下面是2015年ISOGG树 Q M242 M242 Q P36 2 P36 2 L232 L273 L274 Q1 Q MEH2 MEH2 Q1a Q F1096 F1096 F1215 Q1a1 Q NWT01 NWT01 Q1a1a Q M120 M120 M265 N14 Q1a1a1 Q M25 M25 M143 Q1a1b Q L712 L712 Q1a1b1 Q M346 L56 L57 M346 L528 Q1a2 Q L53 L53 Q1a2a Q L54 L54 Q1a2a1 Q CTS11969 CTS11969 M930 Q1a2a1a Q M3 M3 Q1a2a1a1 Q M19 M19 Q1a2a1a1a Q L804 L804 Q1a2a1a2 Q CTS1780 CTS1780 M981 M971 Z780 Q1a2a1b Q L330 L330 Q1a2a1c Q F835 F835 L940 Q1a2b Q F1161 F1161 Q L527 L527 Q L275 L275 L314 Q1b Q M378 M378 Page100 L214 L215 Page82 Q1b1 Q FGC1774 FGC1774 Y2016 Q1b1a Q 245 L245 Q1b1a1 Q Y1150 Y1150 Q1b2 Q1b L68 子单倍群的分布 编辑 Q M242 Q 印度和巴基斯坦 12 阿富汗 8例普什图男性 3例喀布尔 4例拉格曼 1例卡比萨省 13 拉帕努伊 复活节岛 14 Q P36 2 P36 2 伊朗 15 Q MEH2 MEH2 科里亚克族 10 3 16 Q M120 M120 M265 N14 汉族 17 18 东干人 越南 19 日本人 20 卡尔梅克 21 韩国 22 蒙古 23 藏族 24 25 老挝苗族 26 不丹 27 哈扎拉人 28 文莱的Murut人 29 秘鲁 Q M25 M25 M143 土库曼的30 45 古列斯坦省 伊朗 30 朱兹詹 阿富汗 黎巴嫩 31 蒙古 土耳其 32 Q M346 L56 L57 M346 巴基斯坦 伊朗 阿富汗 吉尔吉斯斯坦 沙特阿拉伯 33 阿拉伯联合酋长国 34 印度 蒙古 藏族 巴厘岛 35 少数 Q L53 L53 L54 L55 L213 Q M3 M3 美洲原住民 绝大多数 Q M19 M19 南美洲 Ticuna 瓦羽 36 Q M194 M194 南美洲 Q M199 M199 P106 P292 南美洲 37 Q M323 M323 也门犹太人 38 Q L275 L275 L314 Q M378 M378 广泛分布在欧洲 南亚 西亚和东亚 哈扎拉人 和 信德人 蒙古人 日本人 中国西边的维吾尔人 39 欧洲犹太人 40 41 中美洲 巴拿马 和南美洲 安第斯地区 42 分布 编辑美洲 编辑 前哥伦比亚时期的美洲土著人民拥有高频单倍群Q 这是因为遷徙新大陸模型 他们从远东穿过白令海峡移民到美洲 2 北美洲 编辑 納 德內語系 平均68 纳瓦霍人 92 3 阿帕契族 78 1 SC Apache 87 43 爱斯基摩人 因纽特人 阿留申人 80 北美46 的Q为Q M3 44 格陵兰 53 7 122 227 70 Q NWT01 52 Q M3 而且考古家发现了一个4000年前的Saqqaq古人 Q1a MEH2 他更接近远东的Koryak和楚科奇人 45 瑟莫蘇克有最高的平均频率 82 凯克卡塔有最低频率 30 46 2010年 3 1 的美国男性为Q M242 47 民族 美国人口百分比 单倍群Q频率白人 63 7 Q P36 0 6 Q M3 0 1 西班牙裔美国人 16 3 Q P36 3 8 Q M3 7 9 黑人 12 6 Q P36 xM3 0 2 亚裔美国人 4 8 0 美洲原住民 0 9 Q P36 31 2 和 Q M3 26 9 来源 47 2010年美國人口普查 48 大陆和阿拉斯卡 不包括太平洋岛屿中南美洲 编辑 94 的中美洲和南美洲的原住民拥有单倍群Q 49 具有Q M242单倍群的人群建立了许多古老的美洲文化和文明 例如 蒂亞瓦納科 卡拉尔 小北文明 瑪雅文明 查科文化 印加 阿兹特克由于欧洲的入侵以及大屠杀 很多现代美洲人是麥士蒂索人或者混血的 但是与北美相比 单倍群Q在南美和中美更普遍 国家分布 61 玻利维亚 50 51 危地马拉 51 40 1 159 397 至50 秘鲁 37 6 厄瓜多尔 52 37 3 181 485 墨西哥 53 混血 30 8 203 659 54 31 2 50 160 萨尔瓦多 55 15 3 37 242 21 8 89 408 巴拿马 56 16 1 哥伦比亚 57 15 2 25 165 尼加拉瓜 58 9 7 20 206 智利 5 3 13 246 59 至23 4 181 775 60 阿根廷 5 哥斯达黎加 61 3 95 巴西 62 亚洲 编辑 Q M242起源于东亚 2 很多民族拥有这个单倍群 Q M242分布在许多俄罗斯 西伯利亚民族中 克季 6 塞爾庫普人 西伯利亚尤皮克族人 尼夫赫人 楚科奇人 63 尤卡吉尔人 图瓦人 64 阿尔泰人 9 科里亚克族等 蒙古国 65 中国 17 18 24 朝鲜 日本 印度尼西亚 66 越南 35 泰国 67 印度 12 巴基斯坦 阿富汗 伊朗 68 伊拉克 沙特阿拉伯 土库曼斯坦 乌兹别克斯坦北亚 编辑 西伯利亚 阿尔泰 贝加尔湖的民族Q M242较多 69 所有阿尔泰样本 24 3 46 189 45 Q M346 1 Q M25 Q M242 Q M346 Q M3 切爾干人 60 0 15 25 都是Q M346 图巴拉尔人 41 11 27 1 Q M25 10 Q M346 Altaians Kizhi 17 20 120 阿爾泰人 4 2 南 32 0 北 63 6 Kurmach Baigol 13 7 20 146 9 或25 8 70 全部 图瓦 14 62 5 70 图瓦人 Tozhu Tuvans 新疆图佤人 8 西伯利亚鞑靼人 Ishtyako Tokuz 38 10 克季人 93 8 45 48 现在只有1500至5000个克季人 在语言人类学中 克季人说叶尼塞语系 跟美国原住民的纳 得内语系 71 以及匈人语有关 72 73 74 有学者认为他们来自阿尔泰山和萨彦岭 2 塞爾庫普人 北西伯利亚 66 4 87 131 6 Sojots 7 1 Q M346 Khakassians 6 3 Q M346 卡尔梅克人 3 4 Q M25 Q M346 70 汉特人 75 阿穆尔尼夫赫人 Gilyaks 35 3 楚科奇人 33 3 西伯利亚尤皮克族人 39 2 楚科奇半岛 63 尤卡吉尔人 30 8 科雷马河 堪察加半岛 64 科里亚克族 15 Q1a 9 Q M3 6 53 东亚 编辑 中国 17 18 中国西北部 华北地区 华中地区 华东地区 2 4 中国东北 3 4 中国南部 2 2011年 复旦大学 3 3 12 361 76 2011年 Hua Zhong et al 3 99 34 853 包括30 853 Q M120 3 853 Q M346 1 853 Q M25 77 维吾尔人 15 38 22 143 包括6 143 Q M378 5 143 Q P36 2 4 143 Q M120 4 143 Q M346 1 143 Q M25 吐鲁番地区 78 7 9 刀郎人 Horiqol Awat 7 74 和田 79 3 0 2 67 Q P36 80 1 6 1 64 Q M120 罗布人 81 0 39个克里雅人未测出Q 居住在克里雅河 塔克拉玛干沙漠 西藏 3 2 24 1 23 29 2354 82 0 n 105 80 蒙古 Q1a2 M346 1 4 53 3 1 68 4 49 乌兰巴托 5 3 4 75 83 朝鲜人 1 9 84 85 86 汉城 京畿道 2 7 Kim 2010年 日本 0 3 87 80 88 20 19 静冈 埼玉縣 东南亚 编辑 东南亚 或东盟 66 印度尼西亚 5 4 2 37 菲律宾 3 1 2 64 泰国 2 5 1 40 泰国的阿卡人 55 6 15 27 67 67 越南 7 1 89 90 胡志明市的京族人 4 3 19 河内 0 66 67 缅甸 2 8 3 106 91 伊洛瓦底省 18 8 2 11 7 1 勃固 1 14 中亚 编辑 哈萨克族 2 92 6 22 93 平均4 94 康里 康國聯盟 吉尔吉斯斯坦族人 2 68 95 96 塔吉克斯坦 塔吉克人 5 97 6 22 93 乌兹别克人 4 54 7 4 98 20 366 5 5 11 127 8 7 包括薩爾普勒省 阿富汗的朱兹詹省 68 土库曼斯坦 土库曼人 10 0 3 30 50 0 22 44 68 土库曼人是烏古斯人的后裔 烏古斯人创建了很多突厥王朝 例如奥斯曼帝国 塞尔柱帝国 阿夫沙爾王朝 伊朗的戈勒斯坦省 42 6 29 68 30 阿富汗的朱兹詹 31 1 23 74 68 西亚 编辑 伊朗 5 5 52 938 30 戈勒斯坦省的伊朗 42 6 29 68 伊斯法罕 波斯人 9 1 呼罗珊省 波斯人 6 8 洛雷斯坦省 波斯人 6 西亞塞拜然省 4 9 5 1 的亚述人和4 8 的阿塞拜疆族 法尔斯 波斯人 4 5 其他研究结果得出的频率接近 99 100 101 其他西亚国家 伊拉克 1 9 3 154 全部为Q M378 沼泽阿拉伯人 2 8 4 143 1个Q M25 3个Q M378 Marsh Arab是苏美尔人的后裔 102 103 沙特阿拉伯 2 5 4 157 3个Q 1个Q M346 阿拉伯联合酋长国 1 8 3 164 2个Q 1个Q M346 阿曼 0 8 1 121 Q 34 33 叙利亚人 1 1 1 87 Q P36 89 黎巴嫩 2 0 18 914 14个Q 4个Q M25 104 土耳其 2 10 523 9个Q 1个Q M25 32 土耳其的喀布尔 乌古斯人 部落 13 105 高加索 100 阿塞拜疆 4 4 9 99 喬治亞人和亚美尼亚人 1 3 106 南亚 编辑 阿富汗人 6 9 普什图人 8 4 9 49 8个Q 1个Q M346 13 Cristofaro 2013年 8 9 45 507 朱兹詹省的土库曼 33 8 25 74 23个Q M25 2个Q M346 乌兹别克人 8 7 11 144 6个Q 1个Q M25 4个Q M346 68 总数 6 3 107 巴基斯坦 伊朗高原的东部 2 2 14 638 108 3 4 6 176 28 印度人 2 38 15 630 各阶层 印度种姓制度 有罕见的Q MEH2 5 古吉拉特邦 印度西部 12 3 25 Chaudharis 总数2 8 8 284 109 Chitwan的Tharus 2 6 新德里 印度首都 的印度教徒 6 1 3 49 110 孟加拉国 9 7 23 237 查克马 13 89 Marma 4 60 特里普拉邦 6 88 文章将Q M242归为P x R1 R2 111 尼泊尔的加德满都 1 2 Q M242 24 斯里蘭卡 3 3 Q M242 89 欧洲 编辑 东欧 编辑 中欧 东欧 俄罗斯 1 7 男性为Q M242 俄罗斯人 2 112 白俄罗斯人 1 5 113 乌克兰人 1 3 114 波兰人 0 5 115 1 3 116 捷克人 2 117 斯洛伐克 1 5 118 匈牙利人 2 2 119 120 罗马尼亚人 1 2 121 摩尔多瓦 0 8 122 保加利亚 0 5 4 808 2 Q M378 1 Q M346 1 Q M25 123 塞凯伊人来自特兰西瓦尼亚 是阿提拉以及匈人的后裔 3 1 是P xR1 M173 Q M242 124 或4 3 125 126 北欧 编辑 北欧 2 5 男性 瑞典 4 1 27 664 2016年 4 7 男性属于Q M242 位于約塔蘭 不是哥得蘭島 根据Swedish Haplogroup Database 挪威 2 6 4 127 Q L804比Q F1161 L527更普遍 128 丹麦 1 6 法罗群岛 3 跟维京人的后裔有关 129 冰岛人 冰岛 7 2 13 181 不是R1b 而是Q M242 130 芬兰 0 2 131 拉脱维亚 4 6 132 立陶宛 1 1 133 爱沙尼亚 0 5 西欧 编辑 瑞士 2 1 134 法国里昂 罗讷 阿尔卑斯 5 1 135 英国北部设得兰 4 8 设得兰是维京人的殖民地 另外设得兰的Q M242与中国 中亚 阿塞拜疆族的Q M242相似 127 南欧 编辑 克罗地亚大陆 1 9 赫瓦尔群岛 4 3 13 91 科尔丘拉岛 6 1 8 132 135 意大利 0 6 西西里 2 5 6 236 馬扎拉 德爾瓦洛 16 7 3 18 拉古萨 西西里 7 1 2 28 夏卡 阿格里真托省 3 6 136 滨海贝尔韦代雷 3 7 137 阿什肯納茲猶太人 5 2 23 441 Q P36 40 塞法迪犹太人 2 3 4 174 138 5 6 3 53 139 也许由可萨人征服欧洲带来 非洲 编辑 埃及人 0 7 1 147 33 阿尔及利亚 0 6 1 156 100 科摩罗 东非 马达加斯加 0 8 3 381 都是Q M346 也许因为南岛语系从中国移民到东非 或明朝的郑和 世界上大约3 1 的男性为Q M242 古代考古遗址 编辑南中西伯利亚 阿尔泰 Afontova Gora 2 叶尼塞河 克拉斯诺亚尔斯克 南中西伯利亚 17000年前 Q1a1 F1215 mtDNA R 140 北美 Anzick 1 克洛维斯文化 西蒙大拿州 12600年前 Q1a2 L54 xM3 mtdna D4h3a 141 142 肯纳威克人 华盛顿州 8500年前 Q1a2 M3 mtdna X2a 143 阿尔泰山脉 中国 蒙古 Tsagaan Asga和Takhilgat Uzuur 5 Kurgan 2900 4800年前 4个R1a1a1b2 Z93 3个Q1a2a1 L54 1个Q M242 1个C M130 144 格陵兰 Saqqaq Qilakitsoq 格陵兰 4000年前 Q1a YP1500 145 mtdna D2a1 146 中国 Hengbei 倗国墓地 西周 江县 山西 2800 3000年前 9个Q1a1 M120 2个O2a M95 1个N 4个O3a2 P201 2个O3 4个O 147 其他文章中 148 贵族 3个Q1a1 2个O3a 1个N 普通人 8个Q1a1 3个O3a 3个O 倗伯 倗国的君主 Q M120 彭阳县 宁夏 2500年前 全部4 Q1a1 M120 有很多动物骨头 青铜刀和其他武器 黑沟梁 新疆 2200年前 6个Q1a 4个Q1b M378 2个Q 149 Lihongjie 2012年的文章中 公元前2世纪的墓地 匈奴王 哈密 12名男性的Y DNA是Q MEH2 Q1a 或者Q M378 Q1b 匈奴墓地 Barkol 新疆 3例都是Q M3 L L Kang et al 2013年 Li 2012年 支持匈奴人说叶尼塞语系语言 匈奴是匈人的祖先 150 151 700年前的蒙元贵族墓地 位於中国河北省最北部沽源縣梳妆楼 其中3例都是Q 高唐王 趙王 阔里吉思 Korguz mtdna D4m2 另外两个是mtdna A 152 Korguz是忽必烈可汗 元世祖 的女儿的儿子 大约16个元朝公主嫁给了汪古部的王子 Korguz属于汪古部部落 汪古部部落 汪古部 是沙陀族的后裔 沙陀属于突厥汗国 西突厥汗国 在五代十国时期创建了三个朝代 汪古部帮助成吉思汗创建了蒙古帝国 1298年他死了 1311年他葬在梳妆楼 他并不是闊里吉思 畏兀儿人 参见 编辑古印地安人 美洲原住民 克季人 塞爾庫普人 因纽特人 楚科奇人 阿卡人 土库曼 Subclades 编辑 Q M242 Q NWT01 Q M120 Q M25 Q M346 Q L53 Q L54 Q M3 Q M323 Q P89 1 Q Z780 Q L275 单倍群进化树 编辑 人类Y染色体DNA单倍型类群进化树Y染色体最近共同祖先AA1b A1a TA1a A2 TA2 A3 BTB CTDE CFD E C FG H IJKIJ KI J LT K xLT L T M NO P SO N Q R各族群Y染色体单倍型类群 著名的Y染色體單倍型類群人阅读 编辑Abu Amero Khaled K Hellani Ali Gonzalez Ana M Larruga Jose M Cabrera Vicente M Underhill Peter A Saudi Arabian Y Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions BMC Genetics 2009 10 1 59 PMC 2759955 nbsp PMID 19772609 doi 10 1186 1471 2156 10 59 Behar Doron M Garrigan Daniel Kaplan Matthew E Mobasher Zahra Rosengarten Dror Karafet Tatiana M Quintana Murci Lluis Ostrer Harry et al Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non Jewish European populations Human Genetics 2004 114 4 354 65 PMID 14740294 doi 10 1007 s00439 003 1073 7 Bortolini M Salzano F Thomas M Stuart S Nasanen S Bau C Hutz M Layrisse Z et al Y Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas The American Journal of Human Genetics 2003 73 3 524 39 PMC 1180678 nbsp PMID 12900798 doi 10 1086 377588 请检查 lay date 中的日期值 帮助 Cadenas Alicia M Zhivotovsky Lev A Cavalli Sforza Luca L Underhill Peter A Herrera Rene J Y chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman European Journal of Human Genetics 2007 16 3 374 86 PMID 17928816 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201934 Cadenas Alicia M Zhivotovsky Lev A Cavalli Sforza Luca L Underhill Peter A Herrera Rene J Y chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman European Journal of Human Genetics 2007 16 3 374 86 PMID 17928816 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201934 Cinnioglu Cengiz King Roy Kivisild Toomas Kalfoglu Ersi Atasoy Sevil Cavalleri Gianpiero L Lillie Anita S Roseman Charles C et al Excavating Y chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia Human Genetics 2004 114 2 127 48 PMID 14586639 doi 10 1007 s00439 003 1031 4 Firasat Sadaf Khaliq Shagufta Mohyuddin Aisha Papaioannou Myrto Tyler Smith Chris Underhill Peter A Ayub Qasim Y chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan European Journal of Human Genetics 2006 15 1 121 6 PMC 2588664 nbsp PMID 17047675 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201726 Gayden T Cadenas AM Regueiro M Singh NB Zhivotovsky LA Underhill PA Cavalli Sforza LL Herrera RJ The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow The American Journal of Human Genetics 2007 80 5 884 94 PMC 1852741 nbsp PMID 17436243 doi 10 1086 516757 Hammer Michael F Karafet Tatiana M Park Hwayong Omoto Keiichi Harihara Shinji Stoneking Mark Horai Satoshi Dual origins of the Japanese common ground for hunter gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes Journal of Human Genetics 2005 51 1 47 58 PMID 16328082 doi 10 1007 s10038 005 0322 0 Mirabal Sheyla Regueiro Maria Cadenas Alicia M Cavalli Sforza L Luca Underhill Peter A Verbenko Dmitry A Limborska Svetlana A Herrera Rene J Y Chromosome distribution within the geo linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia European Journal of Human Genetics 2009 17 10 1260 73 PMC 2986641 nbsp PMID 19259129 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2009 6 Nonaka I Minaguchi K Takezaki N Y chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y STR Polymorphisms Annals of Human Genetics 2007 71 Pt 4 480 95 PMID 17274803 doi 10 1111 j 1469 1809 2006 00343 x Pakendorf Brigitte Novgorodov Innokentij N Osakovskij Vladimir L Danilova Al Bina P Protod jakonov Artur P Stoneking Mark Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts Human Genetics 2006 120 3 334 53 PMID 16845541 doi 10 1007 s00439 006 0213 2 Rasmussen Morten Li Yingrui Lindgreen Stinus Pedersen Jakob Skou Albrechtsen Anders Moltke Ida Metspalu Mait Metspalu Ene et al Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo Eskimo Nature 2010 463 7282 757 62 PMC 3951495 nbsp PMID 20148029 doi 10 1038 nature08835 请检查 lay date 中的日期值 帮助 Regueiro M Cadenas A M Gayden T Underhill P A Herrera R J Iran Tricontinental Nexus for Y Chromosome Driven Migration Human Heredity 2006 61 3 132 43 PMID 16770078 doi 10 1159 000093774 Sengupta S Zhivotovsky L King R Mehdi S Edmonds C Chow C Lin A Mitra M et al Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists The American Journal of Human Genetics 2006 78 2 202 21 PMC 1380230 nbsp PMID 16400607 doi 10 1086 499411 Sharma Swarkar Rai Ekta Bhat Audesh K Bhanwer Amarjit S Bamezai Rameshwar NK A novel subgroup Q5 of human Y chromosomal haplogroup Q in India BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007 7 1 232 PMC 2258157 nbsp PMID 18021436 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 7 232 Shen Peidong Lavi Tal Kivisild Toomas Chou Vivian Sengun Deniz Gefel Dov Shpirer Issac Woolf Eilon et al Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation Human Mutation 2004 24 3 248 60 PMID 15300852 doi 10 1002 humu 20077 Wells Spencer The Journey of Man A Genetic Odyssey Random House 2002 ISBN 978 0 8129 7146 0 Wells R S Yuldasheva N Ruzibakiev R Underhill PA Evseeva I Blue Smith J Jin L Su B et al The Eurasian Heartland A continental perspective on Y chromosome diversity Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2001 98 18 10244 9 PMC 56946 nbsp PMID 11526236 doi 10 1073 pnas 171305098 请检查 lay date 中的日期值 帮助 Wen Bo Li Hui Lu Daru Song Xiufeng Zhang Feng He Yungang Li Feng Gao Yang et al Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture Nature 2004 431 7006 302 5 PMID 15372031 doi 10 1038 nature02878 请检查 lay date 中的日期值 帮助 Su Bing Xiao Chunjie Deka Ranjan Seielstad Mark T Kangwanpong Daoroong Xiao Junhua Lu Daru Underhill Peter et al Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas Human Genetics 2000 107 6 582 90 PMID 11153912 doi 10 1007 s004390000406 Zalloua P Xue Y Khalife J Makhoul N Debiane L Platt D Royyuru A Herrera R et al Y Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events The American Journal of Human Genetics 2008 82 4 873 82 PMC 2427286 nbsp PMID 18374297 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2008 01 020 Zegura S L Karafet TM Zhivotovsky LA Hammer MF High Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas Molecular Biology and Evolution 2003 21 1 164 75 PMID 14595095 doi 10 1093 molbev msh009 Wells Spencer The Journey of Man A Genetic Odyssey Random House LLC 2002 May 13 2014 ISBN 978 0 8129 7146 0 LCCN 2003066679 Gokcumen Omer Ethnohistorical and Genetic Survey of Four Central Anatolian Settlements University of Pennsylvania 2008 May 13 2014 ISBN 978 0 549 80966 1 外部链接 编辑Spread of Haplogroup Q 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 from The Genographic Project 国家地理 杂志 The India Genealogical DNA Project 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 British Isles DNA Project 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 参考文献 编辑 Fagundes Nelson J R Kanitz Ricardo Eckert Roberta Valls Ana C S Bogo Mauricio R Salzano Francisco M Smith David Glenn Silva Wilson A Zago Marco A Ribeiro Dos Santos Andrea K Santos Sidney E B Petzl Erler Maria Luiza Bonatto Sandro L Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas PDF American Journal of Human Genetics 2008 82 3 583 592 2009 11 19 PMC 2427228 nbsp PMID 18313026 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2007 11 013 原始内容 PDF 存档于2009 03 25 Since the first studies it has been found that extant Native American populations exhibit almost exclusively five mtDNA haplogroups A D and X 6 classified in the autochthonous haplogroups A2 B2 C1 D1 and X2a 7 Haplogroups A D are found all over the New World and are frequent in Asia supporting a northeastern Asian origin of these lineages 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 Zegura S L Karafet TM Zhivotovsky LA Hammer MF High Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas PDF Molecular Biology and Evolution 2004 21 1 164 75 2020 02 16 PMID 14595095 doi 10 1093 molbev msh009 原始内容存档 PDF 于2008 09 06 YFull YTree v4 02 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2021 08 25 Y DNA Haplogroup Q and its Subclades 2016 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2011 05 01 5 0 5 1 A novel subgroup Q5 of human Y chromosomal haplogroup Q M242 in India BMC Evol Biol 2007 7 1 232 PMC 2258157 nbsp PMID 18021436 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 7 232 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 T M Karafet High Levels of Y Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter Gatherer Way of Life Human Biology December 2002 v 74 no 6 pp 761 789 存档副本 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2019 03 30 8 0 8 1 ZHANG Yong Ke CHEN Zheng FAN An et al 2009 Genetic relationships between Tuva population and the neighboring populations in the Altai Region of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region HEREDITAS Beijing 2009 August 31 8 818 824 ISSN 0253 9772 DOI 10 3724 SP J 1005 2009 00818 9 0 9 1 9 2 9 3 Kharkov V N Stepanov V A Medvedeva O F Spiridonova M G Voevoda M I Tadinova V N Puzyrev V P Gene Pool Differences between Northern and Southern Altaians Inferred from the Data on Y Chromosomal Haplogroups Genetika 2007 43 5 675 687 10 0 10 1 Pyat genofondov pyati subetnosov sibirskih tatar 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2019 03 30 Native American DNA or Y DNA Haplogroup Q HaploMaps 2017 05 07 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2021 05 07 美国英语 12 0 12 1 The Y Chromosome Consortium 2008 2010 07 17 原始内容存档于2008 09 22 13 0 13 1 Afghanistan s Ethnic Groups Share a Y Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events PLoS ONE 2012 7 3 e34288 PMC 3314501 nbsp PMID 22470552 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0034288 Ghiani ME Moral P Mitchell RJ Hernandez M Garcia Moro C Vona G Y chromosome Specific STR haplotype data on the Rapanui population Easter Island Hum Biol 2006 78 5 565 78 PMID 17506287 doi 10 1353 hub 2007 0005 Grugni Viola Battaglia Vincenza Hooshiar Kashani Baharak Parolo Silvia Al Zahery Nadia Achilli Alessandro Olivieri Anna Gandini Francesca Houshmand Massoud Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East New Clues from the Y Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians PLoS ONE 2012 7 7 e41252 PMC 3399854 nbsp PMID 22815981 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0041252 Malyarchuk Boris Derenko Miroslava Denisova Galina Maksimov Arkady Wozniak Marcin Grzybowski Tomasz Dambueva Irina Zakharov Ilya Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a Journal of Human Genetics 2011 56 8 583 8 PMID 21677663 doi 10 1038 jhg 2011 64 17 0 17 1 17 2 Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture Nature September 2004 431 7006 302 5 PMID 15372031 doi 10 1038 nature02878 Supplementary Table 2 NRY haplogroup distribution in Han populations 18 0 18 1 18 2 Su Bing Xiao Chunjie Deka Ranjan Seielstad Mark T Kangwanpong Daoroong Xiao Junhua Lu Daru Underhill Peter et al Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas Human Genetics 2000 107 6 582 90 PMID 11153912 doi 10 1007 s004390000406 19 0 19 1 19 2 Poznik G David Xue Yali Mendez Fernando L et al Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1 244 worldwide Y chromosome sequences Nature Genetics June 2016 48 6 593 599 PMC 4884158 nbsp PMID 27111036 doi 10 1038 ng 3559 20 0 20 1 Nonaka I Minaguchi K Takezaki N Y chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y STR Polymorphisms PDF Annals of Human Genetics 2007 71 4 480 495 2020 02 16 PMID 17274803 doi 10 1111 j 1469 1809 2006 00343 x 原始内容 PDF 存档于2019 09 30 Boris Malyarchuk Miroslava Derenko Galina Denisova Sanj Khoyt Marcin Wozniak Tomasz Grzybowski and Ilya Zakharov Y chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels Journal of Human Genetics 2013 58 804 811 doi 10 1038 jhg 2013 108 22 0 22 1 22 2 The Eurasian Heartland A continental perspective on Y chromosome diversity Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A August 2001 98 18 10244 9 PMC 56946 nbsp PMID 11526236 doi 10 1073 pnas 171305098 Table 1 Y chromosome haplotype frequencies in 49 Eurasian populations listed according to geographic region Di Cristofaro J Pennarun E Mazieres S Myres NM Lin AA et al Afghan Hindu Kush Where Eurasian Sub Continent Gene Flows Converge PLoS ONE 2013 8 10 e76748 PMC 3799995 nbsp PMID 24204668 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0076748 24 0 24 1 24 2 24 3 Gayden Tenzin et al The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow Am J Hum Genet May 2007 80 5 884 894 PMC 1852741 nbsp PMID 17436243 doi 10 1086 516757 Wang C C Wang L X Shrestha R Zhang M Huang X Y et al Genetic Structure of Qiangic Populations Residing in the Western Sichuan Corridor PLoS ONE 2014 9 8 e103772 PMC 4121179 nbsp PMID 25090432 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0103772 Cai X Qin Z Wen B Xu S Wang Y Lu Yan Wei Lanhai Wang Chuanchao Li Shilin Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes PLoS ONE 2011 6 8 e24282 PMC 3164178 nbsp PMID 21904623 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0024282 Pille Hallast Chiara Batini Daniel Zadik et al The Y Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf 13 000 High Confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades Molecular Biology and Evolution Advance Access publication December 2 2014 doi 10 1093 molbev msu327 28 0 28 1 Sengupta Sanghamitra Zhivotovsky Lev A King Roy Mehdi S Q Edmonds Christopher A Cheryl Cheryl Emiliane T Chow Emiliane T Lin Alice A et al Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists The American Journal of Human Genetics 2006 78 2 202 221 PMC 1380230 nbsp PMID 16400607 doi 10 1086 499411 Monika Karmin Lauri Saag Mario Vicente et al 2015 A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture Genome Research 25 1 8 Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press ISSN 1088 9051 15 www genome org 30 0 30 1 30 2 Grugni Viola et al Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East New Clues from the Y Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians PLOS ONE 2012 7 7 e41252 PMC 3399854 nbsp PMID 22815981 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0041252 Zalloua Pierre A Xue Y Khalife J Makhoul N Debiane L Platt DE Royyuru AK Herrera RJ et al Y Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events American Journal of Human Genetics 2008 82 4 873 882 PMC 2427286 nbsp PMID 18374297 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2008 01 020 32 0 32 1 Excavating Y chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia Hum Genet January 2004 114 2 127 48 PMID 14586639 doi 10 1007 s00439 003 1031 4 33 0 33 1 33 2 Abu Amero Khaled K Hellani Ali Gonzalez Ana M Larruga Jose M Cabrera Vicente M Underhill Peter A Saudi Arabian Y Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions BMC Genetics 2009 10 1 59 PMC 2759955 nbsp PMID 19772609 doi 10 1186 1471 2156 10 59 34 0 34 1 Y chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman Eur J Hum Genet March 2008 16 3 374 86 PMID 17928816 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201934 35 0 35 1 Karafet Tatiana M Hallmark Brian Cox Murray P et al Major East West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia Mol Biol Evol 2010 27 8 1833 1844 PMID 20207712 doi 10 1093 molbev msq063 Y Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas PDF Am J Hum Genet September 2003 73 3 524 39 2006 12 20 PMC 1180678 nbsp PMID 12900798 doi 10 1086 377588 原始内容存档 PDF 于2011 04 28 genebase Learn about Y DNA Haplogroup Q 请检查 url 值 帮助 Wendy Tymchuk Senior Technical Editor Genebase Systems 2008 2009 11 21 Shen Peidong Lavi Tal Kivisild Toomas Chou Vivian Sengun Deniz Gefel Dov Shpirer Issac Woolf Eilon et al Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation Human Mutation 2004 24 3 248 60 PMID 15300852 doi 10 1002 humu 20077 Q M323 in 3 20 15 of a sample of Yemenite Jews Zhong H Shi H Qi X B Duan Z Y Tan P P Jin L Su B Ma R Z Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route Molecular Biology and Evolution 2010 28 1 717 27 PMID 20837606 doi 10 1093 molbev msq247 40 0 40 1 Behar DM et al Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non Jewish European populations Hum Genet 2004 03 114 4 354 65 PMID 14740294 doi 10 1007 s00439 003 1073 7 Adams S M Bosch E Balaresque P L Ballereau S J Lee A C Arroyo E Lopez Parra A M Aler M et al The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance Paternal Lineages of Christians Jews and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula Am J Hum Genet 2008 83 6 725 736 PMC 2668061 nbsp PMID 19061982 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2008 11 007 请检查 lay date 中的日期值 帮助 The First Peopling of South America New Evidence from Y Chromosome Haplogroup Q Vincenza Battaglia Viola Grugni Ugo Alessandro Perego Norman Angerhofer J Edgar Gomez Palmieri Scott Ray Woodward Alessandro Achilli Natalie Myres Antonio Torroni Ornella Semino Malhi RS Gonzalez Oliver A Schroeder KB Kemp BM Greenberg JA Dobrowski SZ Smith DG Resendez A Karafet T Distribution of Y chromosomes among native North Americans a study of Athapaskan population history Am J Phys Anthropol 2008 137 4 412 24 PMC 2584155 nbsp PMID 18618732 doi 10 1002 ajpa 20883 Frequency Distribution of Y DNA Haplogroup Q M3 GeneTree 2010 2010 01 30 原始内容存档于2009 11 04 Rasmussen M Li Y Lindgreen S Pedersen JS Albrechtsen A Moltke I Metspalu M Metspalu E Kivisild T Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo Eskimo Nature 2010 463 7282 463 757 762 PMC 3951495 nbsp PMID 20148029 doi 10 1038 nature08835 请检查 lay date 中的日期值 帮助 Katharina Olofsson Jill et al Peopling of the North Circumpolar Region Insights from Y Chromosome STR and SNP Typing of Greenlanders PLOS ONE 2015 10 1 e0116573 PMC 4312058 nbsp PMID 25635810 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0116573 47 0 47 1 Hammer et al Population structure of Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in the United States and forensic implications for constructing Y chromosome STR databases Forensic Sci Int 2006 12 164 1 45 55 PMID 16337103 doi 10 1016 j forsciint 2005 11 013 Population Estimates 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2014 12 18 49 0 49 1 Bortolini M Salzano F Thomas M Stuart S Nasanen S Bau C Hutz M Layrisse Z et al Y Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas The American Journal of Human Genetics 2003 73 3 524 39 PMC 1180678 nbsp PMID 12900798 doi 10 1086 377588 请检查 lay date 中的日期值 帮助 Vullo Carlos et al Association between Y haplogroups and autosomal AIMs reveals intra population substructure in Bolivian populations Int J Legal Med 2014 129 4 673 680 PMID 24878616 doi 10 1007 s00414 014 1025 x Sochtig Jens et al Genomic insights on the ethno history of the Maya and the Ladinos from Guatemala BMC Genomics 2015 16 131 PMC 4422311 nbsp PMID 25887241 doi 10 1186 s12864 015 1339 1 gt Guatemala population consists of about 40 Natives Mayans 60 Ladinos According to this paper 89 of Mayan and 25 of Ladinos belong to Y DNA Q Thus 40 0 89 60 0 25 50 6 Gaviria A et al Characterization and Haplotype analysis of 11 Y STR loci in Ecuadorian population Forensic Sci Int Genet Suppl 2013 4 1 e310 e311 doi 10 1016 j fsigss 2013 10 158 53 0 53 1 53 2 Battaglia et al The First Peopling of South America New Evidence from Y Chromosome Haplogroup Q PLOS ONE 2013 8 8 e71390 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 871390B PMC 3749222 nbsp PMID 23990949 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0071390 Martinez Cortes G et al Admixture and population structure in Mexican Mestizos based on paternal lineages J Hum Genet 2012 57 9 568 74 PMID 22832385 doi 10 1038 jhg 2012 67 Lovo Gomez J et al The genetic male legacy from El Salvador Forensic Sci Int 2007 09 171 2 3 198 203 PMID 16916590 doi 10 1016 j forsciint 2006 07 005 Grugni Exploring the Y Chromosomal Ancestry of Modern Panamanians PLOS ONE 2015 10 12 e0144223 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1044223G PMC 4670172 nbsp PMID 26636572 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0144223 Rojas Win et al Genetic Make Up and Structure of Colombian Populations by Means of Uniparental and Biparental DNA Markers American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2010 143 1 13 20 PMID 20734436 doi 10 1002 ajpa 21270 gt DANE 2006 86 of the whole Colombian population self reported as of Mixed Ancestary 3 4 as Native American 10 5 as African Columbian In this paper 12 114 954 of MA 95 7 135 141 of NA and 23 8 5 21 of AC are turned out to be Y DNA Q Thus 86 0 12 3 4 0 957 10 5 0 238 16 1 Nunez Carolina et al Y chromosome haplogroup diversity in a Mestizo population of Nicaragua Forensic Sci Int Genet 2012 6 6 e192 e195 PMID 22770600 doi 10 1016 j fsigen 2012 06 011 The author revised his previous paper genotyping 2 more samples as haplogroup Q by Y SNP test Corach Daniel et al Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal Y Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA Annals of Human Genetics 2010 74 1 65 76 PMID 20059473 doi 10 1111 j 1469 1809 2009 00556 x Ramallo et al Comparison of Y chromosome haplogroup frequencies in eight Provinces of Argentina Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series 2009 12 2 1 431 432 doi 10 1016 j fsigss 2009 08 047 http www fsigeneticssup com article S1875 1768 永久失效連結 08 00138 8 fulltext To read this document allow cookies on your internet option 5 out of 100 samples in the Y STR table can be classified as haplogroup Q M3 Palha T et al Disclosing the Genetic Structure of Brazil through Analysis of Male Lineages with Highly Discriminating Haplotypes PLOS ONE 2012 7 7 e40007 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 740007P PMC 3393733 nbsp PMID 22808085 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0040007 gt about 80 out of 2 024 3 95 samples in the paper collected from all the regions of Brazil can be classified as Y DNA Q 63 0 63 1 Jeffrey T et al The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes Am J Hum Genet 2002 01 70 1 192 206 PMC 384887 nbsp PMID 11731934 doi 10 1086 338457 The SNPs used in the paper are P M45 R1a1 M17 Q1a2 M3 and other xP M45 SNPs And the author mentions that among ethnic groups in the paper R1 M173 is harbored only in some eastern Siberian Udegeys and Koryaks and Native Americans Also R2 distributed in India and its neighbours cannot be found in far east Siberia Thus P M45 except some samples mentioned above virtually means Q M242 xM3 In the paper 35 3 of Nivkhs and 20 8 of Chukchi people and 18 2 of Siberian Eskimos are shown in P M45 and 12 5 of Chukchis and 21 2 of Siberian Eskimos are in Q M3 All of them can be estimated to be in haplogroup Q 64 0 64 1 Pakendorf Brigitte Novgorodov Innokentij N Osakovskij Vladimir L Danilova Al Bina P Protod Jakonov Artur P Stoneking Mark Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts Human Genetics 2006 120 3 334 353 PMID 16845541 doi 10 1007 s00439 006 0213 2 Hammer Michael F Karafet Tatiana M Park Hwayong Omoto Keiichi Harihara Shinji Stoneking Mark Horai Satoshi Dual origins of the Japanese Common ground for hunter gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes Journal of Human Genetics 2005 51 1 47 58 PMID 16328082 doi 10 1007 s10038 005 0322 0 66 0 66 1 66 2 Kim Soon Hee et al High frequencies of Y chromosome haplogroup O2b SRY465 lineages in Korea a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea Investigative Genetics 2011 2 1 10 PMC 3087676 nbsp PMID 21463511 doi 10 1186 2041 2223 2 10 67 0 67 1 67 2 67 3 Trejaut J A Taiwan Y chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia BMC Genetics 2014 15 77 PMC 4083334 nbsp PMID 24965575 doi 10 1186 1471 2156 15 77 68 0 68 1 68 2 68 3 68 4 68 5 68 6 Cristofaro et al Afghan Hindu Kush Where Eurasian Sub Continent Gene Flows Converge PLOS ONE 2013 8 10 e76748 PMC 3799995 nbsp PMID 24204668 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0076748 Dulik M C Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaian Am J Hum Genet 2012 02 90 2 229 246 PMC 3276666 nbsp PMID 22281367 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2011 12 014 70 0 70 1 70 2 Malyarchuk Boris et al Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a Journal of Human Genetics 2011 56 8 583 588 PMID 21677663 doi 10 1038 jhg 2011 64 E J VAJDA Siberian Link with Na Dene Languages The Dene Yeniseian Connection ed by J Kari and B Potter 2010 pp 33 99 Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska new series vol 5 2010 Fairbanks University of Alaska Fairbanks Department of Anthropology E G Pulleyblank The consonontal system of old Chinese Pt 1 Asia Major vol IX 1962 pp 1 2 E J Vajda Yeniseian Peoples and Languages A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide 2013 Oxford New York Routledge pp 103 106 etc Did the Xiong nu speak a Yeniseian language Central Asiatic Journal 2000 44 1 87 104 Y Chromosome distribution within the geo linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia Eur J Hum Genet March 2009 17 10 1260 73 PMC 2986641 nbsp PMID 19259129 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2009 6 Yan Shi Chuan Wang Chao Li Hui et al An updated tree of Y chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4 European Journal of Human Genetics 2011 19 9 1013 1015 PMC 3179364 nbsp PMID 21505448 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2011 64 Zhong Hua Shi Hong Qi Xue Bin Duan Zi Yuan Tan Ping Ping Jin Li Su Bing Ma Runlin Z Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route Mol Biol Evol 2011 28 1 717 727 PMID 20837606 doi 10 1093 molbev msq247 Lu Yan 2011 Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China Shanghai Fudan University 2011 1 84 Doctoral dissertation in Chinese 陆艳 中国西部人群的遗传混合 上海 复旦大学 2011 1 84 Shan et al Genetic polymorphism of 17 Y chromosomal STRs in Kazakh and Uighur populations from Xinjiang China Int J Legal Med 2014 09 128 5 743 4 PMID 24398978 doi 10 1007 s00414 013 0948 y 80 0 80 1 80 2 Hammer Michael F Karafet Tatiana M Park Hwayong et al Dual origins of the Japanese common ground for hunter gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes Journal of Human Genetics 2006 51 47 58 PMID 16328082 doi 10 1007 s10038 005 0322 0 LIU Shuhu NIZAM Yilihamu RABIYAMU Bake ABDUKERAM Bupatima and DOLKUN Matyusup A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y SNP Acta Anthropologica Sinica 2018 37 1 146 156 Qi Xuebin Cui Chaoying Peng Yi et al Genetic Evidence of Paleolithic Colonization and Neolithic Expansion of Modern Humans on the Tibetan Plateau Mol Biol Evol 2013 30 8 1761 1778 PMID 23682168 doi 10 1093 molbev mst093 Tatiana M Karafet Ludmila P Osipova Olga V Savina et al 2018 Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic speaking populations Am J Hum Biol 2018 e23194 https doi org 10 1002 ajhb 23194 DOI 10 1002 ajhb 23194 Kim Soon Hee et al Y chromosome homogeneity in the Korean population Int J Legal Med 2010 11 124 6 653 7 PMID 20714743 doi 10 1007 s00414 010 0501 1 Jin Park Myung et al Understanding the Y chromosome variation in Korea relevance of combined haplogroup and haplotype analyses International Journal of Legal Medicine 2012 126 4 589 599 PMID 22569803 doi 10 1007 s00414 012 0703 9 The frequencies of Q M242 shown in both studies Kim2010 Park2012 are 1 4 7 506 Kim and 1 8 13 706 Park respectively But if recalculated by regional population weights the adjusted frequencies reach 1 87 Kim and 1 91 Park respectively converging to 1 9 Peter A Underhill Peidong Shen Alice A Lin et al 2000 Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations Nature Genetics Volume 26 November 2000 Yali Xue Tatiana Zerjal Weidong Bao et al 2006 Male Demography in East Asia A North South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times Genetics 172 2431 2439 April 2006 89 0 89 1 89 2 Karafet TM et al Balinese Y chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia genetic contributions from pre neolithic hunter gatherers Austronesian farmers and Indian traders Hum Biol 2005 02 77 1 93 114 PMID 16114819 doi 10 1353 hub 2005 0030 He J D Peng M S Quang HH Dang KP Trieu AV et al Patrilineal Perspective on the Austronesian Diffusion in Mainland Southeast Asia PLoS ONE 2012 7 5 e36437 PMC 3346718 nbsp PMID 22586471 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0036437 Peng Min Sheng et al Retrieving Y chromosomal haplogroup trees using GWAS data Eur J Hum Genet 2014 08 22 8 1046 1050 PMC 4350590 nbsp PMID 24281365 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2013 272 Turspekov et al The Kazakhstan DNA project hits first hundred Y profiles for ethnic Kazakhs The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy 2012 2 1 93 0 93 1 Seielstad Mark et al A Novel Y Chromosome Variant Puts an Upper Limit on the Timing of First Entry into the Americas Am J Hum Genet 2003 09 73 3 700 705 PMC 1180698 nbsp PMID 12929085 doi 10 1086 377589 E E Ashirbekov D M Botbaev A M Belkozhaev A O Abayldaev A S Neupokoeva J E Mukhataev B Alzhanuly D A Sharafutdinova D D Mukushkina M B Rakhymgozhin A K Khanseitova S A Limborska and N A Aytkhozhina Distribution of Y Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan Zhambyl and Almaty Regions Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan ISSN 2224 5227 Volume 6 Number 316 2017 85 95 Seielstad Mark Yuldasheva Nadira Singh Nadia Underhill Peter Oefner Peter Shen Peidong Wells R Spencer A Novel Y Chromosome Variant Puts an Upper Limit on the Timing of First Entry into the Americas The American Journal of Human Genetics 2003 09 73 3 700 705 2020 02 16 doi 10 1086 377589 原始内容存档于2020 02 16 英语 Wells R S Yuldasheva N Ruzibakiev R Underhill P A Evseeva I Blue Smith J Jin L Su B Pitchappan R The Eurasian Heartland A continental perspective on Y chromosome diversity Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2001 08 28 98 18 10244 10249 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 56946 nbsp PMID 11526236 doi 10 1073 pnas 171305098 英语 Malyarchuk B et al Y chromosome variation in Tajiks and Iranians Ann Hum Biol 2013 01 40 1 48 54 PMID 23198991 doi 10 3109 03014460 2012 747628 Karafet et al Paternal Population History of East Asia Sources Patterns and Microevolutionary Processes Am J Hum Genet 2001 09 69 3 615 628 PMC 1235490 nbsp PMID 11481588 doi 10 1086 323299 99 0 99 1 Iran tricontinental nexus for Y chromosome driven migration Hum Hered 2006 61 3 132 43 PMID 16770078 doi 10 1159 000093774 100 0 100 1 100 2 Bekada Asmahan et al Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape PLOS ONE 2013 8 2 e56775 PMC 3576335 nbsp PMID 23431392 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0056775 The frequency of Q is 4 6 150 all Q M25 in Regueiro 2006 in which it is 9 1 3 33 in north Iran and 2 6 3 117 in south Iran But since more people live in the northern regions if recalculated by population weights the frequency will reach about 6 It is also 6 2 35 566 in Bekada 2013 with a large scale sampling Al Zahery Nadia et al In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians a survey of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11 288 PMC 3215667 nbsp PMID 21970613 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 11 288 According to scholars early Sumerians called themselves black headed people and spoke an agglutinative language with the word order of SOV which was quite different from common Semitic or Indo European languages Among Semitic languages only Akkadian had SOV word order which is due to the influence of the Sumerian language For more information see Sumer Sumerian Language Akkadian language and so on On the other hand surprisingly some ancient writings found in Bolivia such as Pokotia Monolith have been interpreted with the Proto Sumerian language http www faculty ucr edu legneref biados texts WintersPokotia htm 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Y Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events Am J Hum Genet April 2008 82 4 873 82 PMC 2427286 nbsp PMID 18374297 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2008 01 020 Gokcumen Omer Ethnohistorical and Genetic Survey of Four Central Anatolian Settlements University of Pennsylvania 2008 May 13 2014 ISBN 978 0 549 80966 1 失效連結 Family Tree DNA Genetic Testing for Ancestry Family History amp Genealogy 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2022 05 09 To aggregate the results of Haber 2012 and Cristofaro 2013 the frequency of each ethnic group is 33 3 25 75 in Turkmens followed by 8 1 11 136 in Pashtuns 7 6 in Uzbeks 11 144 4 4 in Hazara 3 0 in Tajiks Currently Afghans consist of Pashtun 42 Tajik 27 Hazara 9 Uzbek 9 Turkmen 3 others 10 Thus if recalculated by population weights of ethnic groups the frequency of Q in Afghans will be 6 3 Firasat Sadaf Khaliq Shagufta Mohyuddin Aisha Papaioannou Myrto Tyler Smith Chris Underhill Peter A Ayub Qasim Y chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan European Journal of Human Genetics 2007 15 1 121 126 PMC 2588664 nbsp PMID 17047675 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201726 Khurana P et al Y Chromosome Haplogroup Distribution in Indo European Speaking Tribes of Gujarat Western India PLOS ONE 2014 9 3 e90414 PMC 3948632 nbsp PMID 24614885 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0090414 Fornarino Simona et al Mitochondrial and Y chromosome diversity of the Tharus Nepal a reservoir of genetic variation BMC Evol Biol 2009 9 154 PMC 2720951 nbsp PMID 19573232 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 9 154 Nahar Gazi Nurun et al Genetic Structure of Tibeto Burman Populations of Bangladesh Evaluating the Gene Flow along the Sides of Bay of Bengal PLOS ONE 2013 8 10 e75064 PMC 3794028 nbsp PMID 24130682 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0075064 Malyarchuk B A et al Gene Pool Structure of Russian Populations from the European Part of Russia Inferred from the Data on Y Chromosome Haplogroups Distribution Russian Journal of Genetics 2008 44 2 187 192 doi 10 1134 S1022795408020105 Khar kov VN et al Frequencies of Y chromosome binary haplogroups in Belarussians Genetika 2005 08 41 8 1132 6 PMID 16161635 doi 10 1007 s11177 005 0182 x Family Tree DNA Genetic Testing for Ancestry Family History amp Genealogy 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2021 09 22 Eupedia 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2009 10 05 Family Tree DNA Genetic Testing for Ancestry Family History amp Genealogy 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2020 02 16 Ehler Edvard et al Y chromosomal diversity of the Valachs from the Czech Republic model for isolated population in Central Europe Croat Med J 2011 06 52 3 358 367 PMC 3131682 nbsp PMID 21674832 doi 10 3325 cmj 2011 52 358 Family Tree DNA Genetic Testing for Ancestry Family History amp Genealogy 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2020 02 16 Family Tree DNA Genetic Testing for Ancestry Family History amp Genealogy 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2020 02 16 Kristiina Tambets The Western Eastern et al Outliers Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes Am J Hum Genet 2004 04 74 4 661 682 PMC 1181943 nbsp PMID 15024688 doi 10 1086 383203 Family Tree DNA Genetic Testing for Ancestry Family History amp Genealogy 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2020 02 16 Varzari Alexander et al Paleo Balkan and Slavic Contributions to the Genetic Pool of Moldavians Insights from the Y Chromosome PLOS ONE 2013 8 1 e53731 PMC 3547065 nbsp PMID 23341985 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0053731 Karachanak Sena et al Y Chromosome Diversity in Modern Bulgarians New Clues about Their Ancestry PLOS ONE 2013 8 3 e56779 PMC 3590186 nbsp PMID 23483890 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0056779 Csanyi B et al Y Chromosome Analysis of Ancient Hungarian and Two Modern Hungarian Speaking Populations from the Carpathian Basin Annals of Human Genetics July 2008 72 4 519 534 PMID 18373723 doi 10 1111 j 1469 1809 2008 00440 x Hungarian Bukovina 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2022 04 02 Q L712 Subclades of haplogroup Q M25 Q L712 Q L715 Q L713 Q YP789 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2022 04 19 127 0 127 1 David K Faux 2007 The Genetic Link of the Viking Era Norse to Central Asia An Assessment of the Y Chromosome DNA Archaeological Historical and Linguistic Evidence http www davidkfaux org CentralAsiaRootsofScandinavia Y DNAEvidence pdf 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Family Tree DNA Genetic Testing for Ancestry Family History amp Genealogy 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2020 09 29 Allison Mann Vikings merchants and pirates at the top of the world Y chromosomal signatures of recent and ancient migrations in the Faroe Islands MA Thesis of University of Louisville 2012 Shetland Islands Haplogroups R1a amp Q 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2021 01 25 Family Tree DNA Genetic Testing for Ancestry Family History amp Genealogy 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2020 11 27 Family Tree DNA My FamilyTree DNA Latvia Project Website 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2020 10 01 Family Tree DNA LITHUANIAN DNA 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2022 01 19 Family Tree DNA Switzerland DNA Project 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2018 05 23 135 0 135 1 Wiik Kalevi Where did European Men Come From Journal of Genetic Genealogy 2008 4 35 85 Di Gaetano Cornelia et al Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome Eur J Hum Genet 2009 01 17 1 91 99 PMC 2985948 nbsp PMID 18685561 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2008 120 Brisighelli F Uniparental markers of contemporary Italian population reveals details on its pre Roman heritage PLOS ONE 2012 7 12 e50794 PMC 3519480 nbsp PMID 23251386 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0050794 In Table S4 BEL50 is estimated to be Q M378 by haplotype though it is shown as just P xR1 Adams Susan M et al The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance Paternal Lineages of Christians Jews and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula Am J Hum Genet 2008 12 83 6 725 736 PMC 2668061 nbsp PMID 19061982 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2008 11 007 Alain Farhi et al Preliminary Results of Sephardic DNA Testing AVOTAYNU Volume XXIII Number 2 Summer 2007 p 10 YFull Experimental Y Tree 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Y SNP calls for Afontova Gora 2 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Afantova had haplogroup Q1a1 and some type of R derived mtdna 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Rasmussen M Anzick S et al The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana Nature February 2014 506 7487 225 229 Bibcode 2014Natur 506 225R PMC 4878442 nbsp PMID 24522598 doi 10 1038 nature13025 Jennifer A Raff amp Deborah A Bolnick Palaeogenomics Genetic roots of the first Americans Nature 2014 V 506 P 162 163 Rasmussen Morten Sikora Martin Albrechtsen Anders Korneliussen Thorfinn Sand Moreno Mayar J Victor Poznik G David Zollikofer Christoph P E Ponce De Leon Marcia S Allentoft Morten E The ancestry and affiliations of Kennewick Man Nature 2015 523 7561 455 458 Bibcode 2015Natur 523 455R PMC 4878456 nbsp PMID 26087396 doi 10 1038 nature14625 请检查 lay date 中的日期值 帮助 Hollard et al Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative makers Forensic Science International Genetics published online 4 June 2014 Q YP1500 YTree 2020 02 16 原始内容存档于2020 11 01 Rasmussen M et al Ancient human gonome sequence of an extinct Palaeo Eskimo Nature 2010 463 7282 757 762 Bibcode 2010Natur 463 757R PMC 3951495 nbsp PMID 20148029 doi 10 1038 nature08835 On Henbei Pengyang and Heigouliang Lihongjie Y Chromosome Genetic Diversity of the Ancient North Chinese populations Jilin University China 2012 Yong Bin Zhao et al Ancient DNA evidence reveals that the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a1 admixture into the Han Chinese 3 000 years ago American Journal of Human Biology Aug 2014 Lihongjie Y Chromosome Genetic Diversity of the Ancient North Chinese populations Jilin University China 2012 L L Kang et al Y chromosomes of ancient Hunnu people and its implication on the phylogeny of East Asian linguistic families 2013 Knowing the Xiongnu Culture in Eastern Tianshan Mountain from Tomb Heigouliang and Dongheigou Site at the Beginning of Xihan Dynasty RenMeng WangJianXin 2008 Qui Y et al Identification of kinship and occupant status in Mongolian noble burials of the Yuan dynasty through a multidisciplinary approach Phil Trans R Soc 2015 B370 1660 20130378 PMC 4275886 nbsp PMID 25487330 doi 10 1098 rstb 2013 0378 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 单倍群Q M242 amp oldid 79692795, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

文章

，阅读，下载，免费，免费下载，mp3，视频，mp4，3gp， jpg，jpeg，gif，png，图片，音乐，歌曲，电影，书籍，游戏，游戏。