fbpx
维基百科

亚美尼亚人

亞美尼亞人亚美尼亚语Հայեր, hayer[hɑˈjɛɾ]“哈亚斯坦”)是一个发源于高加索安纳托利亚东部的民族和族群,属欧罗巴人种阿尔卑斯人种地中海人种类型。使用亚美尼亚语,分成许多方言,属印欧语系亚美尼亚语族。

亞美尼亞人
Հայեր Hayer
總人口
7[1]10 百萬人[2]
分佈地區
 亞美尼亞     2,961,514[3][4]
 俄羅斯1,182,388[5]–2,900,000[6]
 美國1,000,366[7]–1,500,000[8]
 法國250,000[9]–750,000[10]
 格鲁吉亚
 * 阿布哈茲[note 1]
168,191[11]
41,864[12]
 阿塞拜疆
 * 阿尔察赫[note 2]

146,573[13]
 黎巴嫩150,000[14]
 伊朗120,000[15]
 德國90,000–110,000[16]
 叙利亚[note 3]100,000[17]
 烏克蘭100,000[18]
 巴西100,000[19][20]
 希臘80,000[21]
 阿根廷70,000[22]
 土耳其60,000[23]
 加拿大55,740[24]
 波蘭50,000[25]
 哈萨克斯坦25,000
[26]
 澳大利亞16,723[27]
 阿联酋8,000 –10,000[28]
 荷蘭5,689[n]–8,374[m] (2021)[29][30]
語言
亚美尼亚语
宗教信仰
基督宗教 亚美尼亚使徒教会 (主要)
亞美尼亞禮天主教會新教
註釋
^  n:  按法定國籍
^  m:  按國籍、歸化和後代背景

亞美尼亞人亦可指擁有亞美尼亞共和國國籍者,或亞美尼美境內的民族或族群。

宗教上属基督宗教亚美尼亚教会,也是历史上第一个将基督信仰列为国教的国家。大多數亞美尼亞信徒使用亞美尼亞式教堂,這是世界上最古老的民族教堂。由於兩位使徒猶達·達陡和巴托羅繆的努力,基督教在亞美尼亞傳播。如今亚美尼亚人700万人,除居住在亚美尼亚外,还分布在俄罗斯亞塞拜然格鲁吉亚美国伊朗法国德国烏克蘭黎巴嫩巴西叙利亚,其中俄罗斯是仅次于亚美尼亚的第二大亚美尼亚人聚居地,海外亚美尼亚人多于亚美尼亚共和国的亚美尼亚人。

亞美尼亞語有兩種相互可理解的書面形式。文字是由4世纪末5世纪初由学者聖梅斯羅布创制的亚美尼亚字母,经修改,一直沿用至今。

亚美尼亚种族大屠杀

奥斯曼帝国政府首脑恩维尔帕夏塔拉特帕夏杰马尔帕夏等人的号召下,土耳其人於1915年至1917年间对其辖境内亚美尼亚人进行的种族屠杀。亚美尼亚人受害者数量达到150万之众。

土耳其政府至今拒绝承认这是一起土耳其官方发起的有预谋的种族屠杀行为,一些土耳其学者(如奥尔汉·帕穆克等)也持有相同观点。目前共有阿根廷比利時加拿大、法國、希臘意大利、黎巴嫩、荷蘭、俄羅斯、瑞典、德國、美国等廿多个国家官方承认这是一场种族屠杀。欧洲议会也承认“亚美尼亚大屠杀”事件,称这宗屠杀为“违反人性的罪行”。联合国防止歧視和保護少數小組委員會也将事件定性为“种族灭绝”。[31]

参考文献

  1. ^ different sources:
    • Dennis J.D. Sandole. Peace and Security in the Postmodern World: The OSCE and Conflict Resolution. Routledge. 24 January 2007: 182. ISBN 9781134145713. The nearly 3 million Armenians in Armenia (and 3–4 million in the Armenian Diaspora worldwide) "perceive" the nearly 8 million Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan as "Turks." 
    • McGoldrick, Monica; Giordano, Joe; Garcia-Preto, Nydia (编). Ethnicity and Family Therapy, Third Edition 3. Guilford Press. 18 August 2005: 439. ISBN 9781606237946. The impact of such a horror on a group who presently number approximately 6 million, worldwide, is incalculable. 
    • Sargsyan, Gevorg; Balabanyan, Ani; Hankinson, Denzel. From Crisis to Stability in the Armenian Power Sector: Lessons Learned from Armenia's Energy Reform Experience illustrated. World Bank Publications. 1 January 2006: 18. ISBN 9780821365908. The country's estimated 3–6 million diaspora represent a major source of foreign direct investment in the country. 
    • Arthur G. Sharp. The Everything Guide to the Middle East: Understand the people, the politics, and the culture of this conflicted region. Adams Media. 15 September 2011: 137. ISBN 9781440529122. Since the newly independent Republic of Armenia was declared in 1991, nearly 4 million of the world's 6 million Armenians have been living on the eastern edge of their Middle Eastern homeland. 
  2. ^ different sources:
    • Von Voss, Huberta. Portraits of Hope: Armenians in the Contemporary World. New York: Berghahn Books. 2007: xxv. ISBN 9781845452575. ...there are some 8 million Armenians in the world... 
    • Freedman, Jeri. The Armenian genocide. New York: Rosen Publishing Group. 2008: 52. ISBN 9781404218253. In contrast to its population of 3.2 million, approximately 8 million Armenians live in other countries of the world, including large communities in the America and Russia. 
    • Guntram H. Herb, David H. Kaplan. Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview: A Global Historical Overview. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 2008: 1705. ISBN 9781851099085. A nation of some 8 million people, about 3 million of whom live in the newly independent post-Soviet state, Armenians are constantly battling not to lose their distinct culture, identity and the newly established statehood. 
    • Robert A. Saunders, Vlad Struko. Historical dictionary of the Russian Federation. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 2010: 50. ISBN 9780810854758. 
    • Philander, S. George. Encyclopedia of global warming and climate change. Los Angeles: SAGE. 2008: 77. ISBN 9781412958783. An estimated 60 percent of the total 8 million Armenians worldwide live outside the country... 
    • Robert A. Saunders, Vlad Strukov. Historical dictionary of the Russian Federation. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 2010: 51. ISBN 9780810874602. Worldwide, there are more than 8 million Armenians; 3.2 million reside in the Republic of Armenia. 
  3. ^ [1] 互联网档案馆的,存档日期7 January 2019. հոկտեմբերի 12-21-ը Հայաստանի Հանրապետությունում անցկացված մարդահամարի արդյունքները (The results of the census conducted in October 2011 in the Republic of Armenia). pp 6-7. (亞美尼亞語)
  4. ^ Ministry of Culture of Armenia "The ethnic minorities in Armenia. Brief information" 互联网档案馆的,存档日期10 October 2017.. As per the most recent census in 2011. "National minority" 互联网档案馆的,存档日期16 February 2017..
  5. ^ National makeup of the population of the Russian Federation (Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации). Russian Federal State Statistics Service. [5 January 2013]. (原始内容于5 January 2016) (俄语). 
  6. ^ Robert A. Saunders, Vlad Struko. Historical dictionary of the Russian Federation. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 2010: 50. ISBN 978-0-8108-5475-8. 
  7. ^ Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. [22 December 2012]. 
  8. ^
    • Milliken, Mary. Armenian-American clout buys genocide breakthrough. Reuters. 12 October 2007 [5 December 2012]. (原始内容于5 November 2013). 
    • Barack Obama on the Importance of US-Armenia Relations. Armenian National Committee of America. 19 January 2008 [24 July 2012]. (原始内容存档于6 January 2013). 
  9. ^ Thon, Caroline. Armenians in Hamburg: an ethnographic exploration into the relationship between diaspora and success . Berlin: LIT Verlag Münster. 2012: 25. ISBN 978-3-643-90226-9. 
  10. ^ Taylor, Tony. Denial: history betrayed. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Pub. 2008: 4. ISBN 978-0-522-85482-4. 
  11. ^ (PDF). [24 May 2016]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于5 February 2017). 
  12. ^ В Абхазии объявили данные переписи населения. Delfi. 29 December 2011 [20 August 2013]. (原始内容于28 July 2019) (俄语).  (According to the 2011 census).
  13. ^ Republic of Artsakh. Population estimates of NKR as of 01.01.2013. [20 February 2014]. (原始内容于21 May 2020). 
  14. ^ Gibney, Matthew J. Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 2005: 13. ISBN 978-1-57607-796-2. 
  15. ^ Vardanyan, Tamara. Իրանահայ համայնք. ճամպրուկային տրամադրություններ [The Iranian-Armenian community]. Noravank Foundation. 21 June 2007 [5 January 2013]. (原始内容于19 May 2020) (亚美尼亚语). 
  16. ^ Sargsyan, Babken. Գերմանիաիի հայ համայնքը [Armenian community of Germany]. 8 December 2012 [10 January 2015]. (原始内容于3 March 2016) (亚美尼亚语). 
  17. ^ The Virtual Museum of Armenian Diaspora. Ministry of Diaspora of the Republic of Armenia. [2014-02-19]. (原始内容存档于19 February 2014). 
  18. ^ The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue, Kiev: State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, 2001 [5 January 2013] [永久失效連結]
  19. ^ Comunidade armênia prospera no Brasil, mas não abandona luta pela memória do massacre 互联网档案馆的,存档日期10 June 2016.. By Breno Salvador. O Globo, 24 April 2015
  20. ^ Federal Senate of Brazil Recognizes Armenian Genocide. Armenian Weekly. 3 June 2015 [12 May 2016]. (原始内容于14 July 2015). 
  21. ^ Bedevyan, Astghik. Հունաստանի հայ համայնքը պատրաստվում է Հայաստանի նախագահի հետ հանդիպմանը [Armenian community of Greece preparing for the meeting with the Armenian president]. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Armenian Service. 18 January 2011 [10 January 2015]. (原始内容于3 March 2016) (亚美尼亚语). 
  22. ^ Ayvazyan 2003,第100頁.
  23. ^ Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey. Today's Zaman. 15 December 2008 [5 January 2013]. (原始内容于20 May 2011). 
  24. ^ Canada National Household Survey, Statistics Canada, 2011 [20 August 2013], (原始内容于24 December 2018) . Of those, 31,075 reported single and 24,675 mixed Armenian ancestry.
  25. ^ . Główny Urząd Statystyczny (Polish Central Statistical Office). 2011 [31 October 2015]. (原始内容存档于17 October 2015). 
  26. ^ . Комитет по статистике Министерства национальной экономики Республики Казахстан. [2020-04-27]. (原始内容存档于2017-11-08). 
  27. ^ (PDF). Australian Government. 2014. ISBN 978-1-920996-23-9. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于14 July 2014). 
  28. ^ http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/41/uae.  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
  29. ^ . [2022-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-13). 
  30. ^ . Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). 22 July 2021 [16 January 2022]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-13) (荷兰语). 
  31. ^ Q&A: Armenian genocide dispute. BBC News. 2010-03-05 [2010-11-02]. (原始内容于2010-11-13). 

Notes

  1. ^ 阿布哈茲的地位存有爭議。它認為自己是一個獨立國家,但是只有極少數國家承認。格鲁吉亚政府及世界上絕大多數國家認為阿布哈茲是格魯吉亞的一部分。在格魯吉亞的行政區劃中,阿布哈茲是一個自治共和国
  2. ^ 阿尔扎赫共和国事实上是独立的,然而,它在国际上被视为阿塞拜疆的一部分。
  3. ^ 由于叙利亚内战,叙利亚亚美尼亚人的数量估计要低得多,因为这些是战前数字。

亚美尼亚人, 亞美尼亞人, 亚美尼亚语, Հայեր, hayer, hɑˈjɛɾ, 哈亚斯坦, 是一个发源于高加索和安纳托利亚东部的民族和族群, 属欧罗巴人种的阿尔卑斯人种或地中海人种类型, 使用亚美尼亚语, 分成许多方言, 属印欧语系亚美尼亚语族, 亞美尼亞人Հայեր, hayer亞美尼亞國旗總人口约, 百萬人, 分佈地區, 亞美尼亞, 俄羅斯1, 美國1, 法國250, 格鲁吉亚, 阿布哈茲, note, 阿塞拜疆, 阿尔察赫, note, 黎巴嫩150, 伊朗120, 德國90, 叙利亚, note, 烏. 亞美尼亞人 亚美尼亚语 Հայեր hayer hɑˈjɛɾ 哈亚斯坦 是一个发源于高加索和安纳托利亚东部的民族和族群 属欧罗巴人种的阿尔卑斯人种或地中海人种类型 使用亚美尼亚语 分成许多方言 属印欧语系亚美尼亚语族 亞美尼亞人Հայեր Hayer亞美尼亞國旗總人口约 7 1 10 百萬人 2 分佈地區 亞美尼亞 2 961 514 3 4 俄羅斯1 182 388 5 2 900 000 6 美國1 000 366 7 1 500 000 8 法國250 000 9 750 000 10 格鲁吉亚 阿布哈茲 note 1 168 191 11 41 864 12 阿塞拜疆 阿尔察赫 note 2 146 573 13 黎巴嫩150 000 14 伊朗120 000 15 德國90 000 110 000 16 叙利亚 note 3 100 000 17 烏克蘭100 000 18 巴西100 000 19 20 希臘80 000 21 阿根廷70 000 22 土耳其60 000 23 加拿大55 740 24 波蘭50 000 25 哈萨克斯坦25 000 26 澳大利亞16 723 27 阿联酋8 000 10 000 28 荷蘭5 689 n 8 374 m 2021 29 30 語言亚美尼亚语宗教信仰基督宗教 亚美尼亚使徒教会 主要 亞美尼亞禮天主教會 新教 少数 穆斯林 赫姆辛人 註釋 n 按法定國籍 m 按國籍 歸化和後代背景亞美尼亞人亦可指擁有亞美尼亞共和國國籍者 或亞美尼美境內的民族或族群 宗教上属基督宗教亚美尼亚教会 也是历史上第一个将基督信仰列为国教的国家 大多數亞美尼亞信徒使用亞美尼亞式教堂 這是世界上最古老的民族教堂 由於兩位使徒猶達 達陡和巴托羅繆的努力 基督教在亞美尼亞傳播 如今亚美尼亚人700万人 除居住在亚美尼亚外 还分布在俄罗斯 亞塞拜然 格鲁吉亚 美国 伊朗 法国 德国 烏克蘭 黎巴嫩 巴西 叙利亚 其中俄罗斯是仅次于亚美尼亚的第二大亚美尼亚人聚居地 海外亚美尼亚人多于亚美尼亚共和国的亚美尼亚人 亞美尼亞語有兩種相互可理解的書面形式 文字是由4世纪末5世纪初由学者聖梅斯羅布创制的亚美尼亚字母 经修改 一直沿用至今 亚美尼亚种族大屠杀 编辑主条目 亚美尼亚种族大屠杀 在奥斯曼帝国政府首脑恩维尔帕夏 塔拉特帕夏 杰马尔帕夏等人的号召下 土耳其人於1915年至1917年间对其辖境内亚美尼亚人进行的种族屠杀 亚美尼亚人受害者数量达到150万之众 土耳其政府至今拒绝承认这是一起土耳其官方发起的有预谋的种族屠杀行为 一些土耳其学者 如奥尔汉 帕穆克等 也持有相同观点 目前共有阿根廷 比利時 加拿大 法國 希臘 意大利 黎巴嫩 荷蘭 俄羅斯 瑞典 德國 美国等廿多个国家官方承认这是一场种族屠杀 欧洲议会也承认 亚美尼亚大屠杀 事件 称这宗屠杀为 违反人性的罪行 联合国防止歧視和保護少數小組委員會也将事件定性为 种族灭绝 31 参考文献 编辑 different sources Dennis J D Sandole Peace and Security in the Postmodern World The OSCE and Conflict Resolution Routledge 24 January 2007 182 ISBN 9781134145713 The nearly 3 million Armenians in Armenia and 3 4 million in the Armenian Diaspora worldwide perceive the nearly 8 million Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan as Turks McGoldrick Monica Giordano Joe Garcia Preto Nydia 编 Ethnicity and Family Therapy Third Edition 3 Guilford Press 18 August 2005 439 ISBN 9781606237946 The impact of such a horror on a group who presently number approximately 6 million worldwide is incalculable Sargsyan Gevorg Balabanyan Ani Hankinson Denzel From Crisis to Stability in the Armenian Power Sector Lessons Learned from Armenia s Energy Reform Experience illustrated World Bank Publications 1 January 2006 18 ISBN 9780821365908 The country s estimated 3 6 million diaspora represent a major source of foreign direct investment in the country Arthur G Sharp The Everything Guide to the Middle East Understand the people the politics and the culture of this conflicted region Adams Media 15 September 2011 137 ISBN 9781440529122 Since the newly independent Republic of Armenia was declared in 1991 nearly 4 million of the world s 6 million Armenians have been living on the eastern edge of their Middle Eastern homeland different sources Von Voss Huberta Portraits of Hope Armenians in the Contemporary World New York Berghahn Books 2007 xxv ISBN 9781845452575 there are some 8 million Armenians in the world Freedman Jeri The Armenian genocide New York Rosen Publishing Group 2008 52 ISBN 9781404218253 In contrast to its population of 3 2 million approximately 8 million Armenians live in other countries of the world including large communities in the America and Russia Guntram H Herb David H Kaplan Nations and Nationalism A Global Historical Overview A Global Historical Overview Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO 2008 1705 ISBN 9781851099085 A nation of some 8 million people about 3 million of whom live in the newly independent post Soviet state Armenians are constantly battling not to lose their distinct culture identity and the newly established statehood Robert A Saunders Vlad Struko Historical dictionary of the Russian Federation Lanham Maryland Scarecrow Press 2010 50 ISBN 9780810854758 Philander S George Encyclopedia of global warming and climate change Los Angeles SAGE 2008 77 ISBN 9781412958783 An estimated 60 percent of the total 8 million Armenians worldwide live outside the country Robert A Saunders Vlad Strukov Historical dictionary of the Russian Federation Lanham Maryland Scarecrow Press 2010 51 ISBN 9780810874602 Worldwide there are more than 8 million Armenians 3 2 million reside in the Republic of Armenia 1 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期7 January 2019 հոկտեմբերի 12 21 ը Հայաստանի Հանրապետությունում անցկացված մարդահամարի արդյունքները The results of the census conducted in October 2011 in the Republic of Armenia pp 6 7 亞美尼亞語 Ministry of Culture of Armenia The ethnic minorities in Armenia Brief information 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期10 October 2017 As per the most recent census in 2011 National minority 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期16 February 2017 National makeup of the population of the Russian Federation Nacionalnyj sostav naseleniya Rossijskoj Federacii Russian Federal State Statistics Service 5 January 2013 原始内容存档于5 January 2016 俄语 Robert A Saunders Vlad Struko Historical dictionary of the Russian Federation Lanham Maryland Scarecrow Press 2010 50 ISBN 978 0 8108 5475 8 Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2011 American Community Survey 1 Year Estimates United States Census Bureau 22 December 2012 Milliken Mary Armenian American clout buys genocide breakthrough Reuters 12 October 2007 5 December 2012 原始内容存档于5 November 2013 Barack Obama on the Importance of US Armenia Relations Armenian National Committee of America 19 January 2008 24 July 2012 原始内容存档于6 January 2013 Thon Caroline Armenians in Hamburg an ethnographic exploration into the relationship between diaspora and success Berlin LIT Verlag Munster 2012 25 ISBN 978 3 643 90226 9 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 link Taylor Tony Denial history betrayed Carlton Victoria Melbourne University Pub 2008 4 ISBN 978 0 522 85482 4 National Statistics Office of Georgia PDF 24 May 2016 原始内容 PDF 存档于5 February 2017 V Abhazii obyavili dannye perepisi naseleniya Delfi 29 December 2011 20 August 2013 原始内容存档于28 July 2019 俄语 According to the 2011 census Republic of Artsakh Population estimates of NKR as of 01 01 2013 20 February 2014 原始内容存档于21 May 2020 Gibney Matthew J Immigration and asylum from 1900 to the present Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO 2005 13 ISBN 978 1 57607 796 2 Vardanyan Tamara Իրանահայ համայնք ճամպրուկային տրամադրություններ The Iranian Armenian community Noravank Foundation 21 June 2007 5 January 2013 原始内容存档于19 May 2020 亚美尼亚语 Sargsyan Babken Գերմանիաիի հայ համայնքը Armenian community of Germany 8 December 2012 10 January 2015 原始内容存档于3 March 2016 亚美尼亚语 The Virtual Museum of Armenian Diaspora Ministry of Diaspora of the Republic of Armenia 2014 02 19 原始内容存档于19 February 2014 The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue Kiev State Statistics Committee of Ukraine 2001 5 January 2013 永久失效連結 Comunidade armenia prospera no Brasil mas nao abandona luta pela memoria do massacre 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期10 June 2016 By Breno Salvador O Globo 24 April 2015 Federal Senate of Brazil Recognizes Armenian Genocide Armenian Weekly 3 June 2015 12 May 2016 原始内容存档于14 July 2015 Bedevyan Astghik Հունաստանի հայ համայնքը պատրաստվում է Հայաստանի նախագահի հետ հանդիպմանը Armenian community of Greece preparing for the meeting with the Armenian president Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty Armenian Service 18 January 2011 10 January 2015 原始内容存档于3 March 2016 亚美尼亚语 Ayvazyan 2003 第100頁 sfn error no target CITEREFAyvazyan2003 help Foreign Ministry 89 000 minorities live in Turkey Today s Zaman 15 December 2008 5 January 2013 原始内容存档于20 May 2011 Canada National Household Survey Statistics Canada 2011 20 August 2013 原始内容存档于24 December 2018 Of those 31 075 reported single and 24 675 mixed Armenian ancestry Narodowy Spis Powszechny 2011 Polish Census of 2011 Glowny Urzad Statystyczny Polish Central Statistical Office 2011 31 October 2015 原始内容存档于17 October 2015 Chislennost naseleniya Respubliki Kazahstan po otdelnym etnosam na nachalo 2020 goda Komitet po statistike Ministerstva nacionalnoj ekonomiki Respubliki Kazahstan 2020 04 27 原始内容存档于2017 11 08 The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census PDF Australian Government 2014 ISBN 978 1 920996 23 9 原始内容 PDF 存档于14 July 2014 http diaspora gov am en pages 41 uae 缺少或 title 为空 帮助 CBS Statline 2022 04 17 原始内容存档于2020 06 13 Bevolking geslacht leeftijd generatie en migratieachtergrond 1 januari Central Bureau of Statistics CBS 22 July 2021 16 January 2022 原始内容存档于2020 06 13 荷兰语 Q amp A Armenian genocide dispute BBC News 2010 03 05 2010 11 02 原始内容存档于2010 11 13 Notes 阿布哈茲的地位存有爭議 它認為自己是一個獨立國家 但是只有極少數國家承認 格鲁吉亚政府及世界上絕大多數國家認為阿布哈茲是格魯吉亞的一部分 在格魯吉亞的行政區劃中 阿布哈茲是一個自治共和国 阿尔扎赫共和国事实上是独立的 然而 它在国际上被视为阿塞拜疆的一部分 由于叙利亚内战 叙利亚亚美尼亚人的数量估计要低得多 因为这些是战前数字 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 亚美尼亚人 amp oldid 76710428, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

文章

,阅读,下载,免费,免费下载,mp3,视频,mp4,3gp, jpg,jpeg,gif,png,图片,音乐,歌曲,电影,书籍,游戏,游戏。