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维基百科

叶尼塞语系

十月 18, 2023

叶尼塞语系（Yeniseic 或 Yenisei-Ostyak）是分布在西伯利亚中部叶尼塞河流域的一个语系。

叶尼塞语系
地理分佈西伯利亚中叶尼塞河
谱系学分类世界語系之一
  • 叶尼塞语系
分支
北 (凯特-尤格语族)
南 (阿林-科特语族)
–

介绍 编辑

 
叶尼塞语系语言在1600年左右的分布

包括10种语言：

  • 凯特語（Ket）(ket)
  • 尤格语（Yugh）† (yuu)
  • 科特語（Kott）† (zko)
  • 阿林語（Arin） † (xrn)
  • 阿桑語（Assan） † (xss)
  • 旁普科爾語（Pumpokol） † (xpm)
  • 雅斯京语（Yastin）†
  • 雅林语（Yarin）†
  • 拜科特语（Baikot）†

其中的尤格语、旁普科爾語、阿林語和阿桑語早在18世纪消亡，科特語在19世纪末消亡，雅斯京语、雅林语、拜科特语则更早消亡。但是芬兰语言学家Castrén发表了详细的语法和词典。尤格語在1960年代绝种，俄国学者Werner对这种语言进行了深入的研究，发表了词典、语法和传统故事。如今只有凯特語还在使用中，约有1000个左右的老人懂这种语言。

叶尼塞语言的形态变化特别复杂，有前綴、後綴、中缀、元音交替等构词手段。

爭議 编辑

一些学者认为，中国古代的匈奴、羯等民族和使用叶尼塞语系语言的民族有同源关系。除此之外，Edward Vajda（英语：Edward Vajda）认为叶尼塞语系和汉藏语系同源，為德內-高加索语系一支。另外亦有建議葉尼塞語系可與納-德內語系合併成為德內-葉尼塞語系或提納-高加索語系。

相关条目 编辑

參考文獻 编辑

  • ANDERSON, G. (2003) 'Yeniseic languages in Siberian areal perspective', Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 56.1/2: 12–39. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
  • ANONYMOUS. (1925). The Similarity of Chinese and Indian Languages. Science Supplement 62 (1607): xii. [Usually incorrectly cited as "Sapir (1925)": see Kaye (1992), Bengtson (1994).]
  • BENGTSON, John D. (1994). Edward Sapir and the 'Sino-Dené' Hypothesis. Anthropological Science 102.3: 207-230.
  • BENGTSON, John D. (1998). Caucasian and Sino-Tibetan: A Hypothesis of S. A. Starostin. General Linguistics, Vol. 36, no. 1/2, 1998 (1996). Pegasus Press, University of North Carolina, Asheville, North Carolina.
  • BENGTSON, John D. (1998). Some Yenisseian Isoglosses. Mother tongue IV, 1998.
  • BENGTSON, J.D. (2008). Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene-Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages.（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） In Aspects of Comparative Linguistics, v. 3., pp. 45-118. Moscow: RSUH Publishers.
  • BLAŽEK, Václav, and John D. BENGTSON. 1995. "Lexica Dene-Caucasica." Central Asiatic Journal 39.1: 11-50, 39.2: 161-164.
  • BLEICHSTEINER, Robert. (1930). "Die werschikisch-burischkische Sprache im Pamirgebiet und ihre Stellung zu den Japhetitensprachen des Kaukasus [The Werchikwar-Burushaski language in the Pamir region and its position relative to the Japhetic languages of the Caucasus]." Wiener Beiträge zur Kunde des Morgenlandes 1: 289-331.
  • BOUDA, Karl. (1936). Jenisseisch-tibetische Wortgleichungen [Yeniseian-Tibetan word equivalents]. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 90: 149-159.
  • BOUDA, Karl. (1957). Die Sprache der Jenissejer. Genealogische und morphologische Untersuchungen [The language of the Yeniseians. Genealogical and morphological investigations]. Anthropos 52.1-2: 65-134.
  • DONNER, Kai. (1930). Über die Jenissei-Ostiaken und ihre Sprache [About the Yenisei ostyaks and their language]. Journal de la Société Finno-ougrienne 44.
  • VAN DRIEM, George. (2001). The Languages of the Himalayas. Leiden: Brill.
  • (DULSON, A.P.) Дульзон, А.П. (1968). Кетский язык [The Ket language]. Томск: Издательство Томского Университета [Tomsk: Tomsk University Press].
  • DYBO, Anna V., STAROSTIN G. S. (2008). In Defense of the Comparative Method, or the End of the Vovin Controversy.（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） // Originally in: Aspects of Comparative Linguistics, v. 3. Moscow: RSUH Publishers, pp. 109-258.
  • GEORG, Stefan. (2007). A Descriptive Grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak)[失效連結], Volume I: Introduction, Phonology, Morphology, Folkestone/Kent: Global Oriental. ISBN 1-901903-58-3; ISBN 978-1-901903-58-4
  • GREENBERG, J.H., and M. Ruhlen. (1992). Scientific American 267.5 (November): 94–99.
  • GREENBERG, J.H., and M. Ruhlen. (1997). L'origine linguistique des Amérindiens[The linguistic origin of the Amerindians]. Pour la Science (Dossier, October), 84–89.
  • KAYE, A.S. (1992). Distant genetic relationship and Edward Sapir. Semiotica 91.3/4: 273-300.
  • NIKOLA(Y)EV, Sergei L. (1991). Sino-Caucasian Languages in America. In Shevoroshkin (1991): 42-66.
  • PULLEYBLANK, Edwin G. (2002). Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China (Collected Studies, 731).
  • RESHETNIKOV, Kirill Yuriy; STAROSTIN, George S. (1995). The Structure of the Ket Verbal Form.（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） // Originally in: The Ket Volume (Studia Ketica), v. 4. Moscow: Languages of Russian Culture, pp. 7-121.
  • RESHETNIKOV, Yuriy Kirill; STAROSTIN, George S. (1995). Morphology of the Kott Verb and Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Verbal System.（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） // Originally in: The Ket Volume (Studia Ketica), v. 4. Moscow: Languages of Russian Culture, pp. 122-175.
  • RUHLEN, M. (1997). Une nouvelle famille de langues: le déné-caucasien [A new language family: Dene-Caucasian]. Pour la Science (Dossier, October) 68–73.
  • RUHLEN, Merritt. (1998a). Dene-Caucasian: A New Linguistic Family. In The Origins and Past of Modern Humans – Towards Reconciliation, ed. by Keiichi Omoto and Phillip V. Tobias, Singapore, World Scientific, 231–46.
  • RUHLEN, Merritt. (1998b). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95: 13994–96.
  • RUBICZ, R., MELVIN, K.L., CRAWFORD, M.H. 2002. Genetic Evidence for the phylogenetic relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian speakers. Human Biology, Dec 1 2002 74 (6) 743-761
  • SAPIR, Edward. (1920). Comparative Sino-Tibetan and Na-Dené Dictionary. Ms. Ledger. American Philosophical Society Na 20a.3. (Microfilm)
  • SHAFER, Robert. (1952). Athapaskan and Sino-Tibetan. International Journal of American Linguistics 18: 12-19.
  • SHAFER, Robert. (1957). Note on Athapaskan and Sino-Tibetan. International Journal of American Linguistics 23: 116-117.
  • STACHOWSKI, Marek (1996). Über einige altaische Lehnwörter in den Jenissej-Sprachen. In Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 1: 91-115.
  • STACHOWSKI, Marek (1997). Altaistische Anmerkungen zum “Vergleichenden Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen”. In Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 2: 227-239.
  • STACHOWSKI, Marek (2004). Anmerkungen zu einem neuen vergleichenden Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen. In Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 9: 189-204.
  • STACHOWSKI, Marek (2006a). Arabische Lehnwörter in den Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts und die Frage der Sprachbünde in Sibirien. In Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 123 (2006): 155-158.
  • STACHOWSKI, Marek (2006b). Persian loan words in 18th century Yeniseic and the problem of linguistic areas in Siberia. In A. Krasnowolska / K. Maciuszak / B. Mękarska (ed.): In the Orient where the Gracious Light... [Festschrift for A. Pisowicz], Kraków: 179-184.
  • (STAROSTIN, Sergei A.) Старостин, Сергей А. (1982). Праенисейская реконструкция и внешние связи енисейских языков（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） [A Proto-Yeniseian reconstruction and the external relations of the Yeniseian languages]. In: Кетский сборник, ed. Е.А. Алексеенко (E.A. Alekseenko). Leningrad: Nauka, 44-237.
  • (STAROSTIN, Sergei A.) Старостин, Сергей А. (1984). Гипотеза о генетических связях сино-тибетских языков с енисейскими и северокавказскими языками [A hypothesis on genetic relations of the Sino-Tibetan languages to the Yeniseian and the North Caucasian languages]. In: Лингвистическая реконструкция и древнейшая история Востока [Linguistic reconstruction and the prehistory of the East], 4: Древнейшая языковая ситуация в восточной Азии [The prehistoric language situation in eastern Asia], ed. И. Ф. Вардуль (I.F. Varduľ) et al. Москва: Институт востоковедения [Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 19-38. [see Starostin 1991]
  • STAROSTIN, Sergei A. (1991). On the Hypothesis of a Genetic Connection Between the Sino-Tibetan Languages and the Yeniseian and North Caucasian Languages. In Shevoroshkin (1991): 12-41. [Translation of Starostin 1984]
  • STAROSTIN, Sergei A., and Merritt RUHLEN. (1994). Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons. In M. Ruhlen, On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70-92. [Partial translation of Starostin 1982, with additional comparisons by Ruhlen.]
  • TAILLEUR, O.G. (1994). Traits paléo-eurasiens de la morphologie iénisséienne. Études finno-ougriennes 26: 35-56.
  • TAILLEUR, O.G. (1958). Un îlot basco-caucasien en Sibérie: les langues iénisséiennes [A little Basque-Caucasian island in Siberia: the Yeniseian languages]. Orbis 7.2: 415-427.
  • TOPOROV, V.N. (1971). Burushaski and Yeniseian Languages: Some Parallels. Travaux linguistiques de Prague 4: 107-125.
  • VAJDA, Edward J. (1998). The Kets and Their Language. Mother Tongue IV.
  • VAJDA, Edward J. (2000). Ket Prosodic Phonology. Munich: Lincom Europa Languages of the World vol. 15.
  • VAJDA, Edward J. (2002). The Origin of Phonemic Tone in Yeniseic. In CLS 37, 2002. (Parasession on Arctic languages: 305-320).
  • VAJDA, Edward J. (2004). Ket. Lincom Europa, München.
  • VAJDA, Edward J. (2004). Languages and Prehistory of Central Siberia. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 262. John Benjamin Publishing Company. (Presentation of the Yeniseian family and its speakers, together with neighboring languages and their speakers, in linguistic, historical and archeological view)
  • VAJDA, Edward J. (2007). Yeniseic substrates and typological accommodation in central Siberia.
  • VAJDA, Edward J. (2008a). "Yeniseic" (a chapter in the book Language isolates and microfamilies of Asia, Routledge, to be co-authored with Bernard Comrie; 53 pages).
  • VAJDA, Edward J. (2008b). A Siberian Link with Na-Dene Languages（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (PDF). Dene-Yeniseic Symposium, Fairbanks.
  • VOVIN, Alexander. (2000). 'Did the Xiong-nu speak a Yeniseian language?' Central Asiatic Journal 44.1: 87–104.
  • VOVIN, Alexander. (2002). 'Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary', in Altaica Budapestinensia MMII, Proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Budapest, June 23-28, pp. 389-394.
  • WERNER, Heinrich. (1998). Reconstructing Proto-Yenisseian. Mother Tongue IV.
  • WERNER, Heinrich. (2004). Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft [On the Yeniseian-[American] Indian primordial relationship]. Wiesbaden: Harassowitz.

外部链接 编辑

十月 18, 2023
叶尼塞语系, yeniseic, yenisei, ostyak, 是分布在西伯利亚中部叶尼塞河流域的一个语系, 地理分佈西伯利亚中叶尼塞河谱系学分类世界語系之一分支北, 凯特, 尤格语族, 阿林, 科特语族, 目录, 介绍, 爭議, 相关条目, 參考文獻, 外部链接介绍, 编辑, nbsp, 语言在1600年左右的分布包括10种语言, 凯特語, 尤格语, yugh, 科特語, kott, 阿林語, arin, 阿桑語, assan, 旁普科爾語, pumpokol, 雅斯京语, yastin, 雅林语, yari. 叶尼塞语系 Yeniseic 或 Yenisei Ostyak 是分布在西伯利亚中部叶尼塞河流域的一个语系 叶尼塞语系地理分佈西伯利亚中叶尼塞河谱系学分类世界語系之一叶尼塞语系分支北 凯特 尤格语族 南 阿林 科特语族 目录 1 介绍 2 爭議 3 相关条目 4 參考文獻 5 外部链接介绍 编辑 nbsp 叶尼塞语系语言在1600年左右的分布包括10种语言 凯特語 Ket ket 尤格语 Yugh yuu 科特語 Kott zko 阿林語 Arin xrn 阿桑語 Assan xss 旁普科爾語 Pumpokol xpm 雅斯京语 Yastin 雅林语 Yarin 拜科特语 Baikot 其中的尤格语 旁普科爾語 阿林語和阿桑語早在18世纪消亡 科特語在19世纪末消亡 雅斯京语 雅林语 拜科特语则更早消亡 但是芬兰语言学家Castren发表了详细的语法和词典 尤格語在1960年代绝种 俄国学者Werner对这种语言进行了深入的研究 发表了词典 语法和传统故事 如今只有凯特語还在使用中 约有1000个左右的老人懂这种语言 叶尼塞语言的形态变化特别复杂 有前綴 後綴 中缀 元音交替等构词手段 爭議 编辑一些学者认为 中国古代的匈奴 羯等民族和使用叶尼塞语系语言的民族有同源关系 除此之外 Edward Vajda 英语 Edward Vajda 认为叶尼塞语系和汉藏语系同源 為德內 高加索语系一支 另外亦有建議葉尼塞語系可與納 德內語系合併成為德內 葉尼塞語系或提納 高加索語系 相关条目 编辑凯特人 尤格人參考文獻 编辑ANDERSON G 2003 Yeniseic languages in Siberian areal perspective Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 56 1 2 12 39 Berlin Akademie Verlag ANONYMOUS 1925 The Similarity of Chinese and Indian Languages Science Supplement 62 1607 xii Usually incorrectly cited as Sapir 1925 see Kaye 1992 Bengtson 1994 BENGTSON John D 1994 Edward Sapir and the Sino Dene Hypothesis Anthropological Science 102 3 207 230 BENGTSON John D 1998 Caucasian and Sino Tibetan A Hypothesis of S A Starostin General Linguistics Vol 36 no 1 2 1998 1996 Pegasus Press University of North Carolina Asheville North Carolina BENGTSON John D 1998 Some Yenisseian Isoglosses Mother tongue IV 1998 BENGTSON J D 2008 Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene Caucasian Sino Caucasian Languages 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 In Aspects of Comparative Linguistics v 3 pp 45 118 Moscow RSUH Publishers BLAZEK Vaclav and John D BENGTSON 1995 Lexica Dene Caucasica Central Asiatic Journal 39 1 11 50 39 2 161 164 BLEICHSTEINER Robert 1930 Die werschikisch burischkische Sprache im Pamirgebiet und ihre Stellung zu den Japhetitensprachen des Kaukasus The Werchikwar Burushaski language in the Pamir region and its position relative to the Japhetic languages of the Caucasus Wiener Beitrage zur Kunde des Morgenlandes 1 289 331 BOUDA Karl 1936 Jenisseisch tibetische Wortgleichungen Yeniseian Tibetan word equivalents Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft 90 149 159 BOUDA Karl 1957 Die Sprache der Jenissejer Genealogische und morphologische Untersuchungen The language of the Yeniseians Genealogical and morphological investigations Anthropos 52 1 2 65 134 DONNER Kai 1930 Uber die Jenissei Ostiaken und ihre Sprache About the Yenisei ostyaks and their language Journal de la Societe Finno ougrienne 44 VAN DRIEM George 2001 The Languages of the Himalayas Leiden Brill DULSON A P Dulzon A P 1968 Ketskij yazyk The Ket language Tomsk Izdatelstvo Tomskogo Universiteta Tomsk Tomsk University Press DYBO Anna V STAROSTIN G S 2008 In Defense of the Comparative Method or the End of the Vovin Controversy 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Originally in Aspects of Comparative Linguistics v 3 Moscow RSUH Publishers pp 109 258 GEORG Stefan 2007 A Descriptive Grammar of Ket Yenisei Ostyak 失效連結 Volume I Introduction Phonology Morphology Folkestone Kent Global Oriental ISBN 1 901903 58 3 ISBN 978 1 901903 58 4 GREENBERG J H and M Ruhlen 1992 Linguistic Origins of Native Americans Scientific American 267 5 November 94 99 GREENBERG J H and M Ruhlen 1997 L origine linguistique des Amerindiens The linguistic origin of the Amerindians Pour la Science Dossier October 84 89 KAYE A S 1992 Distant genetic relationship and Edward Sapir Semiotica 91 3 4 273 300 NIKOLA Y EV Sergei L 1991 Sino Caucasian Languages in America In Shevoroshkin 1991 42 66 PULLEYBLANK Edwin G 2002 Central Asia and Non Chinese Peoples of Ancient China Collected Studies 731 RESHETNIKOV Kirill Yuriy STAROSTIN George S 1995 The Structure of the Ket Verbal Form 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Originally in The Ket Volume Studia Ketica v 4 Moscow Languages of Russian Culture pp 7 121 RESHETNIKOV Yuriy Kirill STAROSTIN George S 1995 Morphology of the Kott Verb and Reconstruction of the Proto Yeniseian Verbal System 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Originally in The Ket Volume Studia Ketica v 4 Moscow Languages of Russian Culture pp 122 175 RUHLEN M 1997 Une nouvelle famille de langues le dene caucasien A new language family Dene Caucasian Pour la Science Dossier October 68 73 RUHLEN Merritt 1998a Dene Caucasian A New Linguistic Family In The Origins and Past of Modern Humans Towards Reconciliation ed by Keiichi Omoto and Phillip V Tobias Singapore World Scientific 231 46 RUHLEN Merritt 1998b The Origin of the Na Dene Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95 13994 96 RUBICZ R MELVIN K L CRAWFORD M H 2002 Genetic Evidence for the phylogenetic relationship between Na Dene and Yeniseian speakers Human Biology Dec 1 2002 74 6 743 761 SAPIR Edward 1920 Comparative Sino Tibetan and Na Dene Dictionary Ms Ledger American Philosophical Society Na 20a 3 Microfilm SHAFER Robert 1952 Athapaskan and Sino Tibetan International Journal of American Linguistics 18 12 19 SHAFER Robert 1957 Note on Athapaskan and Sino Tibetan International Journal of American Linguistics 23 116 117 STACHOWSKI Marek 1996 Uber einige altaische Lehnworter in den Jenissej Sprachen In Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 1 91 115 STACHOWSKI Marek 1997 Altaistische Anmerkungen zum Vergleichenden Worterbuch der Jenissej Sprachen In Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 2 227 239 STACHOWSKI Marek 2004 Anmerkungen zu einem neuen vergleichenden Worterbuch der Jenissej Sprachen In Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 9 189 204 STACHOWSKI Marek 2006a Arabische Lehnworter in den Jenissej Sprachen des 18 Jahrhunderts und die Frage der Sprachbunde in Sibirien In Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 123 2006 155 158 STACHOWSKI Marek 2006b Persian loan words in 18th century Yeniseic and the problem of linguistic areas in Siberia In A Krasnowolska K Maciuszak B Mekarska ed In the Orient where the Gracious Light Festschrift for A Pisowicz Krakow 179 184 STAROSTIN Sergei A Starostin Sergej A 1982 Praenisejskaya rekonstrukciya i vneshnie svyazi enisejskih yazykov 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 A Proto Yeniseian reconstruction and the external relations of the Yeniseian languages In Ketskij sbornik ed E A Alekseenko E A Alekseenko Leningrad Nauka 44 237 STAROSTIN Sergei A Starostin Sergej A 1984 Gipoteza o geneticheskih svyazyah sino tibetskih yazykov s enisejskimi i severokavkazskimi yazykami A hypothesis on genetic relations of the Sino Tibetan languages to the Yeniseian and the North Caucasian languages In Lingvisticheskaya rekonstrukciya i drevnejshaya istoriya Vostoka Linguistic reconstruction and the prehistory of the East 4 Drevnejshaya yazykovaya situaciya v vostochnoj Azii The prehistoric language situation in eastern Asia ed I F Vardul I F Varduľ et al Moskva Institut vostokovedeniya Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences 19 38 see Starostin 1991 STAROSTIN Sergei A 1991 On the Hypothesis of a Genetic Connection Between the Sino Tibetan Languages and the Yeniseian and North Caucasian Languages In Shevoroshkin 1991 12 41 Translation of Starostin 1984 STAROSTIN Sergei A and Merritt RUHLEN 1994 Proto Yeniseian Reconstructions with Extra Yeniseian Comparisons In M Ruhlen On the Origin of Languages Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy Stanford Stanford University Press pp 70 92 Partial translation of Starostin 1982 with additional comparisons by Ruhlen TAILLEUR O G 1994 Traits paleo eurasiens de la morphologie ienisseienne Etudes finno ougriennes 26 35 56 TAILLEUR O G 1958 Un ilot basco caucasien en Siberie les langues ienisseiennes A little Basque Caucasian island in Siberia the Yeniseian languages Orbis 7 2 415 427 TOPOROV V N 1971 Burushaski and Yeniseian Languages Some Parallels Travaux linguistiques de Prague 4 107 125 VAJDA Edward J 1998 The Kets and Their Language Mother Tongue IV VAJDA Edward J 2000 Ket Prosodic Phonology Munich Lincom Europa Languages of the World vol 15 VAJDA Edward J 2002 The Origin of Phonemic Tone in Yeniseic In CLS 37 2002 Parasession on Arctic languages 305 320 VAJDA Edward J 2004 Ket Lincom Europa Munchen VAJDA Edward J 2004 Languages and Prehistory of Central Siberia Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 262 John Benjamin Publishing Company Presentation of the Yeniseian family and its speakers together with neighboring languages and their speakers in linguistic historical and archeological view VAJDA Edward J 2007 Yeniseic substrates and typological accommodation in central Siberia VAJDA Edward J 2008a Yeniseic a chapter in the book Language isolates and microfamilies of Asia Routledge to be co authored with Bernard Comrie 53 pages VAJDA Edward J 2008b A Siberian Link with Na Dene Languages 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 PDF Dene Yeniseic Symposium Fairbanks VOVIN Alexander 2000 Did the Xiong nu speak a Yeniseian language Central Asiatic Journal 44 1 87 104 VOVIN Alexander 2002 Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language Part 2 Vocabulary in Altaica Budapestinensia MMII Proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference Budapest June 23 28 pp 389 394 WERNER Heinrich 1998 Reconstructing Proto Yenisseian Mother Tongue IV WERNER Heinrich 2004 Zur jenissejisch indianischen Urverwandtschaft On the Yeniseian American Indian primordial relationship Wiesbaden Harassowitz 外部链接 编辑http www ethnologue com show family asp subid 92750 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 叶尼塞语系 amp oldid 78039591, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

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