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维基百科

飲食與注意力不足過動症的關係

一月 09, 2023

有人懷疑注意力不足過動症與飲食存在關聯。關注的焦點主要為食品添加物、人工色素、含糖食物和衍生的食物過敏、食物不耐、和維他命、礦物質及Ω-3脂肪酸等營養素的缺乏[1]。整體來說，飲食並不會影響一個人的言行舉止到需要就醫的情形，而且飲食也不是絕大多數注意力不足過動症的成因。[2] 只有極少數人的言行舉止會受到食品添加物、人工色素、攝取過度的糖分、缺乏維生素礦物質與Ω-3脂肪酸的的影響。[2]

食品添加物與人工色素

迄今未有證據能證明「食品添加物與人工色素」會導致兒童出現食物不耐症和注意力不足過動症的症狀。[3]:452 雖然有些人工色素可能真的會誘發些本來就帶有食物不耐症和注意力不足過動症基因或體質的人之症狀，但這個結論的證據力被認為是薄弱的，因為那些文獻似乎存在「不中立（bias）」、「統計數據的樣本數不足」的問題。[1][4][5]

血糖控制

研究發現，讓ADHD患者改用無糖飲食，並不會顯著改善其ADHD的症狀；平常少吃含糖食物的人，改吃較多量的含醣食物後，也未出現ADHD的症狀。[6] 然而不排除仍有極少數的人對於糖較為敏感，畢竟多數研究所使用的含糖食物，其所含的糖分，都不至於到非常高的地步。[7]

精緻糖

有些人認為攝取糖分、甜食、人工香料（英语：artificial flavors）（包含：阿斯巴甜）等會導致過動[8]，不過一旦回顧那些曾經比較學齡兒童（英语：school-aged children）和學齡前兒童（英语：preschooler）的對照實驗會發現，受試者即便將糖分攝取至遠高於正常範圍的程度，對受試者的「注意力」及「行為」並沒有產生影響[9]，如果將實驗組成員（受試者）換成是「其父母對糖分敏感的兒童試驗者」，得到的結果也相同。[10]

除此之外，美國小兒科醫學會舉出一個研究顯示，數名被其父母認為對糖分有反應的（reactive）的男孩子，當攝取較多量的糖分時，反而會變得較不活躍。[11] 美國小兒科醫學會另表示，不同研究人員通過數項比對血糖的研究，都得到ADHD患者與非ADHD患者在生活中的糖分攝取量並無不同的結論[11][12]。據此，「美國小兒科醫學會」決定不建議患者透過任何「特別飲食」來治療ADHD。[11]

MedlinePlus則表示，精緻糖可能對孩子的活動量有些許 影響，MedlinePlus認為精緻糖（英语：refined sugar）和碳水化合物能快速進入血管中，使血糖迅速升高，這可能使得孩子變得較為活躍。[8]雖然MedlinePlus不認為攝取精緻糖與ADHD有直接關係，仍建議不要過量甚至建議節制精緻糖的攝取，並且以更健康的飲食型態取而代之。[8]

截至2019年7月，沒有任何科學證據顯示糖、或甜食（包括：糖分含量遠高於一般菜餚的食物）會影響人類的行為或導致ADHD[13][11][8][14][15]。

魚油

有些研究指出，Ω-3脂肪酸在ADHD患者的血液中，含量較低。[16] 然而，「Ω-3脂肪酸在血液中的濃度是否會直接導致或改變ADHD的症狀」以及「ADHD患者中較低的Ω-3脂肪酸濃度之成因」，迄今仍不得而知。[16][17] 而「攝取Ω-3脂肪酸是否能改善ADHD的核心症狀」，學術界的研究至今仍未有結論。[18]

維生素與礦物質

補充維生素和礦物質（例如：維他命B群、維他命C、鐵、鎂及碘等）對於改善ADHD病情的功效，尚有待更多的實驗證明。[19][20][21][註 1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）</ref> 在美国，没有膳食补充剂被 FDA 批准用于治疗多动症。[23]


一些用于管理多动症症状的流行补充剂：

  • 咖啡因 — 多动症与咖啡因摄入量增加有关，咖啡因对认知的刺激作用可能对多动症有一些好处。[24] 有限的证据表明，其治疗效果明显不如哌醋甲酯和右旋安非他命等标准治疗，但仍会产生类似或更大的副作用。[24][25]
  • 尼古丁 — 多动症和尼古丁摄入之间的关联是众所周知的，有限的证据表明尼古丁可能有助于改善多动症的某些症状，尽管效果通常很小。[26][27][28]
  • Omega-3 脂肪酸 — 2012 年 Cochrane 综述发现，几乎没有证据表明补充 omega-3 或其他多不饱和脂肪酸可以改善儿童或青少年的 ADHD 症状。[29]2011 年的一项荟萃​​分析发现了“小而显着的益处”，其益处“与目前可用的 ADHD 药物治疗的功效相比是适度的”。[30] 该评论得出结论，由于其“相对良性的副作用”，补充剂可能值得考虑作为与药物组合的增强治疗，但不作为主要治疗。[30] 大多数关于 Omega-3 脂肪酸的研究被认为质量很差，存在广泛的方法学缺陷。[29][30]
  • 锌 – 尽管锌在 ADHD 中的作用尚未阐明，但有少量有限证据表明较低的组织锌水平可能与 ADHD 相关。[31] 在没有证明缺锌的情况下（在发展中国家以外很少见），不建议将补锌作为 ADHD 的治疗选择。

[32]

  • 在 1980 年代，维生素 B6 被推广为对学习困难（包括多动症）的儿童有益的补救措施；然而，一项针对多动症儿童的大剂量维生素研究表明，它们对改变行为无效。[33]
  • 维生素D [34]

參見

註解

  1. ^ 攝取過多的維他命可能產生健康問題。[22]

文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Background Document for the Food Advisory Committee: Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children (PDF) (Report). Food and Drug Administration. 30 March 2011 [2019-08-03]. （原始内容 (PDF)于2015-11-06）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Author:Kevin R Krull, PhDSection Editor:Marilyn Augustyn, MDDeputy Editor:Mary M Torchia, MD. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: Epidemiology and pathogenesis. UpToDate. [2019-08-03]. （原始内容于2019-08-03）. 
  3. ^ Tomaska, LD; Brooke-Taylor, S. Food Additives - General. Motarjemi, Y; Moy, G; Todd, ECD (编). Hazards and Diseases. Encyclopedia of Food Safety 2 1st. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2014: 449–454. ISBN 978-0-12-378613-5. 
  4. ^ Millichap, JG; Yee, MM. The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. February 2012, 129 (2): 330–337 [2019-08-03]. PMID 22232312. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2199. （原始内容于2015-09-11）. 
  5. ^ Nigg, Joel T.; Lewis, Kara; Edinger, Tracy; Falk, Michael. Meta-Analysis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms, Restriction Diet, and Synthetic Food Color Additives. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Elsevier BV). 2012, 51 (1): 86–97.e8. ISSN 0890-8567. PMC 4321798660113   请检查|pmc=值 (帮助). PMID 22176942. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.10.015. 
  6. ^ pubmeddev; ML, Wolraich; Al., Et. The effect of sugar on behavior or cognition in children. A meta-analysis. - PubMed. NCBI. 1995-11-22 [2019-08-03]. （原始内容于2020-01-12）. 
  7. ^ Rojas, Neal L.; Chan, Eugenia. Old and new controversies in the alternative treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews (Wiley). 2005, 11 (2): 116–130. ISSN 1080-4013. PMID 15977318. doi:10.1002/mrdd.20064. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Hyperactivity and sugar: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. 2018-07-09 [2018-07-13]. （原始内容于2017-12-23）.  
    • In some cases, a special diet of foods without artificial flavors or colors works for a child, because the family and the child interact in a different way when the child eliminates these foods. These changes, not the diet itself, may improve the behavior and activity level.
    • Refined (processed) sugars may have some effect on children's activity. Refined sugars and carbohydrates enter the bloodstream quickly. Therefore, they cause rapid changes in blood sugar levels. This may make a child become more active.
    • Several studies have shown a link between artificial colorings and hyperactivity. On the other hand, other studies do not show any effect. This issue is yet to be decided.  参数|quote=值左起第7位存在換行符 (帮助)
  9. ^ Kanarek, RB. Does sucrose or aspartame cause hyperactivity in children?. Nutrition reviews. 1994, 52 (5): 173–5. ISSN 0029-6643. PMID 8052458. 
  10. ^ Krummel, Debra A.; Seligson, Frances H.; Guthrie, Helen A.; Gans, Dian A. Hyperactivity: Is candy causal?. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (Informa UK Limited). 1996, 36 (1-2): 31–47. ISSN 1040-8398. doi:10.1080/10408399609527717. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 American Academy of Pediatrics. Allergies and Hyperactivity. HealthyChildren.org. 2018-07-13 [2018-07-13]. （原始内容于2017-12-21）. 
  12. ^ Dietz, William. Nutrition : what every parent needs to know. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 2012. ISBN 978-1-58110-631-2. OCLC 767736204. 
  13. ^ Wolraich, Mark L. The Effect of Sugar on Behavior or Cognition in Children. JAMA (American Medical Association (AMA)). 1995-11-22, 274 (20): 1617. ISSN 0098-7484. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530200053037. The meta-analytic synthesis of the studies to date found that sugar does not affect the behavior or cognitive performance of children. The strong belief of parents may be due to expectancy and common association. However, a small effect of sugar or effects on subsets of children cannot be ruled out.(JAMA. 1995;274:1617-1621) 
  14. ^ Busting the Sugar-Hyperactivity Myth. WebMD. 2018-04-05 [2018-07-13]. （原始内容于2018-02-22）. 
  15. ^ Hyperactivity and sugar: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. 2018-07-09 [2018-07-13]. （原始内容于2017-12-23）. Recommendations There are many reasons to limit the sugar a child has other than the effect on activity level.
    • A diet high in sugar is a major cause of tooth decay.
    • High-sugar foods tend to have fewer vitamins and minerals. These foods may replace foods with more nutrition. High-sugar foods also have extra calories that can lead to obesity.
    • Some people have allergies to dyes and flavors. If a child has a diagnosed allergy, talk to a dietitian.
    • Add fiber to your child's diet to keep blood sugar levels more even. For breakfast, fiber is found in oatmeal, shredded wheat, berries, bananas, whole-grain pancakes. For lunch, fiber is found in whole-grain breads, peaches, grapes, and other fresh fruits.
    • Provide "quiet time" so that children can learn to calm themselves at home.
    • Talk to your health care provider if your child cannot sit still when other children of his or her age can, or cannot control impulses.  参数|quote=值左起第16位存在換行符 (帮助)
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Young, G; Conquer, J. Omega-3 fatty acids and neuropsychiatric disorders. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development. January 2005, 45 (1): 1–28. PMID 15865053. doi:10.1051/rnd:2005001. 
  17. ^ Haag, M. Essential fatty acids and the brain. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. April 2003, 48 (3): 195–203. PMID 12728744. doi:10.1177/070674370304800308. 
  18. ^ Author:Kevin R Krull, PhDSection Editor:Marilyn Augustyn, MDDeputy Editor:Mary M Torchia, MD. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: Overview of treatment and prognosis. UpToDate. [2019-08-03]. （原始内容于2018-02-24）. 
  19. ^ Rucklidge, Julia J.; Johnstone, Jeanette; Gorman, Brigette; Boggis, Anna; Frampton, Christopher M. Moderators of treatment response in adults with ADHD treated with a vitamin–mineral supplement. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry (Elsevier BV). 2014-04-03, 50: 163–171. ISSN 0278-5846. PMID 24374068. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.12.014. 
  20. ^ Helen Briggs. Vitamins ‘effective in treating ADHD symptoms’. BBC News. 2014-01-30 [2017-04-13]. （原始内容于2017-04-14）. After eight weeks of treatment those on supplements reported greater improvements in both their inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity compared with those taking the placebo. "Our study provides preliminary evidence of the effectiveness for micronutrients in the treatment of ADHD symptoms in adults," said Prof Julia Rucklidge, who led the study. 
  21. ^ Rucklidge, Julia J.; Eggleston, Matthew J.F.; Johnstone, Jeanette M.; Darling, Kathryn; Frampton, Chris M. Vitamin-mineral treatment improves aggression and emotional regulation in children with ADHD: a fully blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines (Wiley). 2017-10-02, 59 (3): 232–246. ISSN 0021-9630. PMID 28967099. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12817.  |year=与|date=不匹配 (帮助)
  22. ^ Vitamins: MedlinePlus. MedlinePlus. 2017-10-06 [2017-11-02]. （原始内容于2017-11-07）. 
  23. ^ . Food and Drug Administration. 21 September 2007 [13 April 2009]. （原始内容存档于21 February 2008）. 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 Ioannidis, K; Chamberlain, SR; Müller, U. Ostracising caffeine from the pharmacological arsenal for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder—was this a correct decision? A literature review. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). September 2014, 28 (9): 830–6. PMID 24989644. doi:10.1177/0269881114541014. 
  25. ^ Schechter, MD; Timmons, GD. Objectively measured hyperactivity—II. Caffeine and amphetamine effects. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985, 25 (4): 276–80. Bibcode:1991JClP...31..928S. PMID 4008672. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1985.tb02838.x. 
  26. ^ Toledano A, Alvarez MI, Toledano-Díaz A. Diversity and variability of the effects of nicotine on different cortical regions of the brain – therapeutic and toxicological implications. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. September 2010, 10 (3): 180–206. PMID 20528766. doi:10.2174/1871524911006030180. hdl:10261/61750. 
  27. ^ McClernon, FJ; Kollins, SH. ADHD and smoking: from genes to brain to behavior. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. October 2008, 1141 (1): 131–47. Bibcode:2008NYASA1141..131M. PMC 2758663  . PMID 18991955. doi:10.1196/annals.1441.016. 
  28. ^ Potter, AS; Schaubhut, G; Shipman, M. Targeting the nicotinic cholinergic system to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: rationale and progress to date.. CNS Drugs. December 2014, 28 (12): 1103–13. PMC 4487649  . PMID 25349138. doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0208-9. 
  29. ^ 29.0 29.1 Gillies D, Sinn JK, Lad SS, Leach MJ, Ross MJ. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012, 7 (7): CD007986. PMC 6599878  . PMID 22786509. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007986.pub2. 
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Bloch MH, Qawasmi A. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. October 2011, 50 (10): 991–1000. PMC 3625948  . PMID 21961774. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.008. 
  31. ^ Arnold LE, DiSilvestro RA. Zinc in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2005, 15 (4): 619–27. PMID 16190793. doi:10.1089/cap.2005.15.619. hdl:1811/51593. 
  32. ^ Bloch, MH; Mulqueen, J. Nutritional supplements for the treatment of ADHD. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. October 2014, 23 (4): 883–97. PMC 4170184  . PMID 25220092. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.05.002. 
  33. ^ Haslam RH, Dalby JT, Rademaker AW. Effects of megavitamin therapy on children with attention deficit disorders. Pediatrics. 1984, 74 (1): 103–111. PMID 6234505. 
  34. ^ Mohammadpour, Nakisa; Jazayeri, Shima; Tehrani-Doost, Mehdi; Djalali, Mahmoud; Hosseini, Mostafa; Effatpanah, Mohammad; Davari-Ashtiani, Rozita; Karami, Elham. Effect of vitamin D supplementation as adjunctive therapy to methylphenidate on ADHD symptoms: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutritional neuroscience (Informa UK Limited). 2016-12-07, 21 (3): 202–209. ISSN 1028-415X. PMID 27924679. doi:10.1080/1028415x.2016.1262097.  |year=与|date=不匹配 (帮助)

一月 09, 2023
飲食與注意力不足過動症的關係, 此條目需要精通或熟悉醫學的编者参与及协助编辑, 2019年8月3日, 請邀請適合的人士改善本条目, 更多的細節與詳情請參见討論頁, 另見其他需要醫學專家關注的頁面, 此條目需要編修, 以確保文法, 用詞, 语气, 格式, 標點等使用恰当, 2019年8月3日, 請按照校對指引, 幫助编辑這個條目, 幫助, 討論, 此條目目前正依照其他维基百科上的内容进行翻译, 2019年8月3日, 如果您擅长翻译, 並清楚本條目的領域, 欢迎协助翻譯, 改善或校对本條目, 此外, 长期闲置, 未翻譯. 此條目需要精通或熟悉醫學的编者参与及协助编辑 2019年8月3日 請邀請適合的人士改善本条目 更多的細節與詳情請參见討論頁 另見其他需要醫學專家關注的頁面 此條目需要編修 以確保文法 用詞 语气 格式 標點等使用恰当 2019年8月3日 請按照校對指引 幫助编辑這個條目 幫助 討論 此條目目前正依照其他维基百科上的内容进行翻译 2019年8月3日 如果您擅长翻译 並清楚本條目的領域 欢迎协助翻譯 改善或校对本條目 此外 长期闲置 未翻譯或影響閱讀的内容可能会被移除 有人懷疑注意力不足過動症與飲食存在關聯 關注的焦點主要為食品添加物 人工色素 含糖食物和衍生的食物過敏 食物不耐 和維他命 礦物質及W 3脂肪酸等營養素的缺乏 1 整體來說 飲食並不會影響一個人的言行舉止到需要就醫的情形 而且飲食也不是絕大多數注意力不足過動症的成因 2 只有極少數人的言行舉止會受到食品添加物 人工色素 攝取過度的糖分 缺乏維生素礦物質與W 3脂肪酸的的影響 2 目录 1 食品添加物與人工色素 2 血糖控制 3 精緻糖 4 魚油 5 維生素與礦物質 6 參見 7 註解 8 文獻食品添加物與人工色素 编辑迄今未有證據能證明 食品添加物與人工色素 會導致兒童出現食物不耐症和注意力不足過動症的症狀 3 452 雖然有些人工色素可能真的會誘發些本來就帶有食物不耐症和注意力不足過動症基因或體質的人之症狀 但這個結論的證據力被認為是薄弱的 因為那些文獻似乎存在 不中立 bias 統計數據的樣本數不足 的問題 1 4 5 血糖控制 编辑研究發現 讓ADHD患者改用無糖飲食 並不會顯著改善其ADHD的症狀 平常少吃含糖食物的人 改吃較多量的含醣食物後 也未出現ADHD的症狀 6 然而不排除仍有極少數的人對於糖較為敏感 畢竟多數研究所使用的含糖食物 其所含的糖分 都不至於到非常高的地步 7 精緻糖 编辑有些人認為攝取糖分 甜食 人工香料 英语 artificial flavors 包含 阿斯巴甜 等會導致過動 8 不過一旦回顧那些曾經比較學齡兒童 英语 school aged children 和學齡前兒童 英语 preschooler 的對照實驗會發現 受試者即便將糖分攝取至遠高於正常範圍的程度 對受試者的 注意力 及 行為 並沒有產生影響 9 如果將實驗組成員 受試者 換成是 其父母對糖分敏感的兒童試驗者 得到的結果也相同 10 除此之外 美國小兒科醫學會舉出一個研究顯示 數名被其父母認為對糖分有反應的 reactive 的男孩子 當攝取較多量的糖分時 反而會變得較不活躍 11 美國小兒科醫學會另表示 不同研究人員通過數項比對血糖的研究 都得到ADHD患者與非ADHD患者在生活中的糖分攝取量並無不同的結論 11 12 據此 美國小兒科醫學會 決定不建議患者透過任何 特別飲食 來治療ADHD 11 MedlinePlus則表示 精緻糖可能對孩子的活動量有些許 影響 MedlinePlus認為精緻糖 英语 refined sugar 和碳水化合物能快速進入血管中 使血糖迅速升高 這可能使得孩子變得較為活躍 8 雖然MedlinePlus不認為攝取精緻糖與ADHD有直接關係 仍建議不要過量甚至建議節制精緻糖的攝取 並且以更健康的飲食型態取而代之 8 截至2019年7月 沒有任何科學證據顯示糖 或甜食 包括 糖分含量遠高於一般菜餚的食物 會影響人類的行為或導致ADHD 13 11 8 14 15 魚油 编辑有些研究指出 W 3脂肪酸在ADHD患者的血液中 含量較低 16 然而 W 3脂肪酸在血液中的濃度是否會直接導致或改變ADHD的症狀 以及 ADHD患者中較低的W 3脂肪酸濃度之成因 迄今仍不得而知 16 17 而 攝取W 3脂肪酸是否能改善ADHD的核心症狀 學術界的研究至今仍未有結論 18 維生素與礦物質 编辑補充維生素和礦物質 例如 維他命B群 維他命C 鐵 鎂及碘等 對於改善ADHD病情的功效 尚有待更多的實驗證明 19 20 21 註 1 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 lt ref gt 在美国 没有膳食补充剂被 FDA 批准用于治疗多动症 23 一些用于管理多动症症状的流行补充剂 咖啡因 多动症与咖啡因摄入量增加有关 咖啡因对认知的刺激作用可能对多动症有一些好处 24 有限的证据表明 其治疗效果明显不如哌醋甲酯和右旋安非他命等标准治疗 但仍会产生类似或更大的副作用 24 25 尼古丁 多动症和尼古丁摄入之间的关联是众所周知的 有限的证据表明尼古丁可能有助于改善多动症的某些症状 尽管效果通常很小 26 27 28 Omega 3 脂肪酸 2012 年 Cochrane 综述发现 几乎没有证据表明补充 omega 3 或其他多不饱和脂肪酸可以改善儿童或青少年的 ADHD 症状 29 2011 年的一项荟萃 分析发现了 小而显着的益处 其益处 与目前可用的 ADHD 药物治疗的功效相比是适度的 30 该评论得出结论 由于其 相对良性的副作用 补充剂可能值得考虑作为与药物组合的增强治疗 但不作为主要治疗 30 大多数关于 Omega 3 脂肪酸的研究被认为质量很差 存在广泛的方法学缺陷 29 30 锌 尽管锌在 ADHD 中的作用尚未阐明 但有少量有限证据表明较低的组织锌水平可能与 ADHD 相关 31 在没有证明缺锌的情况下 在发展中国家以外很少见 不建议将补锌作为 ADHD 的治疗选择 32 在 1980 年代 维生素 B6 被推广为对学习困难 包括多动症 的儿童有益的补救措施 然而 一项针对多动症儿童的大剂量维生素研究表明 它们对改变行为无效 33 维生素D 34 參見 编辑注意力不足過動症的治療 飲食註解 编辑 攝取過多的維他命可能產生健康問題 22 文獻 编辑 1 0 1 1 Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Background Document for the Food Advisory Committee Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children PDF Report Food and Drug Administration 30 March 2011 2019 08 03 原始内容存档 PDF 于2015 11 06 2 0 2 1 Author Kevin R Krull PhDSection Editor Marilyn Augustyn MDDeputy Editor Mary M Torchia MD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents Epidemiology and pathogenesis UpToDate 2019 08 03 原始内容存档于2019 08 03 Tomaska LD Brooke Taylor S Food Additives General Motarjemi Y Moy G Todd ECD 编 Hazards and Diseases Encyclopedia of Food Safety 2 1st Amsterdam Elsevier 2014 449 454 ISBN 978 0 12 378613 5 Millichap JG Yee MM The diet factor in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Pediatrics February 2012 129 2 330 337 2019 08 03 PMID 22232312 doi 10 1542 peds 2011 2199 原始内容存档于2015 09 11 Nigg Joel T Lewis Kara Edinger Tracy Falk Michael Meta Analysis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Restriction Diet and Synthetic Food Color Additives Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Elsevier BV 2012 51 1 86 97 e8 ISSN 0890 8567 PMC 4321798660113 请检查 pmc 值 帮助 PMID 22176942 doi 10 1016 j jaac 2011 10 015 pubmeddev ML Wolraich Al Et The effect of sugar on behavior or cognition in children A meta analysis PubMed NCBI 1995 11 22 2019 08 03 原始内容存档于2020 01 12 Rojas Neal L Chan Eugenia Old and new controversies in the alternative treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews Wiley 2005 11 2 116 130 ISSN 1080 4013 PMID 15977318 doi 10 1002 mrdd 20064 8 0 8 1 8 2 8 3 Hyperactivity and sugar MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia MedlinePlus 2018 07 09 2018 07 13 原始内容存档于2017 12 23 In some cases a special diet of foods without artificial flavors or colors works for a child because the family and the child interact in a different way when the child eliminates these foods These changes not the diet itself may improve the behavior and activity level Refined processed sugars may have some effect on children s activity Refined sugars and carbohydrates enter the bloodstream quickly Therefore they cause rapid changes in blood sugar levels This may make a child become more active Several studies have shown a link between artificial colorings and hyperactivity On the other hand other studies do not show any effect This issue is yet to be decided 参数 quote 值左起第7位存在換行符 帮助 Kanarek RB Does sucrose or aspartame cause hyperactivity in children Nutrition reviews 1994 52 5 173 5 ISSN 0029 6643 PMID 8052458 Krummel Debra A Seligson Frances H Guthrie Helen A Gans Dian A Hyperactivity Is candy causal Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition Informa UK Limited 1996 36 1 2 31 47 ISSN 1040 8398 doi 10 1080 10408399609527717 11 0 11 1 11 2 11 3 American Academy of Pediatrics Allergies and Hyperactivity HealthyChildren org 2018 07 13 2018 07 13 原始内容存档于2017 12 21 Dietz William Nutrition what every parent needs to know Elk Grove Village IL American Academy of Pediatrics 2012 ISBN 978 1 58110 631 2 OCLC 767736204 Wolraich Mark L The Effect of Sugar on Behavior or Cognition in Children JAMA American Medical Association AMA 1995 11 22 274 20 1617 ISSN 0098 7484 doi 10 1001 jama 1995 03530200053037 The meta analytic synthesis of the studies to date found that sugar does not affect the behavior or cognitive performance of children The strong belief of parents may be due to expectancy and common association However a small effect of sugar or effects on subsets of children cannot be ruled out JAMA 1995 274 1617 1621 Busting the Sugar Hyperactivity Myth WebMD 2018 04 05 2018 07 13 原始内容存档于2018 02 22 Hyperactivity and sugar MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia MedlinePlus 2018 07 09 2018 07 13 原始内容存档于2017 12 23 Recommendations There are many reasons to limit the sugar a child has other than the effect on activity level A diet high in sugar is a major cause of tooth decay High sugar foods tend to have fewer vitamins and minerals These foods may replace foods with more nutrition High sugar foods also have extra calories that can lead to obesity Some people have allergies to dyes and flavors If a child has a diagnosed allergy talk to a dietitian Add fiber to your child s diet to keep blood sugar levels more even For breakfast fiber is found in oatmeal shredded wheat berries bananas whole grain pancakes For lunch fiber is found in whole grain breads peaches grapes and other fresh fruits Provide quiet time so that children can learn to calm themselves at home Talk to your health care provider if your child cannot sit still when other children of his or her age can or cannot control impulses 参数 quote 值左起第16位存在換行符 帮助 16 0 16 1 Young G Conquer J Omega 3 fatty acids and neuropsychiatric disorders Reproduction Nutrition Development January 2005 45 1 1 28 PMID 15865053 doi 10 1051 rnd 2005001 Haag M Essential fatty acids and the brain Canadian Journal of Psychiatry April 2003 48 3 195 203 PMID 12728744 doi 10 1177 070674370304800308 Author Kevin R Krull PhDSection Editor Marilyn Augustyn MDDeputy Editor Mary M Torchia MD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents Overview of treatment and prognosis UpToDate 2019 08 03 原始内容存档于2018 02 24 Rucklidge Julia J Johnstone Jeanette Gorman Brigette Boggis Anna Frampton Christopher M Moderators of treatment response in adults with ADHD treated with a vitamin mineral supplement Progress in neuro psychopharmacology amp biological psychiatry Elsevier BV 2014 04 03 50 163 171 ISSN 0278 5846 PMID 24374068 doi 10 1016 j pnpbp 2013 12 014 Helen Briggs Vitamins effective in treating ADHD symptoms BBC News 2014 01 30 2017 04 13 原始内容存档于2017 04 14 After eight weeks of treatment those on supplements reported greater improvements in both their inattention and hyperactivity impulsivity compared with those taking the placebo Our study provides preliminary evidence of the effectiveness for micronutrients in the treatment of ADHD symptoms in adults said Prof Julia Rucklidge who led the study Rucklidge Julia J Eggleston Matthew J F Johnstone Jeanette M Darling Kathryn Frampton Chris M Vitamin mineral treatment improves aggression and emotional regulation in children with ADHD a fully blinded randomized placebo controlled trial Journal of child psychology and psychiatry and allied disciplines Wiley 2017 10 02 59 3 232 246 ISSN 0021 9630 PMID 28967099 doi 10 1111 jcpp 12817 year 与 date 不匹配 帮助 Vitamins MedlinePlus MedlinePlus 2017 10 06 2017 11 02 原始内容存档于2017 11 07 FDA Asks Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD Drug Manufacturers to Develop Patient Medication Guides Food and Drug Administration 21 September 2007 13 April 2009 原始内容存档于21 February 2008 24 0 24 1 Ioannidis K Chamberlain SR Muller U Ostracising caffeine from the pharmacological arsenal for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was this a correct decision A literature review Journal of Psychopharmacology Oxford England September 2014 28 9 830 6 PMID 24989644 doi 10 1177 0269881114541014 Schechter MD Timmons GD Objectively measured hyperactivity II Caffeine and amphetamine effects Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1985 25 4 276 80 Bibcode 1991JClP 31 928S PMID 4008672 doi 10 1002 j 1552 4604 1985 tb02838 x Toledano A Alvarez MI Toledano Diaz A Diversity and variability of the effects of nicotine on different cortical regions of the brain therapeutic and toxicological implications Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem September 2010 10 3 180 206 PMID 20528766 doi 10 2174 1871524911006030180 hdl 10261 61750 McClernon FJ Kollins SH ADHD and smoking from genes to brain to behavior Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences October 2008 1141 1 131 47 Bibcode 2008NYASA1141 131M PMC 2758663 PMID 18991955 doi 10 1196 annals 1441 016 Potter AS Schaubhut G Shipman M Targeting the nicotinic cholinergic system to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder rationale and progress to date CNS Drugs December 2014 28 12 1103 13 PMC 4487649 PMID 25349138 doi 10 1007 s40263 014 0208 9 29 0 29 1 Gillies D Sinn JK Lad SS Leach MJ Ross MJ Polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD in children and adolescents Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 7 7 CD007986 PMC 6599878 PMID 22786509 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD007986 pub2 30 0 30 1 30 2 Bloch MH Qawasmi A Omega 3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptomatology systematic review and meta analysis J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry October 2011 50 10 991 1000 PMC 3625948 PMID 21961774 doi 10 1016 j jaac 2011 06 008 Arnold LE DiSilvestro RA Zinc in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2005 15 4 619 27 PMID 16190793 doi 10 1089 cap 2005 15 619 hdl 1811 51593 Bloch MH Mulqueen J Nutritional supplements for the treatment of ADHD Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America October 2014 23 4 883 97 PMC 4170184 PMID 25220092 doi 10 1016 j chc 2014 05 002 Haslam RH Dalby JT Rademaker AW Effects of megavitamin therapy on children with attention deficit disorders Pediatrics 1984 74 1 103 111 PMID 6234505 Mohammadpour Nakisa Jazayeri Shima Tehrani Doost Mehdi Djalali Mahmoud Hosseini Mostafa Effatpanah Mohammad Davari Ashtiani Rozita Karami Elham Effect of vitamin D supplementation as adjunctive therapy to methylphenidate on ADHD symptoms A randomized double blind placebo controlled trial Nutritional neuroscience Informa UK Limited 2016 12 07 21 3 202 209 ISSN 1028 415X PMID 27924679 doi 10 1080 1028415x 2016 1262097 year 与 date 不匹配 帮助 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 飲食與注意力不足過動症的關係 amp oldid 75346360, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

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