^ 1.01.1Estrada, Gabriel. Two Spirits, Nádleeh, and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze. American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 2011, 35 (4): 167–190. doi:10.17953/aicr.35.4.x500172017344j30.[失效連結]
^ 2.02.12.2A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out. The New York Times. 8 Oct 2006 [28 July 2016]. （原始内容于2018-09-03）. 'The elders will tell you the difference between a gay Indian and a Two-Spirit,' [Criddle] said, underscoring the idea that simply being gay and Indian does not make someone a Two-Spirit.
^ 3.03.1Pruden, Harlan; Edmo, Se-ah-dom. Two-Spirit People: Sex, Gender & Sexuality in Historic and Contemporary Native America (PDF). National Congress of American Indians Policy Research Center. 2016 [2022-01-05]. （原始内容 (PDF)于2020-07-17）.
^ 4.04.14.24.34.4de Vries, Kylan Mattias. Berdache (Two-Spirit). O'Brien, Jodi (编). Encyclopedia of gender and society. Los Angeles: SAGE. 2009: 64 [6 March 2015]. ISBN 9781412909167. （原始内容于2015-05-01）.
^ 5.05.1"Two Spirit 101 互联网档案馆的，存档日期2014-12-10." at NativeOut: "The Two Spirit term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the term berdache, which means, 'passive partner in sodomy, boy prostitute.'" Accessed 23 Sep 2015
^Pember, Mary Annette. 'Two Spirit' Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes. Rewire. Oct 13, 2016 [Oct 17, 2016]. （原始内容于2016-10-19）. Non-Native anthropologist Will Roscoe gets much of the public credit for coining the term two spirit. However, according to Kristopher Kohl Miner of the Ho-Chunk Nation, Native people such as anthropologist Dr. Wesley Thomas of the Dine or Navajo tribe also contributed to its creation. (Thomas is a professor in the School of Dine and Law Studies.)
^Medicine, Beatrice. . Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology). August 2002, 3 (1): 7 [2016-06-25]. ISSN 2307-0919. doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1024. （原始内容存档于2012-12-08）. At the Wenner Gren conference on gender held in Chicago, May, 1994... the gay American Indian and Alaska Native males agreed to use the term "Two Spirit" to replace the controversial "berdache" term. The stated objective was to purge the older term from anthropological literature as it was seen as demeaning and not reflective of Native categories. Unfortunately, the term "berdache" has also been incorporated in the psychology and women studies domains, so the task for the affected group to purge the term looms large and may be formidable.
^ 8.08.1Pember, Mary Annette. 'Two Spirit' Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes. Rewire. Oct 13, 2016 [October 17, 2016]. （原始内容于2016-10-19）.
^A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out. The New York Times. 8 Oct 2006 [28 July 2016]. （原始内容于2018-09-03）.
^Vowel, Chelsea. All My Queer Relations - Language, Culture, and Two-Spirit Identity. Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit Issues in Canada. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Highwater Press. 2016. ISBN 978-1553796800.
雙靈, 英語, spirit或two, spirit, twospirited等, 是一個現代泛北美原住民的概括性詞彙, 被一些北美原住民用來描述社區中滿足傳統第三性別, 或其他性別變體, 的原住民人在他們的文化中的禮儀和社會角色, 一詞是在, 1990, 年在溫尼伯舉行的原住民男女同性戀國際聚會上創造的, 專門用來區分美洲原住民, 第一民族與非原住民並使其保持距離, 創造一個, 的主要目的是新術語是為了鼓勵替換過時且被認為具有冒犯性的人類學術語, berdache, 這個新術語沒有被普遍接受, 它被一些傳統社區批. 雙靈 英語 Two spirit或two spirit twospirited等 是一個現代泛北美原住民的概括性詞彙 被一些北美原住民用來描述社區中滿足傳統第三性別 或其他性別變體 的原住民人在他們的文化中的禮儀和社會角色 1 2 3 雙靈一詞是在 1990 年在溫尼伯舉行的原住民男女同性戀國際聚會上創造的 專門用來區分美洲原住民 第一民族與非原住民並使其保持距離 4 創造一個 雙靈 的主要目的是新術語是為了鼓勵替換過時且被認為具有冒犯性的人類學術語 berdache 5 這個新術語沒有被普遍接受 它被一些傳統社區批評為抹除傳統的術語 因為他們已經對被分組在這個新術語下的人有自己的術語 也被那些拒絕他們所謂的 西方 的人批評二元含義 例如暗示原住民人相信這些人 既是男性又是女性 4 它通常比它所取代的人類學術語得到更多的接受和使用 6 5 7 雙靈 並不打算與 LGBT美洲原住民 或 男 同性戀印地安人 互相替代 2 相反 它是用英語創作的 然後被翻譯作 Ojibwe 作為泛北美原住民的統稱詞彙 用於一般受眾 而不是原住民語言中的傳統術語 用於表示多樣化的 特定於文化的儀式和社會角色 這些角色可能會有很大差異 如果它們存在的話 1 2 4 對於這一目標是否成功 眾說紛紜 4 8 決定採用這個新術語也是為了與非本土同性戀者保持距離 9 因為雙靈的術語和身份 沒有意義 除非它被置於本土語境中美國或原住民框架和傳統文化理解 3 10 11 然而 傳統上由美國原住民和加拿大原住民所體現的性別不順從 LGBT 或第三和第四性別禮儀角色 旨在成為兩種精神的現代統稱詞彙 可能會有很大差異 即使在接受英語術語 沒有一個美洲原住民 第一民族文化的性別或性取向類別適用於所有 甚至大多數這些文化 4 8 臺灣原住民族群類似概念 编辑臺灣原住民族也有近似雙靈的概念 泰雅族對於性別氣質不符合生理性別者 會被認為是心裡住著不同的一個人 而這類特別的人會被認為是具有巫靈體質 因此在部落之中受到尊重和敬畏 太魯閣族語稱為 hagay 12 南部排灣族部落則泛稱為Adju 原意為好姊妹淘互稱之代稱詞 在部落扮演重要祭典的吟唱者 守護祖先留下的天韻 13 跨性别主题注释 编辑 1 0 1 1 Estrada Gabriel Two Spirits Nadleeh and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze American Indian Culture and Research Journal 2011 35 4 167 190 doi 10 17953 aicr 35 4 x500172017344j30 失效連結 2 0 2 1 2 2 A Spirit of Belonging Inside and Out The New York Times 8 Oct 2006 28 July 2016 原始内容存档于2018 09 03 The elders will tell you the difference between a gay Indian and a Two Spirit Criddle said underscoring the idea that simply being gay and Indian does not make someone a Two Spirit 3 0 3 1 Pruden Harlan Edmo Se ah dom Two Spirit People Sex Gender amp Sexuality in Historic and Contemporary Native America PDF National Congress of American Indians Policy Research Center 2016 2022 01 05 原始内容存档 PDF 于2020 07 17 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 de Vries Kylan Mattias Berdache Two Spirit O Brien Jodi 编 Encyclopedia of gender and society Los Angeles SAGE 2009 64 6 March 2015 ISBN 9781412909167 原始内容存档于2015 05 01 5 0 5 1 Two Spirit 101 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期2014 12 10 at NativeOut The Two Spirit term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the term berdache which means passive partner in sodomy boy prostitute Accessed 23 Sep 2015 Pember Mary Annette Two Spirit Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes Rewire Oct 13 2016 Oct 17 2016 原始内容存档于2016 10 19 Non Native anthropologist Will Roscoe gets much of the public credit for coining the term two spirit However according to Kristopher Kohl Miner of the Ho Chunk Nation Native people such as anthropologist Dr Wesley Thomas of the Dine or Navajo tribe also contributed to its creation Thomas is a professor in the School of Dine and Law Studies Medicine Beatrice Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies Two Spirits and Other Categories Online Readings in Psychology and Culture International Association for Cross Cultural Psychology August 2002 3 1 7 2016 06 25 ISSN 2307 0919 doi 10 9707 2307 0919 1024 原始内容存档于2012 12 08 At the Wenner Gren conference on gender held in Chicago May 1994 the gay American Indian and Alaska Native males agreed to use the term Two Spirit to replace the controversial berdache term The stated objective was to purge the older term from anthropological literature as it was seen as demeaning and not reflective of Native categories Unfortunately the term berdache has also been incorporated in the psychology and women studies domains so the task for the affected group to purge the term looms large and may be formidable 8 0 8 1 Pember Mary Annette Two Spirit Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes Rewire Oct 13 2016 October 17 2016 原始内容存档于2016 10 19 Jacobs Thomas amp Lang 1997 pp 2 3 221 A Spirit of Belonging Inside and Out The New York Times 8 Oct 2006 28 July 2016 原始内容存档于2018 09 03 Vowel Chelsea All My Queer Relations Language Culture and Two Spirit Identity Indigenous Writes A Guide to First Nations Metis amp Inuit Issues in Canada Winnipeg Manitoba Canada Highwater Press 2016 ISBN 978 1553796800 原住民族青年陣線支持多元成家聲明 2016 06 24 原始内容存档于2019 11 30 瑪達拉 達努巴克 在處境脈絡中的認識原住民性別 2016 11 17 原始内容存档于2016 01 02 外部連結 编辑The Two Spirit Tradition Androgyne Online提供之文章 美納瓦侯自治區立法限定婚姻定義 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 同志新聞通訊社2005 04 29ＰＣ綜合外電報導 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 雙靈 amp oldid 75308468, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，
