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维基百科

皮膚病列表

以下為皮膚疾病一覽表:

備註:【】內為俗稱;若有別名,以 "/" 分別之。

延伸閱讀 编辑

  • Andrews RM, McCarthy J, Carapetis JR, Currie BJ. Skin disorders, including pyoderma, scabies, and tinea infections. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. December 2009, 56 (6): 1421–40. PMID 19962029. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2009.09.002. 
  • Anthony J. Mancini; Amy S. Paller. Hurwitz's Clinical Pediatric Dermatology: A Textbook of Skin Disorders of Childhood And Adolescence. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 2005. ISBN 0-7216-0498-6. 
  • Asra Ali. Dermatology: a pictorial review. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. 2007. ISBN 0-07-142293-5. 
  • Bickers DR, Athar M. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of skin disease. J Invest Dermatol. 2006, 126 (12): 2565–75. PMID 17108903. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700340. 
  • Callen, Jeffrey. Color atlas of dermatology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 2000. ISBN 0-7216-8256-1. 
  • Cox, Neil; White, Gary. Diseases of the skin: a color atlas and text. St. Louis: Mosby. 2000. ISBN 0-7234-3155-8. 
  • Cunha PR, Barraviera SR. Autoimmune bullous dermatoses. An Bras Dermatol. 2009, 84 (2): 111–24 [2017-10-30]. PMID 19503978. doi:10.1590/s0365-05962009000200003. (原始内容于2010-01-10). 
  • Dyall-Smith, Delwyn; O'Brien, Timothy J. Dermatological Discoveries of the 20th Century. CRC Press-Parthenon Publishers. 1999. ISBN 1-85070-085-0. 
  • Ely JW, Seabury Stone M. The generalized rash: part I. Differential diagnosis. Am Fam Physician. March 2010, 81 (6): 726–34 [2017-10-30]. PMID 20229971. (原始内容于2019-12-04). 
  • Ely JW, Seabury Stone M. The generalized rash: part II. Diagnostic approach. Am Fam Physician. March 2010, 81 (6): 735–9 [2017-10-30]. PMID 20229972. (原始内容于2019-12-04). 
  • Elston, Dirk. Dermatology Articles (Diagnosis, Dermatologic Surgery, Histology, Prognosis, Follow-up) - eMedicine. [2010-11-25]. (原始内容于2020-02-18). 
  • Fawcett RS, Linford S, Stulberg DL. Nail abnormalities: clues to systemic disease. Am Fam Physician. 2004, 69 (6): 1417–24. PMID 15053406. 
  • Gawkrodger DJ. Occupational skin cancers. Occup Med (Lond). 2004, 54 (7): 458–63. PMID 15486177. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqh098. 
  • Hanke, William. (PDF). Educational Testing and Assessment Systems. 2010-08-30 [2010-11-14]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-09). 
  • Harries MJ, Lear JT. Occupational skin infections. Occup Med (Lond). 2004, 54 (7): 441–9. PMID 15486175. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqh096. 
  • Hazin R, Abu-Rajab Tamimi TI, Abuzetun JY, Zein NN. Recognizing and treating cutaneous signs of liver disease. Cleve Clin J Med. October 2009, 76 (10): 599–606 [2017-10-30]. PMID 19797460. doi:10.3949/ccjm.76A.08113. (原始内容于2020-03-26). 
  • Jadhav VM, Mahajan PM, Mhaske CB. Nail pitting and onycholysis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2009, 75 (6): 631–3 [2017-10-30]. PMID 19915259. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.57740. (原始内容于2019-06-05). 
  • Luba MC, Bangs SA, Mohler AM, Stulberg DL. Common benign skin tumors. Am Fam Physician. 2003, 67 (4): 729–38 [2017-10-30]. PMID 12613727. (原始内容于2008-05-16). 
  • Mancini AJ. Skin. Pediatrics. 2004, 113 (4 Suppl): 1114–9 [2017-10-30]. PMID 15060207. doi:10.1542/peds.113.4.S1.1114 (不活跃 2017-01-15). (原始内容于2019-12-04). 
  • Maurer TA. (PDF). Top HIV Med. 2005, 13 (5): 149–54. PMID 16377853. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-09-07). 
  • McLaughlin MR, O'Connor NR, Ham P. Newborn skin: Part II. Birthmarks. Am Fam Physician. 2008, 77 (1): 56–60 [2017-10-30]. PMID 18236823. (原始内容于2020-03-16). 
  • Mulinari-Brenner F, Bergfeld WF. Hair loss: diagnosis and management (PDF). Cleve Clin J Med. 2003, 70 (8): 705–6, 709–10, 712 [2017-10-30]. PMID 12959397. doi:10.3949/ccjm.70.8.705. (原始内容 (PDF)于2012-04-04). 
  • Mysore V. Invisible dermatoses. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2010, 76 (3): 239–48 [2017-10-30]. PMID 20445293. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.62962. (原始内容于2018-08-02). 
  • Nosrati N, Harting MS, Yang DJ, et al. Dermatology misnomers. Dermatol. Online J. 2008, 14 (1): 22. PMID 18319039. 
  • Oji V, Tadini G, Akiyama M, et al. Revised nomenclature and classification of inherited ichthyoses: results of the First Ichthyosis Consensus Conference in Sorèze 2009. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. October 2010, 63 (4): 607–41 [2017-10-30]. PMID 20643494. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.11.020. (原始内容于2020-03-16). 
  • O'Connor NR, McLaughlin MR, Ham P. Newborn skin: Part I. Common rashes. Am Fam Physician. 2008, 77 (1): 47–52 [2017-10-30]. PMID 18236822. (原始内容于2020-03-16). 
  • Pãunescu MM, Feier V, Pãunescu M, Dorneanu F, Sisak A, Ambros-Rudolph CM. Dermatoses of pregnancy (PDF). Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat. 2008, 17 (1): 4–11 [2017-10-30]. PMID 18454263. (原始内容 (PDF)于2011-10-07). 
  • Patel S, Sethi A. Imported tropical diseases. Dermatol Ther. 2009, 22 (6): 538–49 [2017-10-30]. PMID 19889137. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01275.x. (原始内容于2020-03-16). 
  • Phanuphak N. Skin lesions: mirror images of oral lesion infections. Adv. Dent. Res. 2006, 19 (1): 69–72 [2017-10-30]. PMID 16672553. doi:10.1177/154407370601900114. (原始内容于2020-03-16). 
  • Poblete-Lopez, Christine; et al. Dermatologic Surgery: Requisites in Dermatology. Philadelphia: Saunders. 2008. ISBN 0-7020-3049-X. 
  • Pont MS, Elster AD. (PDF). AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992, 158 (6): 1193–203 [2017-10-30]. PMID 1590106. doi:10.2214/ajr.158.6.1590106. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-04-26). 
  • Qureshi, Abrar A.; Jaffer, Saeed N. Dermatology quick glance. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division. 2004. ISBN 0-07-141526-2. 
  • Ragunatha S, Inamadar AC. Neonatal dermatological emergencies. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2010, 76 (4): 328–40 [2017-10-30]. PMID 20657112. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.66575. (原始内容于2019-06-12). 
  • Richens J. Genital manifestations of tropical diseases. Sex Transm Infect. 2004, 80 (1): 12–7. PMC 1758389 . PMID 14755029. doi:10.1136/sti.2003.004093. 
  • Sand M, Sand D, Thrandorf C, Paech V, Altmeyer P, Bechara FG. Cutaneous lesions of the nose. Head Face Med. 2010, 6: 7 [2017-10-30]. PMC 2903548 . PMID 20525327. doi:10.1186/1746-160X-6-7. (原始内容于2020-03-16). 
  • Sarkar R, Basu S, Agrawal RK, Gupta P. Skin care for the newborn (PDF). Indian Pediatr. July 2010, 47 (7): 593–8 [2017-10-30]. PMID 20683112. doi:10.1007/s13312-010-0132-0. (原始内容 (PDF)于2019-12-04). 
  • Scott LA, Stone MS. Viral exanthems. Dermatol Online J. 2003, 9 (3): 4 [2017-10-30]. PMID 12952751. (原始内容于2012-10-02). 
  • Springer K, Brown M, Stulberg DL. Common hair loss disorders. Am Fam Physician. 2003, 68 (1): 93–102 [2017-10-30]. PMID 12887115. (原始内容于2008-05-14). 
  • Stulberg DL, Clark N, Tovey D. Common hyperpigmentation disorders in adults: Part I. Diagnostic approach, café au lait macules, diffuse hyperpigmentation, sun exposure, and phototoxic reactions. Am Fam Physician. 2003, 68 (10): 1955–60 [2017-10-30]. PMID 14655804. (原始内容于2008-07-23). 
  • Stulberg DL, Clark N, Tovey D. Common hyperpigmentation disorders in adults: Part II. Melanoma, seborrheic keratoses, acanthosis nigricans, melasma, diabetic dermopathy, tinea versicolor, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Am Fam Physician. 2003, 68 (10): 1963–8 [2017-10-30]. PMID 14655805. (原始内容于2008-07-09). 
  • Teichman JM, Sea J, Thompson IM, Elston DM. Noninfectious penile lesions. Am Fam Physician. January 2010, 81 (2): 167–74 [2017-10-30]. PMID 20082512. (原始内容于2019-12-04). 
  • Thiers BH. Dermatologic manifestations of internal cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 1986, 36 (3): 130–48. PMID 3011224. doi:10.3322/canjclin.36.3.130. 
  • Tunzi M, Gray GR. Common skin conditions during pregnancy. Am Fam Physician. 2007, 75 (2): 211–18 [2017-10-30]. PMID 17263216. (原始内容于2008-08-28). 
  • Van Voorhees, Abby, Steven R Feldman, John YM Koo, Mark G. Lebwohl, and Alan Menter, 3, National Psoriasis Foundation, 2009, (原始内容存档于2010-12-19) 
  • White, Gary M; Cox, Neil H. . Elsevier. 2006. (原始内容存档于2010年3月29日). 
  • Zargari O, Elpern DJ. Granulomatous diseases of the nose. Int J Dermatol. December 2009, 48 (12): 1275–82; quiz 1282 [2017-10-30]. PMID 20415668. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04167.x. (原始内容于2020-03-16). 

外部链接 编辑

皮膚病列表, 此條目需要精通或熟悉相关主题的编者参与及协助编辑, 2011年1月29日, 請邀請適合的人士改善本条目, 更多的細節與詳情請參见討論頁, 以下為皮膚疾病一覽表, 痤瘡, 暗瘡, 粉刺, 日光性角化病, 血管瘤, 足癣, 香港腳, 水因性搔癢症, 異位性皮膚炎, 禿髮症, 基底細胞癌, 褥瘡, 貝西氏病, 貝雪氏病, 貝賽特氏病, 貝赫切特氏病, 瞼炎, 波文氏病, 多發性鱗狀上皮癌, 水疱性類天疱瘡, 口腔潰瘍, 口瘡, 蜂窩性組織炎, 氯痤瘡, 手足慢性或反覆性皮膚症候群, 汗腺異常症, 汗皰疹, . 此條目需要精通或熟悉相关主题的编者参与及协助编辑 2011年1月29日 請邀請適合的人士改善本条目 更多的細節與詳情請參见討論頁 以下為皮膚疾病一覽表 痤瘡 暗瘡 粉刺 日光性角化病 血管瘤 足癣 香港腳 水因性搔癢症 異位性皮膚炎 禿髮症 基底細胞癌 褥瘡 貝西氏病 貝雪氏病 貝賽特氏病 貝赫切特氏病 瞼炎 癤 瘡 波文氏病 多發性鱗狀上皮癌 水疱性類天疱瘡 口腔潰瘍 口瘡 癰 蜂窩性組織炎 氯痤瘡 手足慢性或反覆性皮膚症候群 汗腺異常症 汗皰疹 感冒皰瘡 唇皰疹 接觸性皮膚炎 匍行性疹 蔓延性疹 頭皮屑症 皮膚炎 疱疹樣皮膚炎 皮膚纖維瘤 尿布疹 濕疹 表皮分解性水皰症 大庖性表皮鬆懈症 丹毒 紅皮症 水泡 因摩擦引起 生殖道的疣 化膿性汗腺炎 蕁痲疹 多汗症 魚鱗癬 膿痂疹 膿瘡 頑癬 溝癬 騎師癬 卡波希氏肉瘤 蟹足腫 角質棘皮瘤 毛孔角化症 蝨患 扁平苔癬 慢性單純苔癬 皮下脂肪瘤 淋巴結炎 惡性黑色素瘤 肝斑 黃褐斑 黑斑 汗疹 痱子 傳染性軟疣 錢幣 狀 濕疹 盤狀溼疹 乳頭的柏哲氏病 蝨症 蝨病 體蝨 天疱瘡 口周圍皮膚炎 光化型過敏 光過敏性 光敏感 玫瑰糠疹 毛孔性紅糠疹 牛皮癬 乾癬 銀屑病 雷諾氏症 皮癬菌症 錢癬 玫瑰痤疮 酒糟鼻 疥瘡 硬皮症 皮脂腺囊腫 脂溢性角化症 老人斑 脂溢性皮炎 水痘 皮膚癌 皮贅 微血管擴張 鱗狀細胞癌 鬱血性皮膚炎 鬱滯性皮膚炎 壁蝨咬傷 鬚癬 頭癬 髮癬 體癬 股癬 咸粒 甲癬 花斑癬 汗斑 癬 黴菌 皮癬菌 感染 沙蚤病 白斑 疣 甲溝炎 凍甲 備註 內為俗稱 若有別名 以 分別之 延伸閱讀 编辑Andrews RM McCarthy J Carapetis JR Currie BJ Skin disorders including pyoderma scabies and tinea infections Pediatr Clin North Am December 2009 56 6 1421 40 PMID 19962029 doi 10 1016 j pcl 2009 09 002 Anthony J Mancini Amy S Paller Hurwitz s Clinical Pediatric Dermatology A Textbook of Skin Disorders of Childhood And Adolescence Philadelphia PA W B Saunders Company 2005 ISBN 0 7216 0498 6 Asra Ali Dermatology a pictorial review New York McGraw Hill Medical Pub Division 2007 ISBN 0 07 142293 5 Bickers DR Athar M Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of skin disease J Invest Dermatol 2006 126 12 2565 75 PMID 17108903 doi 10 1038 sj jid 5700340 Callen Jeffrey Color atlas of dermatology Philadelphia WB Saunders 2000 ISBN 0 7216 8256 1 Cox Neil White Gary Diseases of the skin a color atlas and text St Louis Mosby 2000 ISBN 0 7234 3155 8 Cunha PR Barraviera SR Autoimmune bullous dermatoses An Bras Dermatol 2009 84 2 111 24 2017 10 30 PMID 19503978 doi 10 1590 s0365 05962009000200003 原始内容存档于2010 01 10 Dyall Smith Delwyn O Brien Timothy J Dermatological Discoveries of the 20th Century CRC Press Parthenon Publishers 1999 ISBN 1 85070 085 0 Ely JW Seabury Stone M The generalized rash part I Differential diagnosis Am Fam Physician March 2010 81 6 726 34 2017 10 30 PMID 20229971 原始内容存档于2019 12 04 Ely JW Seabury Stone M The generalized rash part II Diagnostic approach Am Fam Physician March 2010 81 6 735 9 2017 10 30 PMID 20229972 原始内容存档于2019 12 04 Elston Dirk Dermatology Articles Diagnosis Dermatologic Surgery Histology Prognosis Follow up eMedicine 2010 11 25 原始内容存档于2020 02 18 Fawcett RS Linford S Stulberg DL Nail abnormalities clues to systemic disease Am Fam Physician 2004 69 6 1417 24 PMID 15053406 Gawkrodger DJ Occupational skin cancers Occup Med Lond 2004 54 7 458 63 PMID 15486177 doi 10 1093 occmed kqh098 Hanke William Dermatology In Review Study Guide PDF Educational Testing and Assessment Systems 2010 08 30 2010 11 14 原始内容 PDF 存档于2011 07 09 Harries MJ Lear JT Occupational skin infections Occup Med Lond 2004 54 7 441 9 PMID 15486175 doi 10 1093 occmed kqh096 Hazin R Abu Rajab Tamimi TI Abuzetun JY Zein NN Recognizing and treating cutaneous signs of liver disease Cleve Clin J Med October 2009 76 10 599 606 2017 10 30 PMID 19797460 doi 10 3949 ccjm 76A 08113 原始内容存档于2020 03 26 Jadhav VM Mahajan PM Mhaske CB Nail pitting and onycholysis Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2009 75 6 631 3 2017 10 30 PMID 19915259 doi 10 4103 0378 6323 57740 原始内容存档于2019 06 05 Luba MC Bangs SA Mohler AM Stulberg DL Common benign skin tumors Am Fam Physician 2003 67 4 729 38 2017 10 30 PMID 12613727 原始内容存档于2008 05 16 Mancini AJ Skin Pediatrics 2004 113 4 Suppl 1114 9 2017 10 30 PMID 15060207 doi 10 1542 peds 113 4 S1 1114 不活跃 2017 01 15 原始内容存档于2019 12 04 Maurer TA Dermatologic manifestations of HIV infection PDF Top HIV Med 2005 13 5 149 54 PMID 16377853 原始内容 PDF 存档于2008 09 07 McLaughlin MR O Connor NR Ham P Newborn skin Part II Birthmarks Am Fam Physician 2008 77 1 56 60 2017 10 30 PMID 18236823 原始内容存档于2020 03 16 Mulinari Brenner F Bergfeld WF Hair loss diagnosis and management PDF Cleve Clin J Med 2003 70 8 705 6 709 10 712 2017 10 30 PMID 12959397 doi 10 3949 ccjm 70 8 705 原始内容存档 PDF 于2012 04 04 Mysore V Invisible dermatoses Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2010 76 3 239 48 2017 10 30 PMID 20445293 doi 10 4103 0378 6323 62962 原始内容存档于2018 08 02 Nosrati N Harting MS Yang DJ et al Dermatology misnomers Dermatol Online J 2008 14 1 22 PMID 18319039 Oji V Tadini G Akiyama M et al Revised nomenclature and classification of inherited ichthyoses results of the First Ichthyosis Consensus Conference in Soreze 2009 J Am Acad Dermatol October 2010 63 4 607 41 2017 10 30 PMID 20643494 doi 10 1016 j jaad 2009 11 020 原始内容存档于2020 03 16 O Connor NR McLaughlin MR Ham P Newborn skin Part I Common rashes Am Fam Physician 2008 77 1 47 52 2017 10 30 PMID 18236822 原始内容存档于2020 03 16 Paunescu MM Feier V Paunescu M Dorneanu F Sisak A Ambros Rudolph CM Dermatoses of pregnancy PDF Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat 2008 17 1 4 11 2017 10 30 PMID 18454263 原始内容存档 PDF 于2011 10 07 Patel S Sethi A Imported tropical diseases Dermatol Ther 2009 22 6 538 49 2017 10 30 PMID 19889137 doi 10 1111 j 1529 8019 2009 01275 x 原始内容存档于2020 03 16 Phanuphak N Skin lesions mirror images of oral lesion infections Adv Dent Res 2006 19 1 69 72 2017 10 30 PMID 16672553 doi 10 1177 154407370601900114 原始内容存档于2020 03 16 Poblete Lopez Christine et al Dermatologic Surgery Requisites in Dermatology Philadelphia Saunders 2008 ISBN 0 7020 3049 X Pont MS Elster AD Lesions of skin and brain modern imaging of the neurocutaneous syndromes PDF AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992 158 6 1193 203 2017 10 30 PMID 1590106 doi 10 2214 ajr 158 6 1590106 原始内容 PDF 存档于2022 04 26 Qureshi Abrar A Jaffer Saeed N Dermatology quick glance New York McGraw Hill Medical Publishing Division 2004 ISBN 0 07 141526 2 Ragunatha S Inamadar AC Neonatal dermatological emergencies Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2010 76 4 328 40 2017 10 30 PMID 20657112 doi 10 4103 0378 6323 66575 原始内容存档于2019 06 12 Richens J Genital manifestations of tropical diseases Sex Transm Infect 2004 80 1 12 7 PMC 1758389 nbsp PMID 14755029 doi 10 1136 sti 2003 004093 Sand M Sand D Thrandorf C Paech V Altmeyer P Bechara FG Cutaneous lesions of the nose Head Face Med 2010 6 7 2017 10 30 PMC 2903548 nbsp PMID 20525327 doi 10 1186 1746 160X 6 7 原始内容存档于2020 03 16 Sarkar R Basu S Agrawal RK Gupta P Skin care for the newborn PDF Indian Pediatr July 2010 47 7 593 8 2017 10 30 PMID 20683112 doi 10 1007 s13312 010 0132 0 原始内容存档 PDF 于2019 12 04 Scott LA Stone MS Viral exanthems Dermatol Online J 2003 9 3 4 2017 10 30 PMID 12952751 原始内容存档于2012 10 02 Springer K Brown M Stulberg DL Common hair loss disorders Am Fam Physician 2003 68 1 93 102 2017 10 30 PMID 12887115 原始内容存档于2008 05 14 Stulberg DL Clark N Tovey D Common hyperpigmentation disorders in adults Part I Diagnostic approach cafe au lait macules diffuse hyperpigmentation sun exposure and phototoxic reactions Am Fam Physician 2003 68 10 1955 60 2017 10 30 PMID 14655804 原始内容存档于2008 07 23 Stulberg DL Clark N Tovey D Common hyperpigmentation disorders in adults Part II Melanoma seborrheic keratoses acanthosis nigricans melasma diabetic dermopathy tinea versicolor and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation Am Fam Physician 2003 68 10 1963 8 2017 10 30 PMID 14655805 原始内容存档于2008 07 09 Teichman JM Sea J Thompson IM Elston DM Noninfectious penile lesions Am Fam Physician January 2010 81 2 167 74 2017 10 30 PMID 20082512 原始内容存档于2019 12 04 Thiers BH Dermatologic manifestations of internal cancer CA Cancer J Clin 1986 36 3 130 48 PMID 3011224 doi 10 3322 canjclin 36 3 130 Tunzi M Gray GR Common skin conditions during pregnancy Am Fam Physician 2007 75 2 211 18 2017 10 30 PMID 17263216 原始内容存档于2008 08 28 Van Voorhees Abby Steven R Feldman John YM Koo Mark G Lebwohl and Alan Menter The Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Pocket Guide Treatment Algorithms and Management Options 3 National Psoriasis Foundation 2009 原始内容存档于2010 12 19 White Gary M Cox Neil H Diseases of the Skin Elsevier 2006 原始内容存档于2010年3月29日 Zargari O Elpern DJ Granulomatous diseases of the nose Int J Dermatol December 2009 48 12 1275 82 quiz 1282 2017 10 30 PMID 20415668 doi 10 1111 j 1365 4632 2009 04167 x 原始内容存档于2020 03 16 外部链接 编辑维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源 皮膚病列表开放式目录计划中和Skin Disorders相关的内容 All the Internet Directory Main Health Conditions and Diseases Skin Disorders 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Images in Clinical Dermatology 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 at the New England Journal of Medicine Skin conditions in Yahoo Directory closed in late December 2014 archived at Internet Archive Wayback Machine Wayback Machine Skin disorders in Google Directory closed on 20 July 2011 archived at Internet Archive Wayback Machine Wayback Machine Skin Disorders in the Best of the Web Directory 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Best of the Web Directory 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 皮膚病列表 amp oldid 78924172, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

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