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维基百科

發展協調障礙

發展協調障礙DCD[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]也稱為發展性協調障礙[8]動作協調障礙[9]動作障礙[10][11][12][13]是一種神經發展障礙。其特徵是大腦訊息無法準確傳遞到身體,導致肢體協調受損。動作技能的缺失隨着兒童的實際年齡干預日常生活活動[14]。發展協調障礙只在沒有其他神經損傷(例如大腦麻痺[15][10]多發性硬化症帕金森氏症)之下方可診斷。

Developmental coordination disorder
同义词Developmental motor coordination disorder, developmental dyspraxia
类型活動障礙[*], 特殊性发育障碍, 疾病
分类和外部资源
醫學專科Psychiatry, neurology
ICD-116A04
ICD-9-CM315.4
DiseasesDB31600
MedlinePlus001533
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

根据加拿大CanChild的说法,这种疾病影响5%到6%的学龄儿童[16]。不過这种疾病确实会发展到成年,成为终身的健康狀況。

徵象和症状 编辑

由於無法治癒,發展協調障礙影響各種發育,將會持續到成年[13]。通常發展出各種應對策略,應對策略能夠透過職業治療、物理治療、語言治療、心理治療及心理動作治療加強。

肢體受損之外,發展協調障礙影響記憶(尤其工作記憶[17]。患者難以記得指令、限期及管理時間,並且傾向忘記物品以及難以執行需要記得多個步驟的任務(例如煮食)。縱使人們普遍在某程度上也碰到上述難題,上述難題卻更大程度上影響患者的生活[18]。很多患者雖然短期記憶差勁,長期記憶卻出色[18]。患者受惠於有序環境,因為重複例行程序減低時間管理的難度,患者也能夠將步驟置於長期記憶當中。

患者有時難以調整來自身體的感官資訊。因此,這些患者也許容易遭受感官過度負荷和恐慌發作[18]

有些患者遭遇肢體動作的中度至極端困難。由於正確執行肢體動作消耗大幅能量,導致發展協調障礙患者普遍疲憊。肌肉張力減退及肌肉張力低同樣損害一些發展協調障礙患者的平衡力[2]

一般運動控制 编辑

全身動作和動作協調問題指主要發展目標(包括步行、跑步、攀爬和跳躍)受影響。遭受的困難因人而異,可能包括以下行為:

  • 節拍不當[19]
  • 平衡力差[19][20](有時甚至中幅度步行摔倒,常見自己絆倒自己)
  • 難以合併一連串受控動作
  • 難以記得下一個動作
  • 難以意識空間[20][21]肌肉運動知覺
  • 難以拾起及握住簡單物品如鉛筆,因為肌肉張力或肌肉運動知覺差勁
  • 笨拙到碰跌物品令自己受傷及不小心撞到人
  • 左右不分
  • 常見交叉用手、轉換慣用手、雙撇子
  • 難以咀嚼食物

精細動作控制 编辑

精細動作問題導致難以執行多方面的任務,例如使用刀叉、扣鈕、綁鞋帶、煮食、刷牙、弄頭髮、剃鬚[2][22]、化妝、保養、打開瓶罐及包裝、鎖門及開鎖、做家務。

精細動作協調問題也會導致書寫困難[2],或許出自聯想或聯想動作困難[19][23]。行為可能包括:

  • 學習基本動作[24]
  • 建立想要的書寫速度[22]
  • 正確握筆[22]
  • 難以閱讀的筆跡,以可能漏字或錯誤排列文字
  • 排列字位——例如拉丁字母以及數字

發展性言語失用症 编辑

發展性言語失用症(DVD)是一種聯想障礙性失用症,導致言語障礙。英國支持這個術語,但發展性言語失用症有時被稱為構音運用障礙(articulatory dyspraxia),在美國通常稱為兒童期言語失用症(childhood apraxia of speech, CAS)[25][26][27]

主要行為包括:

  • 難以控制言語器官
  • 難以發音
  • 難以發出一連串的聲音
    • 單字音節,以及
    • 以單字組成句子
  • 難以控制呼吸、抑制流涎和唱歌時發聲(有歌詞)。
  • 語言發展緩慢

相關失調及二次後果 编辑

發展協調障礙患者也許有以下共病:

不過,發展協調障礙患者不太可能同時具備上述所有條件,其遭受困難的程度因人而異。一個患者的主要弱項可能是另一個患者的強項或天賦。例如有些患者有讀寫障礙,或計算障礙,其他患者卻或許有出色的閱讀、拼寫或數學能力。ADHD和發展協調障礙的共病率特别高,大約50%(一半發展協調障礙患者有ADHD,一半ADHD患者有發展協調障礙)[42][43][44]

感官處理障礙 编辑

感官處理障礙(SPD)是對於生理刺激的過度敏感或過度不敏感(例如觸覺、視覺、聽覺及嗅覺)[45]。可能外現為無能力忍受某種質地(例如砂紙)或布料(例如羊毛)、口腔無法忍受口感過於豐富的食物(普遍被認為挑食)、被觸碰(觸覺過度敏感的個案)、或由於陽光使其不適而需要定期在戶外使用太陽眼鏡(視覺過度敏感的個案)。厭惡響亮音樂及本身響亮的環境(如舞廳及酒吧)是聽覺過敏的典型表現,只有在異常溫暖或寒冷環境之下才感到舒適是溫度過敏的典型表現。對刺激過於不敏感也許會造成困難,因為個人缺乏足夠的感官資訊去理解身體在空間的哪個位置,令其更難以完成任務[46]。對痛楚過於不敏感或許不意識自己受傷。

發展性言語障礙 编辑

發展性言語障礙DLD),前稱特殊語言障礙(specific language disorder, SLI)、接受性-表達性混合語言障礙言語障礙。研究發現擁有正常語言技巧的發展協調障礙學生仍然經歷學習障礙。即是說,發展協調障礙學生遭遇的學習障礙取決於其工作記憶能力。任何語言強項不足以完全支持其學習[40]

發展協調障礙學生的視覺空間記憶遭受最大障礙。患有發展協調障礙的學生相對可能在視覺空間記憶得到差勁的分數,比沒有此障礙的同儕高出7倍[47]。視覺空間記憶受損是一種工作記憶受損,導致患有發展協調障礙的學生同時出現學習障礙[48]

心理和社交後果 编辑

心理層面:發展協調障礙兒童也許遭受社交上比同儕較低的自我效能,以及認為自己的能力比同儕低。有些兒童展現更高程度的攻擊性及活躍度[49]

社交層面:兒童也許更容易遭受社會排擠及欺凌,或許令其更孤獨[49]

診斷 编辑

評估發展協調障礙通常需要潛在患者的童年發展歷史[11],患者的童年發展歷史需要詳細說明重要的兒童發展階段(如爬行和步行)在甚麼歲數發生[5][10][28]

為了診斷兒童是否患上發展協調障礙,美國精神醫學學會列出四種包括性的主要診斷準則[28]

準則如下:

  1. 動作協調大幅降少,智力正常
  2. 動作協調或動作規劃的困難干預兒童日常生活
  3. 動作協調困難不是出自其他醫療狀況
  4. 即使有共病(如智力障礙或其他發展障礙),動作協調仍有不成比例的影響[11]

能夠應用於發展協調障礙的篩查包括:

  • Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement-ABC – Movement-ABC 2)[50][51][52][53][54]
  • Peabody Developmental Motor Scales- Second Edition (PDMS-2)[50]
  • Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP-BOT-2)[50][55][56][57]
  • Motoriktest für vier- bis sechsjährige Kinder (MOT 4–6)[50][58]
  • Körperkoordinationtest für Kinder (KTK)[50]
  • Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition (TGMD-2)[50]
  • Maastrichtse Motoriek Test (MMT)[50]
  • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV
  • Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WAIT-II) 
  • Test Of Word Reading Efficiency Second Edition (TOWRE-2) 
  • Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCD-Q).[59] 此問卷已譯成多種語文,例如法文人士可用加拿大法文版[60]或歐陸法文版[61]
  • Children's Self-Perceptions of Adequacy in, and Predilection for Physical Activity (CSAPPA)[62]

目前沒有單一評估測試[50]

最低限度的動作評估是介入發展障礙的起點。對比正常兒童的發展速度或許有助尋找患童明顯遭受困難的方面。

不過,《英国特殊教育杂志》的研究顯示,仍然嚴重缺乏有關識別及應對各種困難的知識(包括發展協調障礙、閱讀障礙、DAMP)[28]。及早留意及評估能夠更快介入。如果老師或全科醫生只是粗略診斷,很可能會錯過有需要的患者。

「如果老師知識有限,就無法識別或幫助學習障礙的兒童。相似地,醫生難以偵測及轉介學習障礙兒童到適當的地方。」[63]

分類 编辑

發展協調障礙在《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊第五版》 (DSM-5) 归类为动作障碍,位於神经发育障碍類別[64][65]

控制 编辑

發展協調障礙無法治癒,只能透過治療控制。物理治療職業治療能夠幫助患者。

有些患者利用替代方法幫助自己,例如打字取代寫字,或利用日記及日曆保持條理[66]。Cochrane在2017年審核對發展協調障礙的任務導向介入,得到不一致的結果,呼籲隨機化對照組及進一步研究[67]

流行病學 编辑

發展協調障礙是終生神經系统狀況,男性女性同樣普遍。不過目前的診斷準則有利男性,導致超過80%男性在16歲前確診,相對22%女性。發展協調障礙的實際比例是未知,由於缺乏具體實驗室測試而難以偵測。因此,只要診斷出其中一種狀況就會排除其他可能的原因或疾病。大約5%-6%兒童成人受此影響[2][4][5][68]

歷史 编辑

Collier首先形容發展協調障礙為「先天性發育不良」。1972年,A. Jean Ayres形容發展協調障礙為感官統合障礙[69][70]。1975年,醫學博士Sasson Gubbay稱之為「笨拙兒童症」[11][30][71]。發展協調障礙也曾被稱為「最低度腦部失能」,後兩者已不再使用。

其他名称包括发展性失用症[11]、注意力和运动感知障碍(DAMP)[11][30]、動作障碍[10]、发育性运动障碍[11]、動作學習障礙[11][30]感知動作失能[11][30][70]和感官動作失能[11]

世界衛生組織目前將發展協調障礙列作「動作功能的具體發展障礙("Specific Developmental Disorder of Motor Function")」[10]

流行文化 编辑

Ryan Sinclair是BBC科幻电视节目《神秘博士》博士的人类伴侣,患有这种失調。该角色于2018年首次亮相。[72]

著名案例 编辑

公開表明確診發展協調障礙的人包括《哈利波特》演员丹尼尔拉德克利夫[73]、摄影师大卫贝利[74]、模特卡拉迪瓦伊[75]、歌手弗洛伦斯韦尔奇[76]、英国政治家艾玛勒威尔巴克[77][78]、橄榄球联盟球员Ellis Genge[79]、演员Will Poulter[80]、歌手Mel B[81]、演员Olive Gray[82]、作家Holly Smale[83]、游戏评论家John "TotalBiscuit" Bain[84]和音乐家托亚·威尔考克斯[85]

參見 编辑

参考 编辑

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發展協調障礙, 也稱為發展性協調障礙, 動作協調障礙, 或動作障礙, 是一種神經發展障礙, 其特徵是大腦訊息無法準確傳遞到身體, 導致肢體協調受損, 動作技能的缺失隨着兒童的實際年齡干預日常生活活動, 只在沒有其他神經損傷, 例如大腦麻痺, 多發性硬化症或帕金森氏症, 之下方可診斷, developmental, coordination, disorder同义词developmental, motor, coordination, disorder, developmental, dyspraxia类型活動障礙,. 發展協調障礙 DCD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 也稱為發展性協調障礙 8 動作協調障礙 9 或動作障礙 10 11 12 13 是一種神經發展障礙 其特徵是大腦訊息無法準確傳遞到身體 導致肢體協調受損 動作技能的缺失隨着兒童的實際年齡干預日常生活活動 14 發展協調障礙只在沒有其他神經損傷 例如大腦麻痺 15 10 多發性硬化症或帕金森氏症 之下方可診斷 Developmental coordination disorder同义词Developmental motor coordination disorder developmental dyspraxia类型活動障礙 特殊性发育障碍 疾病分类和外部资源醫學專科Psychiatry neurologyICD 116A04ICD 9 CM315 4DiseasesDB31600MedlinePlus001533 编辑此条目的维基数据 维基百科中的醫學内容仅供参考 並不能視作專業意見 如需獲取醫療幫助或意見 请咨询专业人士 詳見醫學聲明 根据加拿大CanChild的说法 这种疾病影响5 到6 的学龄儿童 16 不過这种疾病确实会发展到成年 成为终身的健康狀況 目录 1 徵象和症状 1 1 一般運動控制 1 2 精細動作控制 1 3 發展性言語失用症 1 4 相關失調及二次後果 1 4 1 感官處理障礙 1 4 2 發展性言語障礙 1 4 3 心理和社交後果 2 診斷 2 1 分類 3 控制 4 流行病學 5 歷史 6 流行文化 6 1 著名案例 7 參見 8 参考徵象和症状 编辑由於無法治癒 發展協調障礙影響各種發育 將會持續到成年 13 通常發展出各種應對策略 應對策略能夠透過職業治療 物理治療 語言治療 心理治療及心理動作治療加強 肢體受損之外 發展協調障礙影響記憶 尤其工作記憶 17 患者難以記得指令 限期及管理時間 並且傾向忘記物品以及難以執行需要記得多個步驟的任務 例如煮食 縱使人們普遍在某程度上也碰到上述難題 上述難題卻更大程度上影響患者的生活 18 很多患者雖然短期記憶差勁 長期記憶卻出色 18 患者受惠於有序環境 因為重複例行程序減低時間管理的難度 患者也能夠將步驟置於長期記憶當中 患者有時難以調整來自身體的感官資訊 因此 這些患者也許容易遭受感官過度負荷和恐慌發作 18 有些患者遭遇肢體動作的中度至極端困難 由於正確執行肢體動作消耗大幅能量 導致發展協調障礙患者普遍疲憊 肌肉張力減退及肌肉張力低同樣損害一些發展協調障礙患者的平衡力 2 一般運動控制 编辑 全身動作和動作協調問題指主要發展目標 包括步行 跑步 攀爬和跳躍 受影響 遭受的困難因人而異 可能包括以下行為 節拍不當 19 平衡力差 19 20 有時甚至中幅度步行摔倒 常見自己絆倒自己 難以合併一連串受控動作 難以記得下一個動作 難以意識空間 20 21 或肌肉運動知覺 難以拾起及握住簡單物品如鉛筆 因為肌肉張力或肌肉運動知覺差勁 笨拙到碰跌物品令自己受傷及不小心撞到人 左右不分 常見交叉用手 轉換慣用手 雙撇子 難以咀嚼食物精細動作控制 编辑 精細動作問題導致難以執行多方面的任務 例如使用刀叉 扣鈕 綁鞋帶 煮食 刷牙 弄頭髮 剃鬚 2 22 化妝 保養 打開瓶罐及包裝 鎖門及開鎖 做家務 精細動作協調問題也會導致書寫困難 2 或許出自聯想或聯想動作困難 19 23 行為可能包括 學習基本動作 24 建立想要的書寫速度 22 正確握筆 22 難以閱讀的筆跡 以可能漏字或錯誤排列文字 排列字位 例如拉丁字母以及數字發展性言語失用症 编辑 發展性言語失用症 DVD 是一種聯想障礙性失用症 導致言語障礙 英國支持這個術語 但發展性言語失用症有時被稱為構音運用障礙 articulatory dyspraxia 在美國通常稱為兒童期言語失用症 childhood apraxia of speech CAS 25 26 27 主要行為包括 難以控制言語器官 難以發音 難以發出一連串的聲音 單字音節 以及 以單字組成句子 難以控制呼吸 抑制流涎和唱歌時發聲 有歌詞 語言發展緩慢相關失調及二次後果 编辑 發展協調障礙患者也許有以下共病 注意力缺失及過度活躍症 ADHD 注意力不集中 過度活躍 衝動行為 28 29 30 胎儿酒精谱系障碍 31 自闭症谱系其中一个条件 30 32 33 34 计算障碍 数字困难 35 書寫障礙 无法整齐地书写或绘画 36 閱讀障礙 阅读和拼写困难 37 28 肌肉張力障礙 肌张力低 2 非语言学习障碍 38 感官處理障碍 39 发展性语言障碍 DLD 40 视觉感知缺陷 41 不過 發展協調障礙患者不太可能同時具備上述所有條件 其遭受困難的程度因人而異 一個患者的主要弱項可能是另一個患者的強項或天賦 例如有些患者有讀寫障礙 或計算障礙 其他患者卻或許有出色的閱讀 拼寫或數學能力 ADHD和發展協調障礙的共病率特别高 大約50 一半發展協調障礙患者有ADHD 一半ADHD患者有發展協調障礙 42 43 44 感官處理障礙 编辑 感官處理障礙 SPD 是對於生理刺激的過度敏感或過度不敏感 例如觸覺 視覺 聽覺及嗅覺 45 可能外現為無能力忍受某種質地 例如砂紙 或布料 例如羊毛 口腔無法忍受口感過於豐富的食物 普遍被認為挑食 被觸碰 觸覺過度敏感的個案 或由於陽光使其不適而需要定期在戶外使用太陽眼鏡 視覺過度敏感的個案 厭惡響亮音樂及本身響亮的環境 如舞廳及酒吧 是聽覺過敏的典型表現 只有在異常溫暖或寒冷環境之下才感到舒適是溫度過敏的典型表現 對刺激過於不敏感也許會造成困難 因為個人缺乏足夠的感官資訊去理解身體在空間的哪個位置 令其更難以完成任務 46 對痛楚過於不敏感或許不意識自己受傷 發展性言語障礙 编辑 發展性言語障礙 DLD 前稱特殊語言障礙 specific language disorder SLI 接受性 表達性混合語言障礙或言語障礙 研究發現擁有正常語言技巧的發展協調障礙學生仍然經歷學習障礙 即是說 發展協調障礙學生遭遇的學習障礙取決於其工作記憶能力 任何語言強項不足以完全支持其學習 40 發展協調障礙學生的視覺空間記憶遭受最大障礙 患有發展協調障礙的學生相對可能在視覺空間記憶得到差勁的分數 比沒有此障礙的同儕高出7倍 47 視覺空間記憶受損是一種工作記憶受損 導致患有發展協調障礙的學生同時出現學習障礙 48 心理和社交後果 编辑 心理層面 發展協調障礙兒童也許遭受社交上比同儕較低的自我效能 以及認為自己的能力比同儕低 有些兒童展現更高程度的攻擊性及活躍度 49 社交層面 兒童也許更容易遭受社會排擠及欺凌 或許令其更孤獨 49 診斷 编辑評估發展協調障礙通常需要潛在患者的童年發展歷史 11 患者的童年發展歷史需要詳細說明重要的兒童發展階段 如爬行和步行 在甚麼歲數發生 5 10 28 為了診斷兒童是否患上發展協調障礙 美國精神醫學學會列出四種包括性的主要診斷準則 28 準則如下 動作協調大幅降少 智力正常 動作協調或動作規劃的困難干預兒童日常生活 動作協調困難不是出自其他醫療狀況 即使有共病 如智力障礙或其他發展障礙 動作協調仍有不成比例的影響 11 能夠應用於發展協調障礙的篩查包括 Movement Assessment Battery for Children Movement ABC Movement ABC 2 50 51 52 53 54 Peabody Developmental Motor Scales Second Edition PDMS 2 50 Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency BOTMP BOT 2 50 55 56 57 Motoriktest fur vier bis sechsjahrige Kinder MOT 4 6 50 58 Korperkoordinationtest fur Kinder KTK 50 Test of Gross Motor Development Second Edition TGMD 2 50 Maastrichtse Motoriek Test MMT 50 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale WAIS IV Wechsler Individual Achievement Test WAIT II Test Of Word Reading Efficiency Second Edition TOWRE 2 Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire DCD Q 59 此問卷已譯成多種語文 例如法文人士可用加拿大法文版 60 或歐陸法文版 61 Children s Self Perceptions of Adequacy in and Predilection for Physical Activity CSAPPA 62 目前沒有單一評估測試 50 最低限度的動作評估是介入發展障礙的起點 對比正常兒童的發展速度或許有助尋找患童明顯遭受困難的方面 不過 英国特殊教育杂志 的研究顯示 仍然嚴重缺乏有關識別及應對各種困難的知識 包括發展協調障礙 閱讀障礙 DAMP 28 及早留意及評估能夠更快介入 如果老師或全科醫生只是粗略診斷 很可能會錯過有需要的患者 如果老師知識有限 就無法識別或幫助學習障礙的兒童 相似地 醫生難以偵測及轉介學習障礙兒童到適當的地方 63 分類 编辑 發展協調障礙在 精神疾病診斷與統計手冊第五版 DSM 5 归类为动作障碍 位於神经发育障碍類別 64 65 控制 编辑發展協調障礙無法治癒 只能透過治療控制 物理治療或職業治療能夠幫助患者 有些患者利用替代方法幫助自己 例如打字取代寫字 或利用日記及日曆保持條理 66 Cochrane在2017年審核對發展協調障礙的任務導向介入 得到不一致的結果 呼籲隨機化對照組及進一步研究 67 流行病學 编辑發展協調障礙是終生神經系统狀況 男性和女性同樣普遍 不過目前的診斷準則有利男性 導致超過80 男性在16歲前確診 相對22 女性 發展協調障礙的實際比例是未知 由於缺乏具體實驗室測試而難以偵測 因此 只要診斷出其中一種狀況就會排除其他可能的原因或疾病 大約5 6 兒童及成人受此影響 2 4 5 68 歷史 编辑Collier首先形容發展協調障礙為 先天性發育不良 1972年 A Jean Ayres形容發展協調障礙為感官統合障礙 69 70 1975年 醫學博士Sasson Gubbay稱之為 笨拙兒童症 11 30 71 發展協調障礙也曾被稱為 最低度腦部失能 後兩者已不再使用 其他名称包括发展性失用症 11 注意力和运动感知障碍 DAMP 11 30 動作障碍 10 发育性运动障碍 11 動作學習障礙 11 30 感知動作失能 11 30 70 和感官動作失能 11 世界衛生組織目前將發展協調障礙列作 動作功能的具體發展障礙 Specific Developmental Disorder of Motor Function 10 流行文化 编辑Ryan Sinclair是BBC科幻电视节目 神秘博士 中博士的人类伴侣 患有这种失調 该角色于2018年首次亮相 72 著名案例 编辑 公開表明確診發展協調障礙的人包括 哈利波特 演员丹尼尔拉德克利夫 73 摄影师大卫贝利 74 模特卡拉迪瓦伊 75 歌手弗洛伦斯韦尔奇 76 英国政治家艾玛勒威尔巴克 77 78 橄榄球联盟球员Ellis Genge 79 演员Will Poulter 80 歌手Mel B 81 演员Olive Gray 82 作家Holly Smale 83 游戏评论家John TotalBiscuit Bain 84 和音乐家托亚 威尔考克斯 85 參見 编辑亞斯伯格症候群 自閉症譜系 學習障礙 運動控制 生物體 兒童期言語失用症 言語障礙 动作技能 运动协调 感覺統合 工作記憶参考 编辑 An International Consensus on Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 1995 62 1 3 6 doi 10 1177 000841749506200101 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 Developmental coordination disorder Physical Therapy August 2003 83 8 722 31 2022 05 02 PMID 12882613 doi 10 1093 ptj 83 8 722 原始内容存档于2016 07 13 无效 subscription free 帮助 Consensus Statements CanChild 2022 05 02 原始内容存档于2015 07 22 4 0 4 1 European Academy for Childhood Disability EACD recommendations on the definition diagnosis and intervention of developmental coordination disorder long version Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology January 2012 54 1 54 93 PMID 22171930 doi 10 1111 j 1469 8749 2011 04171 x 无效 subscription free 帮助 5 0 5 1 5 2 Developmental coordination disorder a review and update European Journal of Paediatric Neurology November 2012 16 6 573 81 PMID 22705270 doi 10 1016 j ejpn 2012 05 005 發展協調障礙 物理治療運動指南 PDF web archive org 屯門醫院物理治療部 2022 05 02 原始内容存档于2022 05 02 陳玉蘭 何為發展協調障礙 web archive org 臺北榮民總醫院 復健部 兒童發展評估中心 2021 11 14 2022 05 02 原始内容存档于2021 11 14 發展性協調障礙 web archive org 協康會 2022 05 02 2022 05 02 原始内容存档于2022 05 02 World Health Organization ICD 11 Mortality and Morbidity Statistics 6A04 Developmental motor coordination disorder icd who int 2018 25 February 2019 原始内容存档于2018 08 01 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 Toward an understanding of developmental coordination disorder terminological and diagnostic issues Neural Plasticity 2003 10 1 2 1 13 PMC 2565424 nbsp PMID 14640303 doi 10 1155 NP 2003 1 无效 subscription free 帮助 11 0 11 1 11 2 11 3 11 4 11 5 11 6 11 7 11 8 11 9 Dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder Unravelling the enigma Archives of Disease in Childhood June 2007 92 6 534 9 PMC 2066137 nbsp PMID 17515623 doi 10 1136 adc 2005 088054 Terminology used in research reports of developmental coordination disorder Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology November 2006 48 11 937 41 PMID 17044965 doi 10 1017 S0012162206002040 13 0 13 1 The development and standardization of the Adult Developmental Co ordination Disorders Dyspraxia Checklist ADC Research in Developmental Disabilities 2010 31 1 131 9 PMID 19819107 doi 10 1016 j ridd 2009 08 010 Kotsopoulos S https archive org details diagnosticstatis0005unse page 257 chapterurl 缺少标题 帮助 Neurodevelopmental Disorders Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience DSM Library 26 American Psychiatric Association 2013 05 22 257 ISBN 978 0890425558 PMC 1408294 nbsp doi 10 1176 appi books 9780890425596 dsm01 Developmental Coordination Disorder and cerebral palsy categories or a continuum Human Movement Science October 2010 29 5 787 98 PMID 20594606 doi 10 1016 j humov 2010 04 006 Developmental Coordination Disorder CanChild 2016 02 2022 05 02 原始内容存档于2015 07 22 Working memory in children with developmental disorders PDF Journal of Learning Disabilities 2009 42 4 372 82 2022 05 02 PMID 19380495 doi 10 1177 0022219409335214 原始内容 PDF 存档于2021 11 23 18 0 18 1 18 2 Biggs Victoria 3 A Survival Guide to School London Philadelphia Jessica Kingsley Publishers 2005 ISBN 978 1 84310 347 9 OCLC 57316751 19 0 19 1 19 2 Parental questions about developmental coordination disorder A synopsis of current evidence Paediatrics amp Child Health October 2006 11 8 507 12 PMC 2528644 nbsp PMID 19030319 doi 10 1093 pch 11 8 507 20 0 20 1 Postural control in children with developmental coordination disorder Neural Plasticity 2005 12 2 3 183 96 discussion 263 72 PMC 2565450 nbsp PMID 16097486 doi 10 1155 NP 2005 183 无效 subscription free 帮助 Information processing deficits associated with developmental coordination disorder a meta analysis of research findings Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines September 1998 39 6 829 40 PMID 9758192 doi 10 1111 1469 7610 00384 22 0 22 1 22 2 Developmental coordination disorder dyspraxia an overview of the state of the art Seminars in Pediatric Neurology December 2005 12 4 250 8 PMID 16780296 doi 10 1016 j spen 2005 12 007 Handwriting measures as reflectors of executive functions among adults with Developmental Coordination Disorders DCD Frontiers in Psychology 2013 4 357 PMC 3693067 nbsp PMID 23805113 doi 10 3389 fpsyg 2013 00357 无效 subscription free 帮助 Central representations of human limb movement as revealed by studies of drawing and handwriting Trends in Neurosciences August 1989 12 8 287 91 PMID 2475946 doi 10 1016 0166 2236 89 90008 8 FOXP2 and the neuroanatomy of speech and language PDF Nature Reviews Neuroscience February 2005 6 2 131 8 2022 05 02 PMID 15685218 doi 10 1038 nrn1605 原始内容 PDF 存档于2020 03 09 The distinct and overlapping phenotypic spectra of FOXP1 and FOXP2 in cognitive disorders Human Genetics November 2012 131 11 1687 98 PMC 3470686 nbsp PMID 22736078 doi 10 1007 s00439 012 1193 z Evo devo deep homology and FoxP2 implications for the evolution of speech and language Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences July 2011 366 1574 2124 40 PMC 3130369 nbsp PMID 21690130 doi 10 1098 rstb 2011 0001 28 0 28 1 28 2 28 3 Children with developmental coordination disorders Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine April 2007 100 4 182 6 PMC 1847727 nbsp PMID 17404341 doi 10 1177 014107680710011414 Motor problems in children with ADHD receive too little attention in clinical practice Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2011 155 50 A3559 PMID 22186361 荷兰语 30 0 30 1 30 2 30 3 30 4 30 5 Why bother about clumsiness The implications of having developmental coordination disorder DCD Neural Plasticity 2003 10 1 2 59 68 PMC 2565425 nbsp PMID 14640308 doi 10 1155 NP 2003 59 无效 subscription free 帮助 Lucas Barbara R Doney Robyn Latimer Jane Watkins Rochelle E Tsang Tracey W Hawkes Genevieve Fitzpatrick James P Oscar June Carter Maureen Impairment of motor skills in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in remote Australia The Lililwan Project Drug and Alcohol Review Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs 2016 35 6 719 727 10 December 2021 PMID 26879822 doi 10 1111 dar 12375 原始内容存档于2021 12 10 Dyspraxia in autism association with motor social and communicative deficits Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology October 2007 49 10 734 9 PMID 17880641 doi 10 1111 j 1469 8749 2007 00734 x 无效 subscription free 帮助 The neurology of autism spectrum disorders Current Opinion in Neurology April 2011 24 2 132 9 PMC 3160764 nbsp PMID 21293268 doi 10 1097 WCO 0b013e3283446450 Meta review of systematic and meta analytic reviews on movement differences effect of movement based interventions and the underlying neural mechanisms in autism spectrum disorder Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 2013 7 16 PMC 3607787 nbsp PMID 23532374 doi 10 3389 fnint 2013 00016 无效 subscription free 帮助 Mathematical problems in children with developmental coordination disorder Research in Developmental Disabilities 2012 33 4 1128 35 PMID 22502838 doi 10 1016 j ridd 2012 02 007 SOS a screening instrument to identify children with handwriting impairments Physical amp Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics August 2012 32 3 306 19 2022 05 02 PMID 22515913 doi 10 3109 01942638 2012 678971 原始内容存档于2022 05 02 Pickering Susan J Gathercole https web archive org web 20200801035725 https books google com books id IoXidOBdNpMC amp pg PA29 archive url 缺少标题 帮助 Packiam Alloway Susan E 编 Working Memory and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Psychology Press 2012 2022 05 02 ISBN 978 1 135 42134 2 原始内容存档于2020 08 01 引文使用过时参数coauthors 帮助 Michele Poletti Disturbo di Sviluppo della Coordinazione Motoria e Sindrome Non Verbale esistono aree di sovrapposizione clinica Psicologia Clinica Dello Sviluppo 2011 3 525 550 doi 10 1449 35886 Sensory integration and activities of daily living in children with developmental coordination disorder Italian Journal of Pediatrics April 2012 38 1 14 PMC 3395584 nbsp PMID 22546072 doi 10 1186 1824 7288 38 14 40 0 40 1 Working memory and learning in children with developmental coordination disorder and specific language impairment Journal of Learning Disabilities 2008 41 3 251 62 Bibcode 10 1 1 541 7017 请检查 bibcode 值 帮助 PMID 18434291 doi 10 1177 0022219408315815 Perceptual skills of children with developmental coordination disorder PDF Human Movement Science March 2001 20 1 2 111 33 2013 12 29 PMID 11471393 doi 10 1016 s0167 9457 01 00031 8 原始内容 PDF 存档于2013 12 30 Barkley Russell A Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a handbook for diagnosis and treatment New York Guilford Press 1990 ISBN 978 0 89862 443 4 OCLC 21335369 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and developmental coordination disorder Two separate disorders or do they share a common etiology Behavioural Brain Research 2015 07 10 292 484 492 PMID 26168770 doi 10 1016 j bbr 2015 07 009 Tourette syndrome and other neurodevelopmental disorders a comprehensive review Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2017 12 04 11 59 PMC 5715991 nbsp PMID 29225671 doi 10 1186 s13034 017 0196 x Concept evolution in sensory integration a proposed nosology for diagnosis PDF The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2007 61 2 135 40 PMID 17436834 doi 10 5014 ajot 61 2 135 原始内容 PDF 存档于2012 10 24 Fitts Diana Explaining Motor Dyspraxia in Children and Ways to Address It The Sensory Toolbox 2019 03 25 2019 11 02 原始内容存档于2021 01 15 美国英语 Working memory reading and mathematical skills in children with developmental coordination disorder PDF Journal of Experimental Child Psychology January 2007 96 1 20 36 2022 05 02 PMID 17010988 doi 10 1016 j jecp 2006 07 002 原始内容 PDF 存档于2021 07 14 A Comparison of Working Memory Profiles and Learning in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder and Moderate Learning Difficulties Applied Cognitive Psychology 2007 21 4 473 487 doi 10 1002 acp 1284 49 0 49 1 Quality of life domains affected in children with developmental coordination disorder a systematic review Child Care Health and Development 2012 04 20 39 4 562 580 PMID 22515477 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2214 2012 01379 x 无效 subscription free 帮助 50 0 50 1 50 2 50 3 50 4 50 5 50 6 50 7 Movement skill assessment of typically developing preschool children a review of seven movement skill assessment tools Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine June 2009 8 2 154 68 PMC 3761481 nbsp PMID 24149522 A two step procedure for the identification of children with developmental co ordination disorder in Singapore Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology December 1996 38 12 1099 105 PMID 8973295 doi 10 1111 j 1469 8749 1996 tb15073 x Can the movement assessment battery for children test be the gold standard for the motor assessment of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder Research in Developmental Disabilities 2011 32 1 1 10 PMID 20940096 doi 10 1016 j ridd 2010 09 006 Reliability and validity of age band 1 of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children second edition Research in Developmental Disabilities 2011 32 3 1046 51 PMID 21333488 doi 10 1016 j ridd 2011 01 035 Validity and reliability of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2 Checklist for children with and without motor impairments Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology April 2012 54 4 368 75 PMID 22320829 doi 10 1111 j 1469 8749 2012 04226 x 无效 subscription free 帮助 Use of the Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency for identifying children with motor impairment Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology November 2007 49 11 846 8 PMID 17979863 doi 10 1111 j 1469 8749 2007 00846 x 无效 subscription free 帮助 Motor assessment of preschool aged children A preliminary investigation of the validity of the Bruininks Oseretsky test of motor proficiency short form Human Movement Science August 2009 28 4 543 50 2022 05 02 PMID 19443065 doi 10 1016 j humov 2009 03 002 原始内容存档于2022 05 02 The Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Short Form is reliable in children living in remote Australian Aboriginal communities BMC Pediatrics September 2013 13 135 PMC 3844452 nbsp PMID 24010634 doi 10 1186 1471 2431 13 135 引文格式1维护 显示 作者 link The Motor Proficiency Test for children between 4 and 6 years of age MOT 4 6 an investigation of its suitability in Greece Research in Developmental Disabilities 2012 33 5 1626 32 PMID 22543059 doi 10 1016 j ridd 2012 04 002 引文格式1维护 显示 作者 link Evaluation of the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire as a screening instrument Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology August 2006 48 8 668 73 PMID 16836779 doi 10 1017 S001216220600140X French Canadian cross cultural adaptation of the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire 07 DCDQ FC Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy December 2011 78 5 318 27 PMID 22338299 doi 10 2182 cjot 2011 78 5 7 Lin Chung Ying 编 Psychometric assessment of the French European Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire DCDQ FE PLOS ONE 2019 05 23 14 5 e0217280 Bibcode 2019PLoSO 1417280R PMC 6532915 nbsp PMID 31120966 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0217280 无效 subscription free 帮助 Evaluation of a screening instrument for developmental coordination disorder The Journal of Adolescent Health April 2004 34 4 308 13 PMID 15041000 doi 10 1016 j jadohealth 2003 07 004 Kirby Amanda Davies Rhys Bryant Amy Do teachers know more about specific learning difficulties than general practitioners British Journal of Special Education 2005 32 3 122 126 ISSN 0952 3383 doi 10 1111 j 0952 3383 2005 00384 x American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition DSM 5 Arlington VA American Psychiatric Publishing 2013 74 77 ISBN 978 0 89042 559 6 doi 10 1176 appi books 9780890425596 Diagnosis and management of developmental coordination disorder CMAJ June 2015 187 9 659 665 PMC 4467929 nbsp PMID 26009588 doi 10 1503 cmaj 140994 Dyspraxia developmental co ordination disorder in adults 2017 10 18 2022 05 02 原始内容存档于2022 07 06 Miyahara Motohide Hillier Susan L Pridham Liz Nakagawa Shinichi Task oriented interventions for children with developmental co ordination disorder The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 31 July 2017 7 8 CD010914 ISSN 1469 493X PMC 6483344 nbsp PMID 28758189 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD010914 pub2 Educational outreach and collaborative care enhances physician s perceived knowledge about Developmental Coordination Disorder BMC Health Services Research January 2008 8 21 PMC 2254381 nbsp PMID 18218082 doi 10 1186 1472 6963 8 21 Types of sensory integrative dysfunction among disabled learners The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1972 26 1 13 8 PMID 5008164 70 0 70 1 Motor problems in children with developmental coordination disorder review of the literature PDF The American Journal of Occupational Therapy September 1995 49 8 787 94 PMID 8526224 doi 10 5014 ajot 49 8 787 The management of developmental apraxia Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology October 1978 20 5 643 6 PMID 729912 doi 10 1111 j 1469 8749 1978 tb15283 x Gerken Tom Doctor Who How the dyspraxic assistant became my hero BBC News BBC 2018 10 08 16 October 2018 原始内容存档于2019 04 06 Irvine Chris Harry Potter s Daniel Radcliffe has dyspraxia The Daily Telegraph London 2008 08 17 2010 05 16 原始内容存档于2008 08 21 Walsh John David Bailey was a scowling socially mobile rude boy The Independent 2 January 2016 2022 05 02 原始内容存档于2019 10 17 Haskell Rob Cara Delevingne Opens Up About Her Childhood Love Life and Why Modeling Just Isn t Enough Vogue 19 June 2015 14 September 2015 原始内容存档于2016 11 24 Hussey Patrick Interview Florence amp The Machine Run Riot 15 May 2008 7 March 2010 原始内容存档于2012 04 22 Irvine Chris I d love to wear eyeliner but that requires a steady hand Labour MP Emma Lewell Buck struggled with clumsiness until a diagnosis of dyspraxia helped her become a politician The Daily Telegraph London 2013 09 28 2013 09 28 原始内容存档于2022 01 12 Beater Emily Studying with dyspraxia I never truly understood an academic text The Guardian 5 March 2019 2022 05 02 原始内容存档于2022 05 02 通过www theguardian com Hennessy Jason Ellis Genge Was The Talk Of Television Last Night Following This Incredible Interview 6 September 2018 2022 05 02 原始内容存档于2018 11 28 The big picture How Will Poulter shook off the tough tearaway tag to The Independent 2013 08 25 2019 03 25 原始内容存档于2019 03 25 英语 Mel B opens up about her ADHD ADD and dyspraxia but what are they uk style yahoo com 2021 04 11 原始内容存档于2021 06 18 英国英语 Olive Gray Dyspraxic Actor Musician and Poet by The Dyspraxic Help 4U Podcast Anchor 2021 10 23 原始内容存档于2022 04 15 英语 Smale Holly HolSmale Just got my results through I m officially dyspraxic Which comes as no surprise to anyone who has ever met me but may stop me beating myself up for beating myself up 推文 June 29 2021 June 6 2021 通过Twitter 英语 Bain John Sorry diagnosed dyspraxic with a step son who as you probably know has adhd and aspergers This is a topic I care deeply about Twitter 22 May 2020 原始内容存档于2022 05 02 Toyah Willcox Life Story Punk Princess Longevity amp Success Dyspraxic Star by The Dyspraxic Help 4U Podcast Anchor 2021 10 23 原始内容存档于2021 10 26 英语 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 發展協調障礙 amp oldid 76399399, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

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