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泥炭沼地

一月 30, 2023

泥炭沼地即高沼地，是在温带草原，热带稀树草原，灌木地，山地草原和灌木丛生物群落的山地地区发现的一种栖息地，其特征是在酸性土壤上生长的植物。如今，高沼地通常是指未经耕种的丘陵土地（例如英格兰达特穆尔），但也有低洼的湿地（例如和前者都在英格兰西南部的萨默塞特郡的塞奇高沼（英语：Sedgemoor））。它与石楠荒原息息相关，尽管专家们在精确区分这两种植被方面存在分歧。通常，海拔和降雨量较高的地方叫高沼地，而石楠沼泽是更可能由人类活动(人为石楠荒原)产生的较低地带的那种。[1]高沼地主要在热带非洲，北欧和西欧以及新热带界。世界上大多数的高沼地都是非常多样化的生态系统。在热带大草原上广泛分布的高沼地，生物多样性可能非常高。沼地还与苔原（地下土壤是多年冻土或永久冻结的土壤）有关系，体现为苔原和天然树木地带。苔原和之间的边界随着气候变化而不断变化。

威尔士荒地（英语：Desert_of_Wales）中广阔的高沼地

石楠高沼

 
北约克郡沼泽地带的石楠沼泽，主要由帚石楠组成

石楠荒地和荒地是不列颠群岛最广泛的半自然植被地貌。不列颠东部的荒原与石楠荒原相似，但有泥炭覆盖。在西部沼泽上，泥炭层可能厚几米。

苏格兰语的“muirs”通常是指石楠沼泽，但也泛泛的包含草，羊胡子草，苔藓，蕨类和灌木丛（如岩高兰），而长着泥炭藓的更湿的沼泽地上的草藓算入酸沼这类当中。[1] 关于人类活动造成多少尚不确定。奥利弗·拉克汉姆写道，花粉分析表明，某些荒原（例如在苏格兰的岛屿或苏格兰最北部）显然是自然的，从未有过树木[2]而奔宁山脉的许多荒原地区则在中石器时代造林。[3]多少森林消失是由气候变化引起的，多少是由人类活动造成的，尚不确定。[1]

生态学特征

在全世界的高沼中，栖息地多种多样。 因土壤和微气候的特色很强，故其中的特有种很常见。比如英格兰的埃克斯摩尔就出产一种在其严酷环境下出现的埃克斯摩尔马。 在欧洲，与高沼相关的动物相里包含红松鸡（英语：Red grouse）、白尾鹞、灰背隼、欧金鸻、白腰杓鹬、云雀、草地鹨、草原石䳭、环颈鸫、黄嘴朱顶雀等鸟类。而别的生物支配了欧洲以外的高沼。因欧洲较冷，故此处高沼难见爬行动物，尽管别处高沼都有许多爬行动物，但欧洲的高沼仅有极北蝰。 青蛙等两栖生物是高沼的象征物。当高沼的地力被畜牧过度透支时，木本植物多会消亡，只剩粗砺、惹人生厌的禾本科植物和蕨类，生物相会大大退化。

 
乞力马扎罗山的高沼

羊会在一部分山丘上繁殖，如苏格兰黑面羊和朗克羊（英语：Lonk (sheep)），只要海拔合适，它们就能在石楠沼泽上大量繁殖。[4]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Rackham, Oliver. The History of the Countryside. Dent. 1986. ISBN 978-1-84212-440-6. 
  2. ^ Birks and Madsen(1979).Journal of Ecology,67.
  3. ^ Turner and Hodgson(1979).Journal of Ecology,67.
  4. ^ Camilla Bonn (1998). 'That Jack Cunningham wants half of us out of farming', in Country Life, 15 January 1998, pp. 28–35.
  5. ^ McDermot, Edward T. The History of the Forest of Exmoor. David and Charles. 1973 [1911]. 
  6. ^ Gimingham, C. H. Ecology of heathlands . London: Chapman & Hall. 1972. ISBN 978-1-5041-2639-7. 
  7. ^ Buchanan, G. M.; Pearce-Higgins, J. W.; Douglas, D. J.T.; Grant, M. C. Quantifying the importance of multi-scale management and environmental variables on moorland bird abundance. Ibis. 2017, 159 (4): 744–756. doi:10.1111/ibi.12488. 
  8. ^ Norton Anthology of English Literature; Romantic Literature.
  9. ^ Moorland. BBC Nature. BBC. October 2014 [3 April 2015]. （原始内容于2018-09-01）. Moorlands are upland areas with acidic, low-nutrient and often water-logged soils. In their cold, windy and wet conditions colourful heather plants dominate, growing on the deep peaty layers. These seas of pinks and purples are a haven for many small mammals and insects, but fewer reptiles than on lowland heaths. British moorland may look like wilderness, but it is actually a man-made and highly managed landscape, with regular burning to allow new heather growth. Some 10–15% of the world's moorland is found in the UK, mainly in the north and west of the country. 
  10. ^ Luteyn, James L. Páramo Ecosystem. Páramos: A Checklist of Plant Diversity, Geographical Distribution, and Botanical Literature. Missouri Botanical Garden. 1999 [2020-07-22]. （原始内容于2021-04-15）. (The Páramo Ecosystem) It is concentrated in the northwest corner of South America, mostly in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. 

一月 30, 2023
泥炭沼地, 此條目目前正依照en, moorland上的内容进行翻译, 2020年7月22日, 如果您擅长翻译, 並清楚本條目的領域, 欢迎协助翻譯, 改善或校对本條目, 此外, 长期闲置, 未翻譯或影響閱讀的内容可能会被移除, 即高沼地, 是在温带草原, 热带稀树草原, 灌木地, 山地草原和灌木丛生物群落的山地地区发现的一种栖息地, 其特征是在酸性土壤上生长的植物, 如今, 高沼地通常是指未经耕种的丘陵土地, 例如英格兰达特穆尔, 但也有低洼的湿地, 例如和前者都在英格兰西南部的萨默塞特郡的塞奇高沼, 英语, s. 此條目目前正依照en moorland上的内容进行翻译 2020年7月22日 如果您擅长翻译 並清楚本條目的領域 欢迎协助翻譯 改善或校对本條目 此外 长期闲置 未翻譯或影響閱讀的内容可能会被移除 泥炭沼地即高沼地 是在温带草原 热带稀树草原 灌木地 山地草原和灌木丛生物群落的山地地区发现的一种栖息地 其特征是在酸性土壤上生长的植物 如今 高沼地通常是指未经耕种的丘陵土地 例如英格兰达特穆尔 但也有低洼的湿地 例如和前者都在英格兰西南部的萨默塞特郡的塞奇高沼 英语 Sedgemoor 它与石楠荒原息息相关 尽管专家们在精确区分这两种植被方面存在分歧 通常 海拔和降雨量较高的地方叫高沼地 而石楠沼泽是更可能由人类活动 人为石楠荒原 产生的较低地带的那种 1 高沼地主要在热带非洲 北欧和西欧以及新热带界 世界上大多数的高沼地都是非常多样化的生态系统 在热带大草原上广泛分布的高沼地 生物多样性可能非常高 沼地还与苔原 地下土壤是多年冻土或永久冻结的土壤 有关系 体现为苔原和天然树木地带 苔原和之间的边界随着气候变化而不断变化 威尔士荒地 英语 Desert of Wales 中广阔的高沼地 目录 1 石楠高沼 2 生态学特征 3 管理 4 文学作品中的高沼 5 有名的高沼 5 1 非洲 5 1 1 刚果民主共和国 5 1 2 埃塞俄比亚 5 1 3 肯尼亚 5 1 4 卢旺达 5 1 5 苏丹 5 1 6 坦桑尼亚 5 1 7 乌干达 5 2 欧洲 5 2 1 奥地利 5 2 2 比利时 5 2 3 德国 5 2 4 联合王国 5 3 南美 5 3 1 阿根廷 5 3 2 智利 5 3 3 哥伦比亚 6 参见 7 参考文献石楠高沼 编辑 北约克郡沼泽地带的石楠沼泽 主要由帚石楠组成 石楠荒地和荒地是不列颠群岛最广泛的半自然植被地貌 不列颠东部的荒原与石楠荒原相似 但有泥炭覆盖 在西部沼泽上 泥炭层可能厚几米 苏格兰语的 muirs 通常是指石楠沼泽 但也泛泛的包含草 羊胡子草 苔藓 蕨类和灌木丛 如岩高兰 而长着泥炭藓的更湿的沼泽地上的草藓算入酸沼这类当中 1 关于人类活动造成多少尚不确定 奥利弗 拉克汉姆写道 花粉分析表明 某些荒原 例如在苏格兰的岛屿或苏格兰最北部 显然是自然的 从未有过树木 2 而奔宁山脉的许多荒原地区则在中石器时代造林 3 多少森林消失是由气候变化引起的 多少是由人类活动造成的 尚不确定 1 生态学特征 编辑在全世界的高沼中 栖息地多种多样 因土壤和微气候的特色很强 故其中的特有种很常见 比如英格兰的埃克斯摩尔就出产一种在其严酷环境下出现的埃克斯摩尔马 在欧洲 与高沼相关的动物相里包含红松鸡 英语 Red grouse 白尾鹞 灰背隼 欧金鸻 白腰杓鹬 云雀 草地鹨 草原石䳭 环颈鸫 黄嘴朱顶雀等鸟类 而别的生物支配了欧洲以外的高沼 因欧洲较冷 故此处高沼难见爬行动物 尽管别处高沼都有许多爬行动物 但欧洲的高沼仅有极北蝰 青蛙等两栖生物是高沼的象征物 当高沼的地力被畜牧过度透支时 木本植物多会消亡 只剩粗砺 惹人生厌的禾本科植物和蕨类 生物相会大大退化 乞力马扎罗山的高沼 羊会在一部分山丘上繁殖 如苏格兰黑面羊和朗克羊 英语 Lonk sheep 只要海拔合适 它们就能在石楠沼泽上大量繁殖 4 已隱藏部分未翻譯内容 歡迎參與翻譯 管理 编辑 Burning of moorland has been practised for a number of reasons For example when grazing is insufficient to control growth This is recorded in Britain in the fourteenth century 5 Uncontrolled burning frequently caused and causes problems and was forbidden by statute in 1607 來源請求 With the rise of sheep and grouse management in the nineteenth century it again became common practice Heather is burnt at about 10 or 12 years old when it will regenerate easily Left longer the woodier stems will burn more aggressively and will hinder regrowth Burning of moorland vegetation needs to be very carefully controlled as the peat itself can catch fire and this can be difficult if not impossible to extinguish In addition uncontrolled burning of heather can promote alternative bracken and rough grass growth which ultimately produces poorer grazing 6 As a result burning is now a controversial practice Rackham calls it second best land management 1 Mechanical cutting of the heather has been used in Europe but it is important for the material to be removed to avoid smothering regrowth If heather and other vegetation are left for too long a large volume of dry and combustible material builds up This may result in a wildfire burning out a large area although it has been found that heather seeds germinate better if subject to the brief heat of controlled burning 來源請求 In terms of managing moorlands for wildlife in the UK vegetation characteristics are important for passerine abundance whilst predator control benefits red grouse golden plover and curlew abundances To benefit multiple species many management options are required However management needs to be carried out in locations that are also suitable for species in terms of physical characteristics such as topography climate and soil 7 文学作品中的高沼 编辑 Dartmoor in winter covered in snow Several tors top the sparsely vegetated hills The development of a sensitivity to nature and one s physical surroundings grew with the rise of interest in landscape painting and particularly the works of artists that favoured wide and deep prospects and rugged scenery 8 To the English Romantic imagination moorlands fitted this image perfectly enhancing the emotional impact of the story by placing it within a heightened and evocative landscape Moorland forms the setting of various works of late Romantic English literature ranging from the Yorkshire moorland in Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights and The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett to Dartmoor in Arthur Conan Doyle s Holmesian mystery The Hound of the Baskervilles Enid Blyton s Famous Five series featured the young protagonists adventuring across various moorlands where they confronted criminals or other individuals of interest Such a setting enhanced the plot as the drama unfolded away from the functioning world where the children could solve their own problems and face greater danger Moorland in the Forest of Bowland in Lancashire is the setting for Walter Bennett s The Pendle Witches the true story of some of England s most infamous witch trials In Erin Hunter s Warriors series one of the four Clans WindClan lives in the moorland alone Michael Jecks author of Knights Templar Mysteries sets his books in and around Dartmoor England Paul Kingsnorth s Beast is also set on a western English moor using the barren landscape and fields of heather to communicate themes of timelessness and distance from civilization 有名的高沼 编辑 非洲 编辑 刚果民主共和国 编辑 Ruwenzori Virunga montane moorlands埃塞俄比亚 编辑 Ethiopian montane moorlands肯尼亚 编辑 East African montane moorlands Mount Kenya卢旺达 编辑 Ruwenzori Virunga montane moorlands苏丹 编辑 East African montane moorlands Ethiopian montane moorlands坦桑尼亚 编辑 East African montane moorlands Kilimanjaro Mount Meru乌干达 编辑 East African montane moorlands欧洲 编辑 奥地利 编辑 Tanner Moor Langsee Moor Moorbad Gmos比利时 编辑 Weisser Stein Eifel 德国 编辑 Grosses Torfmoor High Fens Hucker Moor Oppenwehe Moor Worringer Bruch联合王国 编辑 The United Kingdom is home to an estimated 10 15 of the world s moors 9 Notable areas of upland moorland in Britain include the Lake District the Pennines including the Dark Peak and Forest of Bowland Mid Wales the Southern Uplands of Scotland the Scottish Highlands and a few very small pockets in western Herefordshire Oswaldtwistle Moor part of the West Pennine Moors in Lancashire UK Bleaklow Dark Peak Bodmin Moor Cornwall Black Mountains Wales Brecon Beacons Wales Dartmoor Devon Exmoor West Somerset amp North Devon Forest of Bowland Lancashire Hexhamshire Moors Northumberland and County Durham North York Moors North Yorkshire Migneint Gwynedd Mynydd Hiraethog Denbighshire and Conwy Penwith Cornwall Rannoch Moor Highlands Scotland Rombalds Moor including Ilkley Moor West Yorkshire Rossendale Valley Lancashire Saddleworth Moor Greater Manchester Shropshire Hills small pockets of moorland such as the Long Mynd West Pennine Moors including Oswaldtwistle Moor Haslingden Moor Rivington Moor and Darwen Moor in Lancashire Ythan Estuary complex Aberdeenshire Scotland largest coastal moorland in the United Kingdom known for high biodiversity Drumossie Moor often called Culloden Moor the site of the Battle of Culloden南美 编辑 阿根廷 编辑 Magellanic moorland智利 编辑 Magellanic moorland哥伦比亚 编辑 Colombia is one of only three countries in the world to be home to paramo tropical moorland and more than 60 of the paramo regions are found on its soil 10 Sumapaz Paramo Bogota Chingaza National Natural Park Cundinamarca department Oceta Paramo Boyaca Department Iguaque Boyaca Department Purace Cauca Department Paramo de Santurban 西班牙语 Santander Department参见 编辑 Wetlands主题 Fen Paramo参考文献 编辑 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 Rackham Oliver The History of the Countryside Dent 1986 ISBN 978 1 84212 440 6 Birks and Madsen 1979 Journal of Ecology 67 Turner and Hodgson 1979 Journal of Ecology 67 Camilla Bonn 1998 That Jack Cunningham wants half of us out of farming in Country Life 15 January 1998 pp 28 35 McDermot Edward T The History of the Forest of Exmoor David and Charles 1973 1911 Gimingham C H Ecology of heathlands London Chapman amp Hall 1972 ISBN 978 1 5041 2639 7 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 link Buchanan G M Pearce Higgins J W Douglas D J T Grant M C Quantifying the importance of multi scale management and environmental variables on moorland bird abundance Ibis 2017 159 4 744 756 doi 10 1111 ibi 12488 Norton Anthology of English Literature Romantic Literature Moorland BBC Nature BBC October 2014 3 April 2015 原始内容存档于2018 09 01 Moorlands are upland areas with acidic low nutrient and often water logged soils In their cold windy and wet conditions colourful heather plants dominate growing on the deep peaty layers These seas of pinks and purples are a haven for many small mammals and insects but fewer reptiles than on lowland heaths British moorland may look like wilderness but it is actually a man made and highly managed landscape with regular burning to allow new heather growth Some 10 15 of the world s moorland is found in the UK mainly in the north and west of the country Luteyn James L Paramo Ecosystem Paramos A Checklist of Plant Diversity Geographical Distribution and Botanical Literature Missouri Botanical Garden 1999 2020 07 22 原始内容存档于2021 04 15 The Paramo Ecosystem It is concentrated in the northwest corner of South America mostly in Venezuela Colombia and Ecuador 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 泥炭沼地 amp oldid 73605354, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

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