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维基百科

念珠菌属

念珠菌屬學名Candida)是酵母中的一,这一属中的许多物种是动物宿主里面的寄生物,人类自然也是它们的宿主之一。虽然通常它们都是以共生体的形式与宿主和平共处,但某些假丝酵母可能会导致疾病。临床上发现,假丝酵母中最常见的是白色念珠菌,它们通常会感染人类和其它动物,导致出现鹅口疮(又叫念珠菌病),尤其在免疫力低下的病人身上发生[1]。许多假丝酵母的成员都是动物肠道中常见的菌种,包括存在于哺乳动物宿主身上的白色念珠菌,而其它的则是在昆虫体内共生[2][3]。通常这一属中的菌种也叫做念珠菌,例如白色念珠菌、热带念珠菌等。

念珠菌屬
顯微鏡下放大200倍的白色念珠菌
科学分类
界: 真菌界 Fungi
门: 子囊菌门 Ascomycota
纲: 酵母菌綱 Saccharomycetes
目: 酵母菌目 Saccharomycetales
科: 酵母菌科 Saccharomycetaceae
属: 念珠菌屬 Candida
Berkh.英语Christine Marie Berkhout, 1923

见正文

过去十年里,由于免疫力低下的病患数量增加,同时因为这类病患身上的机会感染主要是由假丝酵母属菌种导致的,因此我们已经看到有针对性地药物治疗变得越来越重要[4]。于此同时,假丝酵母属中的某些品种已经完成了测序,因此我们有机会得以借助后基因时代的方法,来仔细研究它们的一些生物学特征。通过这种研究(包括致病性的假丝酵母以及相关的其它酵母品种),我们已经得到一些知识使得我们可以创造革命性的抗真菌治疗方法,独创性的特异免疫干涉疗法,以及真菌感染的高灵敏度诊断方法[4]。有些另类医学的实践者认为,假丝酵母的过度繁殖可以导致从疲劳到增重的许多健康问题,然而并没有任何证据可以支持这种理论,因此绝大多数医生不相信这种说法[5][6]

南极假丝酵母是一种工业脂肪分解酶的来源。

实验室特征

在实验室中培养发现,假丝酵母在琼脂平板上呈现出大片圆形的白色或奶油色的菌落[7]。白色念珠菌就是得名于拉丁文的“白色的”(albicans)。

临床特征

许多假丝酵母属品种都是表皮感染的病原,例如鹅口疮,以及阴道念珠菌感染。对于健康的个体,这种感染可以通过抗真菌治疗而治愈。然而对于免疫低下的病人来说,长期深层的酵母感染可能会导致致命的后果。对于艾滋病病人,在重症监护病房中的病人,接受化疗的癌症患者,以及已接受器官移植的病人等疫力低下的人来说,假丝酵母也是多种致命的机会感染病原体[4]。其它常见的假丝酵母感染还包括由于佩戴丙烯酸假牙而导致的口腔念珠菌感染,这在佩戴假牙的老年人中尤其常见[8]。此外使用抗胃酸药物也可能导致肠胃中大片白色念珠菌菌落的出现,而这可能会妨碍辅酶Q10的吸收[9]

在假丝酵母属当中,白色念珠菌是人类肠胃中常见的组成菌落之一,也是皮肤及泌尿生殖系统中的其中一种共生菌种。它是导致大部分念珠菌血液感染的罪魁祸首,然而,最近由光滑念珠菌导致的感染却在不断增加,这可能是由于它对常用于抗真菌治疗的药物氮唑不敏感而导致的。其它医学上比较重要的品种包括近平滑假丝酵母、热带假丝酵母以及都柏林假丝酵母[4]

其它的品种,例如橄榄假丝酵母在水果上用于生物控制[10]

其它

另类医学的实践者用Candida(假丝酵母或者叫念珠菌)这个词来指代大量病症的综合现象,包括肠胃不适、皮疹、牙龈肿痛以及其它疑难杂症。他们还认为,从具体至花粉过敏到模糊至脑力疲劳,甚至到增重或胃胀不适都是念珠菌引起的。这些症状统统被替代疗法实践者贴上“肠道念珠菌过度增生”的标签,甚至声称这将导致这些酵母会通过血液扩散到全身。

在替代疗法中,用来描述各种综合症状所用的念珠菌这个词,其实和临床医学中所指的特定致病真菌并没有任何关系,这会导致病人被误导。没有任何的研究能证明肠胃中的念珠菌会导致上述疾病 [5][6]

为了治疗这种所谓的念珠菌感染,替代疗法实践者通常会建议避免使用抗生素,避免女性生育的药物控制,以及避免食用含糖量高,或者含有酵母的食品,同时采取措施消除身体中过多的酵母。然而,并没有任何证据能证明这种治疗方式能够治疗肠胃念珠菌感染,或者治愈按照他们的理论能够治愈的病症[5][6][11][12]

種類

在念珠菌屬中最常見的種類為白色念珠菌,為人類常見的正常菌叢,常棲於表皮、腸胃道,及泌尿道表面。當免疫系統缺陷時,大量念珠菌可能進入到血液循環中,此時稱為念珠菌血症(Candidemia)。Yet, there is an increasing incidence of infections caused by C. glabrata英语Candida glabrata and C. rugosa, which could be because they are frequently less susceptible to the currently used azole英语azole antifungals.[13]Other medically important species include C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. dubliniensis.[4]

其他Candida 菌种,如C. oleophila英语Candida oleophila 已在水果上用作生物防治剂。[10]

  • Candida adriatica Čadež, Cardinali, Ciafardini & G. Péter
  • Candida aechmeae Landell & P. Valente
  • Candida africana H.-J. Tietz, Hopp, Schmalreck, Sterry & Czaika
  • Candida akabanensis Nakase, M. Suzuki, M. Takash., Rosadi, Hermosillo & Komag.
  • Candida alai S.O. Suh, N.H. Nguyen & M. Blackw.
  • 白色念珠菌 Candida albicans (C.P. Robin) Berkhout,白色假丝酵母,白假丝酵母,白念珠菌
  • Candida allociferrii Ueda-Nishim. & Mikata
  • Candida amphicis S.O. Suh, N.H. Nguyen & M. Blackw.
  • 暗牧菲克假丝酵母 Candida amphixiae
  • Candida anglica Kurtzman, Robnett & Yarrow
  • 南极假丝酵母 Candida antarctica
  • Candida aquae-textoris Vallini, Frassinetti & Scorzetti
  • Candida arabinofermentans Kurtzman & Dien
  • Candida arcana S.O. Suh & M. Blackw.
  • 耐银假丝酵母 Candida argentea S.L. Holland, S.V. Avery & P.S. Dyer
  • 艾斯卡乐菲假丝酵母 Candida ascalaphidarum N.H. Nguyen, S.O. Suh & M. Blackw.
  • Candida asparagi F.Y. Bai & H.Z. Lu
  • 大西洋假丝酵母 Candida atlantica (Siepmann) S.A. Mey. & Simione
  • 大气假丝酵母 Candida atmosphaerica Santa María
  • Candida aurita A.V. Polyak. & Chernov
  • Candida bambusicola Nakase, Jindam., Am-in & Limtong
  • Candida bentonensis Kurtzman
  • Candida berkhoutiae Nakase, Jindam., Am-in, C.F. Lee & Limtong
  • Candida bertae C. Ramírez & A.E. González
  • Candida berthetii Boidin, Pignal, Mermiér & Arpin
  • Candida blackwelliae F.Y. Bai & Z.H. Ji
  • Candida blankii H.R. Buckley & Uden
  • 蟑螂假丝酵母 Candida blattae N.H. Nguyen, S.O. Suh & M. Blackw.
  • Candida blattariae S.O. Suh, N.H. Nguyen & M. Blackw.
  • Candida bohioensis S.O. Suh, N.H. Nguyen & M. Blackw.
  • 博伊丁假丝酵母 Candida boidinii C. Ramírez
  • Candida boleticola Nakase
  • Candida bombicola (J.F.T. Spencer, Gorin & A.P. Tulloch) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • Candida bracarensis A. Correia, P. Samp., S.A. James & C. Pais
  • Candida broadrunensis S.O. Suh & J.J. Zhou
  • 凤梨假丝酵母 Candida bromeliacearum Ruivo, Pagnocca, Lachance & C.A. Rosa
  • Candida buenavistaensis S.O. Suh, N.H. Nguyen & M. Blackw.
  • Candida buinensis Soneda & S. Uchida
  • Candida californica (Mrak & McClung ex K.W. Anderson & C.E. Skinner) F.Y. Bai, Z.W. Wu & V. Robert
  • 嗜果实假丝酵母 Candida carpophila
  • 卡瓦哈尔假丝酵母 Candida carvajalis S.A. James, E.J. Carvajal, C.J. Bond, K. Cross, N.C. Núñez, Portero & I.N. Roberts[14]
  • Candida caryicola Kurtzman
  • Candida caseinolytica Phaff, Starmer, Lachance & Ganter
  • Candida castellii (Capr.) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • 链状假丝酵母 Candida catenulata
  • Candida cellulolytica Nakase, M. Suzuki, M. Takash., Hamam., Hatano & Kukui
  • 天牛假丝酵母 Candida cerambycidarum S.O. Suh, N.H. Nguyen & M. Blackw.
  • Candida cetoniae Gouliam., R.A. Dimitrov, M.T. Sm., M. Groenew. & Boekhout
  • 果生假丝酵母 Candida chauliodis N.H. Nguyen, S.O. Suh & M. Blackw.
  • Candida chilensis Grinb. & Yarrow
  • Candida chrysomelidarum N.H. Nguyen, S.O. Suh, Erbil & M. Blackw.
  • 西弗假丝酵母 Candida ciferrii
  • Candida citrica C. Ramírez
  • Candida coleopterorum F.L. Hui, X.J. Liu, Y.C. Ren, L.L. Xu, Z.H. Yi & S.T. Liu
  • 软假丝酵母 Candida colliculosa (Sacc. & D. Sacc.) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • Candida conglobata (Redaelli) Cif.
  • Candida corniculata Kuraishi
  • 延胡索假丝酵母 Candida corydali N.H. Nguyen, S.O. Suh & M. Blackw.
  • 弯假丝酵母 Candida curvata
  • Candida cylindracea Koichi Yamada & Machida ex S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • Candida danieliae M. Groenew., V. Robert & M.T. Sm.
    • 假丝酵母 Candida dattila dattila
  • Candida delhiana Mukerji & M. Khanna
  • Candida dendrica (Van der Walt, Klift & D.B. Scott) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • Candida dendronema Van der Walt, Klift & D.B. Scott
  • Candida derodonti S.O. Suh & M. Blackw.
  • Candida diddensiae (Phaff, Mrak & O.B. Williams) Fell & S.A. Mey.
  • Candida digboiensis G.S. Prasad, Mayilraj, Sood & Ban. Lal
  • Candida diospyri F.Y. Bai & H.Z. Lu
  • 多西假丝酵母 Candida dosseyi N.H. Nguyen, S.O. Suh & M. Blackw.
  • 克鲁斯假丝酵母 Candida drusei
  • 杜氏假丝酵母 Candida dubliniensis D.J. Sullivan, Western., K.A. Haynes, Dés.E. Benn. & D.C. Coleman
  • Candida duobushaemulonis Cend.-Bueno, Kolecka, Alastr.-Izq., Gómez-López, Cuenc.-Estr. & Boekhout
  • Candida ecuadorensis S.A. James
  • Candida endomychidarum S.O. Suh, N.H. Nguyen & M. Blackw.
  • Candida entomophila D.B. Scott, Van der Walt & Klift
  • Candida eppingiae M. Groenew., V. Robert & M.T. Sm.
  • Candida ergatensis
  • Candida ethanolica Rybářová, Štros & Kock.-Krat.
  • Candida ezoensis Nakase, Imanishi, Jindam. & Am-in
  • 无名假丝酵母 Candida famata
  • 发酵假丝酵母 Candida fermentati (Saito) F.Y. Bai
  • Candida flosculorum C.A. Rosa, Pagnocca, Lachance, Ruivo & A.O. Medeiros
  • Candida fluviatilis L.R. Hedrick
  • Candida fragi M. Suzuki, Nakase & Fukaz.
  • Candida fragicola Nakase
  • Candida freyschussii H.R. Buckley & Uden
  • Candida friedrichii Uden & Windisch
  • Candida frijolesensis S.O. Suh, N.H. Nguyen & M. Blackw.
  • 果实假丝酵母 Candida fructus (Nakase) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • Candida fukazawae Nakase, M. Suzuki, Sugita, S.O. Suh & Komag.
  • Candida fungicola Nakase, M. Suzuki, Sugita, S.O. Suh & Komag.
  • Candida gelsemii Lachance
  • Candida germanica Kurtzman, Robnett & Yarrow
  • Candida ghanaensis Kurtzman
  • Candida gigantensis S.O. Suh, N.H. Nguyen & M. Blackw.
  • 光滑念珠菌 Candida glabrata (H.W. Anderson) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow,光滑假丝酵母
  • Candida glaebosa Komag. & Nakase
  • 球形假丝酵母 Candida globosa
  • Candida glucosophila Tokuoka, Ishit., Goto & Komag.
  • Candida golubevii C.A. Rosa, Jindam., Limtong, Nakase, Pagnocca & Lachance
  • Candida gorgasii S.O. Suh, N.H. Nguyen & M. Blackw.
  • 高里念珠菌 Candida guilliermondii,吉利蒙假丝酵母,高里假丝酵母
  • Candida haemuloni (Uden & Kolip.) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • Candida hainanensis F.Y. Bai & S.A. Wang
  • Candida hawaiiana Lachance, J.M. Bowles & Starmer
  • Candida heliconiae Ruivo, Pagnocca, Lachance & C.A. Rosa
  • Candida hellenical = Candida steatolytica
  • Candida heveicola F.Y. Bai & S.A. Wang
  • Candida hispaniensis Kurtzman
  • 霍氏假丝酵母 Candida holmii
  • Candida hyderabadensis R.Sreen. Rao, Bhadra, N.N. Kumar & Shivaji
  • Candida hydrocarbofumarica K. Yamada, T. Furuk. & Nakahara ex Ramirez
  • Candida incommunis Y. Ohara, Nonom. & M. Yamaz.
  • 平常假丝酵母 Candida inconspicua (Lodder & Kreger-van Rij) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • Candida insectalens (D.B. Scott, Van der Walt & Klift) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • 昆虫门假丝酵母 Candida insectamans D.B. Scott, Van der Walt & Klift
  • 昆虫假丝酵母 Candida insectorum D.B. Scott, Van der Walt & Klift
  • 中型假丝酵母 Candida intermedia (Cif. & Ashford) Langeron & Guerra,中间假丝酵母
  • Candida inulinophila Nakase, Jindam., Am-in & Limtong
  • Candida ipomoeae Lachance, C.A. Rosa, Starmer & J.M. Bowles
  • 杰弗里西假丝酵母 Candida jeffriesii N.H. Nguyen, S.O. Suh & M. Blackw.
  • Candida jiufengensis F.Y. Bai & Z.H. Ji
  • Candida kanchanaburiensis Nakase, Jindam., Ninomiya, Imanishi, H. Kawas. & Potach.
  • Candida kantuleensis Nitiyon, Khunnamw., Lertwatt. & Limtong
  • 乳酒假丝酵母 Candida kefyr
  • 煤油假丝酵母 Candida keroseneae Buddie, Bridge, J. Kelley & R.J. Ryan
  • Candida khao-thaluensis J.Z. Groenew., M.T. Sm. & V. Robert
  • 克柔念珠菌 Candida krusei,克鲁斯氏假丝酵母,克柔氏假丝酵母,克柔假丝酵母
  • Candida labiduridarum S.O. Suh, N.H. Nguyen & M. Blackw.
  • 郎比可假丝酵母 Candida lambica
  • Candida leandrae Ruivo, Pagnocca, Lachance & C.A. Rosa
  • Candida lessepsii S.O. Suh, N.H. Nguyen & M. Blackw.
  • Candida linzhiensis F.Y. Bai & Z.W. Wu
  • 解脂假丝酵母 Candida lipolytica
  • Candida lipophila Lachance, C.A. Rosa, Starmer, Schlag-Edl., J.S.F. Barker & J.M. Bowles
  • Candida lodderae Kumbh.
  • Candida lundiana Saks., M. Suzuki, Lumyong, Ohkuma & Chantaw.
  • 葡萄牙假丝酵母 Candida lusitaniae
  • 莱克苏菲拉假丝酵母 Candida lyxosophila Van der Walt, N.P. Ferreira & Steyn
  • Candida magnifica Verona
  • 木兰假丝酵母 Candida magnoliae
  • 麦芽糖假丝酵母 Candida maltosa Komag., Nakase & Katsuya
  • Candida manassasensis S.O. Suh & J.J. Zhou
  • Candida margiti F.L. Hui, X.J. Liu, Y.C. Ren, L.L. Xu, Z.H. Yi & S.T. Liu
  • 海生假丝酵母 Candida marina
  • Candida maris (Uden & Zobell) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • Candida maritima (Siepmann) Uden & H.R. Buckley
  • Candida materiae A.C. Barbosa, R.M. Cadete, F.C.O. Gomes, Lachance & C.A. Rosa
  • 口津假丝酵母 Candida melibiosica H.R. Buckley & Uden
  • 膜醭假丝酵母 Candida membranifaciens (Lodder & Kreger-van Rij) Wick. & Burton,璞膜假丝酵母
  • Candida mengyuniae Jian He & Bo Chen
  • Candida mesenterica (A. Geiger) Diddens & Lodder
  • Candida metapsilosis Tavanti, A. Davidson, Gow, M. Maiden & Odds
  • Candida methanosorbosa (S. Abe & Yokote) J.A. Barnett, R.W. Payne & Yarrow
  • Candida michaelii S.O. Suh, N.H. Nguyen & M. Blackw.
  • Candida middelhoveniana J.R.A. Ribeiro, P.M.B. Carvalho, A.S. Cabral, A. Macrae, Mend.-Hagler, Berbara & Hagler
  • 梅林假丝酵母 Candida milleri
  • 蒙奇假丝酵母 Candida mogii Vidal-Leir.
  • Candida montana Goto & Oguri
  • Candida montrocheri M. Morelet
  • Candida morakotiae Nakase, Jindam., Ninomiya, Imanishi & H. Kawas.
  • Candida multis-gemmis (Buhagiar) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • Candida mycetangii Kurtzman
  • Candida namnaoensis Nakase, Jindam., Am-In, Ninomiya & H. Kawas.
  • Candida nanaspora Saëz & Rodr. Mir.
  • Candida natalensis Van der Walt & Tscheuschner
  • Candida neerlandica Kurtzman, Robnett & Yarrow
  • Candida nemodendra (Van der Walt, Klift & D.B. Scott) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • Candida nitratophila (Shifrine & Phaff) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • Candida nivariensis Alcoba-Flórez, Méndez-Álv., Cano, Guarro, Pérez-Roth & Arévalo
  • Candida nongkhaiensis Nakase, Jindam., Am-in & Limtong
  • Candida nonsorbophila Nakase, Jindam., Am-in, Ninomiya, H. Kawas. & Limtong
  • 挪威假丝酵母 Candida norvegensis
  • Candida norvegica (Reiersöl) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
    • 假丝酵母 Candida norvegica norvegica
  • 橄榄假丝酵母 Candida oleophila
  • Candida odintsovae Babeva, Reshetova, Blagod. & Galimova
  • Candida olivae Nisiotou, Panagou & Nychas
  • Candida onishii Kumbh.
  • Candida orba Starmer, Phaff, Ganter & Lachance
  • 俄勒冈假丝酵母 Candida oregonensis Phaff & Carmo Souza
  • Candida orthopsilosis Tavanti, A. Davidson, Gow, M. Maiden & Odds
  • Candida ovalis Kumam. & M. Yamam.
  • Candida oxycetoniae F.Y. Bai & Z.H. Ji
  • Candida palmioleophila Nakase & Itoh
  • Candida palmyrensis S.O. Suh & J.J. Zhou
  • Candida parablackwelliae F.L. Hui & L.N. Huang
  • Candida parachauliodes F.L. Hui, X.J. Liu, Y.C. Ren, L.L. Xu, Z.H. Yi & S.T. Liu
  • Candida parapolymorpha S.O. Suh & J.J. Zhou
  • 近平滑假丝酵母 Candida parapsilosis (Ashford) Langeron & Talice

近平滑念珠菌 C. parapsilosis

  • 菌膜假丝酵母 Candida pelliculosa
  • Candida peoriensis Kurtzman
  • Candida picachoensis S.O. Suh, C.M. Gibson & M. Blackw.
  • Candida piceae Kurtzman
  • Candida picinguabensis Ruivo, Pagnocca, Lachance & C.A. Rosa
  • Candida pignaliae (F.H. Jacob) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • Candida pimensis S.O. Suh, C.M. Gibson & M. Blackw.
  • Candida pinus (Lodder & Kreger-van Rij) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • Candida plutei S.O. Suh & M. Blackw.
  • Candida ponderosae Kurtzman
  • Candida pseudoaaseri Pfüller, Y. Gräser, M. Erhard & M. Groenew.
  • Candida pseudocylindracea F.Y. Bai & Chen Wang bis
  • Candida pseudofarinosa S. Mallet, S. Weiss, N. Jacques & Casarég.
  • Candida pseudoflosculorum M. Groenew., V. Robert & M.T. Sm.
  • Candida pseudoglaebosa M. Suzuki & Nakase
  • Candida pseudohaemulonii Sugita, M. Takash., Poonwan & Mekha
  • Candida pseudointermedia Nakase, Komag. & Fukaz.
  • Candida pseudojiufengensis F.Y. Bai & Z.H. Ji
  • Candida pseudolambica M.T. Sm. & Poot
  • Candida pseudotumoralis Morquer, E. Puget & Bazex
  • Candida psychrophila (Goto, Sugiy. & Iizuka) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • 铁红假丝酵母 Candida pulcherrima
  • 秦岭假丝酵母 Candida qinlingensis F.Y. Bai & H.Z. Lu
  • Candida quercitrusa S.A. Mey. & Phaff
  • Candida quercuum Nakase
  • Candida railenensis C. Ramírez & A.E. González
  • Candida restingae C.A. Rosa, Lachance, Starmer, J.S.F. Barker, J.M. Bowles & Schlag-Edl.
  • Candida rhizophorensis Fell, M.H. Gut., Statzell & Scorzetti
  • Candida rignihuensis C. Ramírez & A.E. González
  • Candida rishiriensis Nakase, Imanishi, Ninomiya & M. Takash.
  • Candida robnettiae M. Groenew., V. Robert & M.T. Sm.
  • Candida rongomai-pounamu Padamsee, B.S. Weir, M.E. Petterson & P.K. Buchanan
  • Candida ruelliae Saluja & G.S. Prasad
  • Candida rugopelliculosa Nakase
  • 皱褶假丝酵母 Candida rugosa,皱落假丝酵母
  • Candida sagamina Nakase, M. Suzuki, Sugita, S.O. Suh & Komag.
  • Candida saitoana Nakase & M. Suzuki
  • 清酒假丝酵母 Candida sake (Saito & M. Ota) Uden & H.R. Buckley ex S.A. Mey. & Ahearn
  • Candida santamariae Montrocher
  • Candida saopauloensis Ruivo, Pagnocca, Lachance & C.A. Rosa
  • Candida savonica Sonck
  • Candida schatavii (Kock.-Krat. & Ondrush.) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • Candida sequanensis Saëz & Rodr. Mir.
  • Candida sharkensis Fell, M.H. Gut., Statzell & Scorzetti
  • Candida silvanorum Van der Walt, Klift & D.B. Scott
  • Candida silvatica (Van der Walt, Klift & D.B. Scott) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • 森林假丝酵母 Candida silvicola
  • Candida silvicultrix Van der Walt, D.B. Scott & Klift
  • 中难假丝酵母 Candida sinolaborantium S.O. Suh, N.H. Nguyen & M. Blackw.
  • 大豆假丝酵母 Candida sojae Nakase, M. Suzuki, M. Takash., Yozo Miyak., Kagaya, Fukaz. & Komag.
  • Candida solani Lodder & Kreger-van Rij
  • Candida soli Okuma & Goto
  • Candida sonorensis (M.W. Mill., Phaff, M. Miranda, Heed & Starmer) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • Candida sophiae-reginae C. Ramírez & A.E. González
  • Candida sorboxylosa Nakase
  • Candida spenceri Nakase, Jindam., Imanishi, Am-In, Ninomiya, H. Kawas. & Limtong
  • Candida spencermartinsiae Statzell, Scorzetti & Fell
  • 圆球形假丝酵母 Candida sphaerica
  • Candida sphagnicola Kachalkin & Yurkov
  • 萨卜哈释假丝酵母 Candida subhashii M. Groenew., Sigler & S.E. Richardson
  • Candida succicola Nakase, Jindam., Am-in & Limtong
  • Candida succiphila J.D. Lee & Komag.
  • Candida suecica Rodr. Mir. & Norkrans
  • Candida suthepensis Saks., M. Suzuki, Lumyong, Ohkuma & Chantaw.
  • Candida suzukii G. Péter, Tornai-Leh., Fülöp & Dlauchy
  • Candida takamatsuzukensis Nagats., Kiyuna, R. Kigawa & Sugiy.
  • Candida tallmaniae J.Z. Groenew., M.T. Sm. & V. Robert
  • Candida tammaniensis Kurtzman & Robnett
  • Candida taylorii Statzell, Scorzetti & Fell
  • 泰姆诺珂假丝酵母 Candida temnochilae S.O. Suh, N.H. Nguyen & M. Blackw.
  • 纤维假丝酵母 Candida tenuis
  • Candida tetrigidarum S.O. Suh, N.H. Nguyen & M. Blackw.
  • 蛾假丝酵母 C. theae英语Candida theae[15]
  • Candida tibetensis F.Y. Bai & Z.W. Wu
  • Candida tocantinensis A.C. Barbosa, C.G. Morais, C.G. Morais, L.H. Rosa, Pimenta, Lachance & C.A. Rosa
  • Candida tocantinsensis A.C. Barbosa, Morais, Morais, C.A. Rosa, Pimenta, Lachance & C.A. Rosa
  • 忍耐假丝酵母 Candida tolerans
  • Candida torresii (Uden & Zobell) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow
  • Candida touchengensis Nakase, Jindam., Am-in & Limtong
  • 热带念珠菌 Candida tropicalis (Castell.) Berkhout,热带假丝酵母
  • Candida trypodendri Kurtzman & Robnett
  • 土屋假丝酵母 Candida tsuchiyae Nakase & M. Suzuki
  • Candida tumulicola Nagats., Kiyuna, R. Kigawa & Sugiy.
  • Candida tunisiensis Eddouzi, V. Hofst., M. Groenew., Manai & Sanglard
  • 阿坝塔苯斯假丝酵母 Candida ubatubensis Ruivo, Pagnocca, Lachance & C.A. Rosa
  • Candida ulmi Kurtzman
  • 产朊假丝酵母 Candida utilis
  • 粗状假丝酵母 Candida valida
  • Candida vartiovaarae (Capr.) Uden & H.R. Buckley
  • Candida vaughaniae J.Z. Groenew., M.T. Sm. & V. Robert
  • Candida vespimorsuum Padamsee, B.S. Weir, M.E. Petterson & P.K. Buchanan
  • Candida vini (J.N. Vallot ex Desm.) Uden & H.R. Buckley ex S.A. Mey. & Ahearn
  • 维斯假丝酵母 Candida viswanathii Sandu & H.S. Randhawa
  • Candida vrieseae Landell & P. Valente
  • Candida wancherniae Nakase, Jindam., Ninomiya, Imanishi & H. Kawas.
  • 五指山假丝酵母 Candida wuzhishanensis F.Y. Bai & Chen Wang bis
  • Candida xiaguanensis F.L. Hui, X.J. Liu, Y.C. Ren, L.L. Xu, Z.H. Yi & S.T. Liu
  • Candida xyloterini S.O. Suh & J.J. Zhou
  • 云南假丝酵母 Candida yunnanensis F.L. Hui & L.N. Huang
  • 增普琳假丝酵母 Candida zemplinina Sipiczki
  • 涎沫假丝酵母 Candida zeylanoides (Castell.) Langeron & Guerra
  1. ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors). Sherris Medical Microbiology 4th. McGraw Hill. 2004. ISBN 0838585299. 
  2. ^ Nguyen NH, Suh SO, Blackwell M. Five novel Candida species in insect-associated yeast clades isolated from Neuroptera and other insects. Mycologia. 2007, 99 (6): 842–858. doi:10.3852/mycologia.99.6.842. 
  3. ^ Suh SO, Nguyen NH, Blackwell M. Yeasts isolated from plant-associated beetles and other insects: seven novel Candida species near Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res. 2008, 8 (1): 88–102. PMID 17986254. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 d'Enfert C; Hube B (editors). Candida: Comparative and Functional Genomics. Caister Academic Press. 2007. ISBN 9781904455134. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Dubious "Yeast Allergies". [2009-09-24]. (原始内容于2008-05-13). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Mayoclinic.com. [2009-09-24]. (原始内容于2013-10-23). 
  7. ^ . DoctorFungus.org. [2007-02-09]. (原始内容存档于2007-02-08). 
  8. ^ Darwazeh A, Lamey P, Samaranayake L, MacFarlane T, Fisher B, Macrury S, MacCuish A. The relationship between colonisation, secretor status and in-vitro adhesion of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells from diabetics. J Med Microbiol. 1990, 33 (1): 43–9. PMID 2231671. 
  9. ^ Krone C, Elmer G, Ely J, Fudenberg H, Thoreson J. Does gastrointestinal Candida albicans prevent ubiquinone absorption?. Med Hypotheses. 2001, 57 (5): 570–2. PMID 11735312. doi:10.1054/mehy.2001.1410. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Efficacy of Candida oleophila strain 128 in preventing Penicillium Expansum infection in apricot fruit. Acta Hort. (ISHS). 1999, 485: 141–148 [2009-09-24]. (原始内容于2018-11-06). 
  11. ^ . [2009-09-24]. (原始内容存档于2009-05-31). 
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  13. ^ Candida rugosa, an Emerging Fungal Pathogen with Resistance to Azoles: Geographic and Temporal Trends from the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program. J Clinical Microbiology. 2006, 44: 3578–3582 [2016-04-26]. doi:10.1128/jcm.00863-06. (原始内容于2010-07-08). 
  14. ^ James, S. A.; Carvajal Barriga, E. J.; Bond, C. J.; Cross, K.; Nãºã±Ez, N. C.; Portero, P. B.; Roberts, I. N. Candida carvajalissp. Nov., an ascomycetous yeast species from the Ecuadorian Amazon jungle. FEMS Yeast Research. 2009, 9 (5): 784–788. PMID 19459983. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00518.x. 
  15. ^ Chang, C. F.; Lin, Y. C.; Chen, S. F.; Carvajal Barriga, E. J.; Barahona, P. P.; James, S. A.; Bond, C. J.; Roberts, I. N.; Lee, C. F. Candida theae sp. nov., a new anamorphic beverage-associated member of the Lodderomyces clade. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2012, 153 (1–2): 10–14. PMID 22088606. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.09.012. 

念珠菌属, 念珠菌屬, 學名, candida, 是酵母中的一属, 这一属中的许多物种是动物宿主里面的寄生物, 人类自然也是它们的宿主之一, 虽然通常它们都是以共生体的形式与宿主和平共处, 但某些假丝酵母可能会导致疾病, 临床上发现, 假丝酵母中最常见的是白色念珠菌, 它们通常会感染人类和其它动物, 导致出现鹅口疮, 又叫念珠菌病, 尤其在免疫力低下的病人身上发生, 许多假丝酵母的成员都是动物肠道中常见的菌种, 包括存在于哺乳动物宿主身上的白色念珠菌, 而其它的则是在昆虫体内共生, 通常这一属中的菌种也叫做念珠菌,. 念珠菌屬 學名 Candida 是酵母中的一属 这一属中的许多物种是动物宿主里面的寄生物 人类自然也是它们的宿主之一 虽然通常它们都是以共生体的形式与宿主和平共处 但某些假丝酵母可能会导致疾病 临床上发现 假丝酵母中最常见的是白色念珠菌 它们通常会感染人类和其它动物 导致出现鹅口疮 又叫念珠菌病 尤其在免疫力低下的病人身上发生 1 许多假丝酵母的成员都是动物肠道中常见的菌种 包括存在于哺乳动物宿主身上的白色念珠菌 而其它的则是在昆虫体内共生 2 3 通常这一属中的菌种也叫做念珠菌 例如白色念珠菌 热带念珠菌等 念珠菌屬顯微鏡下放大200倍的白色念珠菌科学分类界 真菌界 Fungi门 子囊菌门 Ascomycota纲 酵母菌綱 Saccharomycetes目 酵母菌目 Saccharomycetales科 酵母菌科 Saccharomycetaceae属 念珠菌屬 Candida Berkh 英语 Christine Marie Berkhout 1923种见正文过去十年里 由于免疫力低下的病患数量增加 同时因为这类病患身上的机会感染主要是由假丝酵母属菌种导致的 因此我们已经看到有针对性地药物治疗变得越来越重要 4 于此同时 假丝酵母属中的某些品种已经完成了测序 因此我们有机会得以借助后基因时代的方法 来仔细研究它们的一些生物学特征 通过这种研究 包括致病性的假丝酵母以及相关的其它酵母品种 我们已经得到一些知识使得我们可以创造革命性的抗真菌治疗方法 独创性的特异免疫干涉疗法 以及真菌感染的高灵敏度诊断方法 4 有些另类医学的实践者认为 假丝酵母的过度繁殖可以导致从疲劳到增重的许多健康问题 然而并没有任何证据可以支持这种理论 因此绝大多数医生不相信这种说法 5 6 南极假丝酵母是一种工业脂肪分解酶的来源 目录 1 实验室特征 2 临床特征 3 种 4 其它 5 種類实验室特征 编辑在实验室中培养发现 假丝酵母在琼脂平板上呈现出大片圆形的白色或奶油色的菌落 7 白色念珠菌就是得名于拉丁文的 白色的 albicans 临床特征 编辑许多假丝酵母属品种都是表皮感染的病原 例如鹅口疮 以及阴道念珠菌感染 对于健康的个体 这种感染可以通过抗真菌治疗而治愈 然而对于免疫低下的病人来说 长期深层的酵母感染可能会导致致命的后果 对于艾滋病病人 在重症监护病房中的病人 接受化疗的癌症患者 以及已接受器官移植的病人等疫力低下的人来说 假丝酵母也是多种致命的机会感染病原体 4 其它常见的假丝酵母感染还包括由于佩戴丙烯酸假牙而导致的口腔念珠菌感染 这在佩戴假牙的老年人中尤其常见 8 此外使用抗胃酸药物也可能导致肠胃中大片白色念珠菌菌落的出现 而这可能会妨碍辅酶Q10的吸收 9 种 编辑在假丝酵母属当中 白色念珠菌是人类肠胃中常见的组成菌落之一 也是皮肤及泌尿生殖系统中的其中一种共生菌种 它是导致大部分念珠菌血液感染的罪魁祸首 然而 最近由光滑念珠菌导致的感染却在不断增加 这可能是由于它对常用于抗真菌治疗的药物氮唑不敏感而导致的 其它医学上比较重要的品种包括近平滑假丝酵母 热带假丝酵母以及都柏林假丝酵母 4 其它的品种 例如橄榄假丝酵母在水果上用于生物控制 10 其它 编辑另类医学的实践者用Candida 假丝酵母或者叫念珠菌 这个词来指代大量病症的综合现象 包括肠胃不适 皮疹 牙龈肿痛以及其它疑难杂症 他们还认为 从具体至花粉过敏到模糊至脑力疲劳 甚至到增重或胃胀不适都是念珠菌引起的 这些症状统统被替代疗法实践者贴上 肠道念珠菌过度增生 的标签 甚至声称这将导致这些酵母会通过血液扩散到全身 在替代疗法中 用来描述各种综合症状所用的念珠菌这个词 其实和临床医学中所指的特定致病真菌并没有任何关系 这会导致病人被误导 没有任何的研究能证明肠胃中的念珠菌会导致上述疾病 5 6 为了治疗这种所谓的念珠菌感染 替代疗法实践者通常会建议避免使用抗生素 避免女性生育的药物控制 以及避免食用含糖量高 或者含有酵母的食品 同时采取措施消除身体中过多的酵母 然而 并没有任何证据能证明这种治疗方式能够治疗肠胃念珠菌感染 或者治愈按照他们的理论能够治愈的病症 5 6 11 12 種類 编辑在念珠菌屬中最常見的種類為白色念珠菌 為人類常見的正常菌叢 常棲於表皮 腸胃道 及泌尿道表面 當免疫系統缺陷時 大量念珠菌可能進入到血液循環中 此時稱為念珠菌血症 Candidemia Yet there is an increasing incidence of infections caused by C glabrata 英语 Candida glabrata and C rugosa which could be because they are frequently less susceptible to the currently used azole 英语 azole antifungals 13 Other medically important species include C parapsilosis C tropicalis and C dubliniensis 4 其他Candida 菌种 如C oleophila 英语 Candida oleophila 已在水果上用作生物防治剂 10 Candida adriatica Cadez Cardinali Ciafardini amp G Peter Candida aechmeae Landell amp P Valente Candida africana H J Tietz Hopp Schmalreck Sterry amp Czaika Candida akabanensis Nakase M Suzuki M Takash Rosadi Hermosillo amp Komag Candida alai S O Suh N H Nguyen amp M Blackw 白色念珠菌 Candida albicans C P Robin Berkhout 白色假丝酵母 白假丝酵母 白念珠菌 Candida allociferrii Ueda Nishim amp Mikata Candida amphicis S O Suh N H Nguyen amp M Blackw 暗牧菲克假丝酵母 Candida amphixiae Candida anglica Kurtzman Robnett amp Yarrow 南极假丝酵母 Candida antarctica Candida aquae textoris Vallini Frassinetti amp Scorzetti Candida arabinofermentans Kurtzman amp Dien Candida arcana S O Suh amp M Blackw 耐银假丝酵母 Candida argentea S L Holland S V Avery amp P S Dyer 艾斯卡乐菲假丝酵母 Candida ascalaphidarum N H Nguyen S O Suh amp M Blackw Candida asparagi F Y Bai amp H Z Lu 大西洋假丝酵母 Candida atlantica Siepmann S A Mey amp Simione 大气假丝酵母 Candida atmosphaerica Santa Maria Candida aurita A V Polyak amp Chernov Candida bambusicola Nakase Jindam Am in amp Limtong Candida bentonensis Kurtzman Candida berkhoutiae Nakase Jindam Am in C F Lee amp Limtong Candida bertae C Ramirez amp A E Gonzalez Candida berthetii Boidin Pignal Mermier amp Arpin Candida blackwelliae F Y Bai amp Z H Ji Candida blankii H R Buckley amp Uden 蟑螂假丝酵母 Candida blattae N H Nguyen S O Suh amp M Blackw Candida blattariae S O Suh N H Nguyen amp M Blackw Candida bohioensis S O Suh N H Nguyen amp M Blackw 博伊丁假丝酵母 Candida boidinii C Ramirez Candida boleticola Nakase Candida bombicola J F T Spencer Gorin amp A P Tulloch S A Mey amp Yarrow Candida bracarensis A Correia P Samp S A James amp C Pais Candida broadrunensis S O Suh amp J J Zhou 凤梨假丝酵母 Candida bromeliacearum Ruivo Pagnocca Lachance amp C A Rosa Candida buenavistaensis S O Suh N H Nguyen amp M Blackw Candida buinensis Soneda amp S Uchida Candida californica Mrak amp McClung ex K W Anderson amp C E Skinner F Y Bai Z W Wu amp V Robert 嗜果实假丝酵母 Candida carpophila 卡瓦哈尔假丝酵母 Candida carvajalis S A James E J Carvajal C J Bond K Cross N C Nunez Portero amp I N Roberts 14 Candida caryicola Kurtzman Candida caseinolytica Phaff Starmer Lachance amp Ganter Candida castellii Capr S A Mey amp Yarrow 链状假丝酵母 Candida catenulata Candida cellulolytica Nakase M Suzuki M Takash Hamam Hatano amp Kukui 天牛假丝酵母 Candida cerambycidarum S O Suh N H Nguyen amp M Blackw Candida cetoniae Gouliam R A Dimitrov M T Sm M Groenew amp Boekhout 果生假丝酵母 Candida chauliodis N H Nguyen S O Suh amp M Blackw Candida chilensis Grinb amp Yarrow Candida chrysomelidarum N H Nguyen S O Suh Erbil amp M Blackw 西弗假丝酵母 Candida ciferrii Candida citrica C Ramirez Candida coleopterorum F L Hui X J Liu Y C Ren L L Xu Z H Yi amp S T Liu 软假丝酵母 Candida colliculosa Sacc amp D Sacc S A Mey amp Yarrow Candida conglobata Redaelli Cif Candida corniculata Kuraishi 延胡索假丝酵母 Candida corydali N H Nguyen S O Suh amp M Blackw 弯假丝酵母 Candida curvata Candida cylindracea Koichi Yamada amp Machida ex S A Mey amp Yarrow Candida danieliae M Groenew V Robert amp M T Sm 假丝酵母 Candida dattila dattila Candida delhiana Mukerji amp M Khanna Candida dendrica Van der Walt Klift amp D B Scott S A Mey amp Yarrow Candida dendronema Van der Walt Klift amp D B Scott Candida derodonti S O Suh amp M Blackw Candida diddensiae Phaff Mrak amp O B Williams Fell amp S A Mey Candida digboiensis G S Prasad Mayilraj Sood amp Ban Lal Candida diospyri F Y Bai amp H Z Lu 多西假丝酵母 Candida dosseyi N H Nguyen S O Suh amp M Blackw 克鲁斯假丝酵母 Candida drusei 杜氏假丝酵母 Candida dubliniensis D J Sullivan Western K A Haynes Des E Benn amp D C Coleman Candida duobushaemulonis Cend Bueno Kolecka Alastr Izq Gomez Lopez Cuenc Estr amp Boekhout Candida ecuadorensis S A James Candida endomychidarum S O Suh N H Nguyen amp M Blackw Candida entomophila D B Scott Van der Walt amp Klift Candida eppingiae M Groenew V Robert amp M T Sm Candida ergatensis Candida ethanolica Rybarova Stros amp Kock Krat Candida ezoensis Nakase Imanishi Jindam amp Am in 无名假丝酵母 Candida famata 发酵假丝酵母 Candida fermentati Saito F Y Bai Candida flosculorum C A Rosa Pagnocca Lachance Ruivo amp A O Medeiros Candida fluviatilis L R Hedrick Candida fragi M Suzuki Nakase amp Fukaz Candida fragicola Nakase Candida freyschussii H R Buckley amp Uden Candida friedrichii Uden amp Windisch Candida frijolesensis S O Suh N H Nguyen amp M Blackw 果实假丝酵母 Candida fructus Nakase S A Mey amp Yarrow Candida fukazawae Nakase M Suzuki Sugita S O Suh amp Komag Candida fungicola Nakase M Suzuki Sugita S O Suh amp Komag Candida gelsemii Lachance Candida germanica Kurtzman Robnett amp Yarrow Candida ghanaensis Kurtzman Candida gigantensis S O Suh N H Nguyen amp M Blackw 光滑念珠菌 Candida glabrata H W Anderson S A Mey amp Yarrow 光滑假丝酵母 Candida glaebosa Komag amp Nakase 球形假丝酵母 Candida globosa Candida glucosophila Tokuoka Ishit Goto amp Komag Candida golubevii C A Rosa Jindam Limtong Nakase Pagnocca amp Lachance Candida gorgasii S O Suh N H Nguyen amp M Blackw 高里念珠菌 Candida guilliermondii 吉利蒙假丝酵母 高里假丝酵母 Candida haemuloni Uden amp Kolip S A Mey amp Yarrow Candida hainanensis F Y Bai amp S A Wang Candida hawaiiana Lachance J M Bowles amp Starmer Candida heliconiae Ruivo Pagnocca Lachance amp C A Rosa Candida hellenical Candida steatolytica Candida heveicola F Y Bai amp S A Wang Candida hispaniensis Kurtzman 霍氏假丝酵母 Candida holmii Candida hyderabadensis R Sreen Rao Bhadra N N Kumar amp Shivaji Candida hydrocarbofumarica K Yamada T Furuk amp Nakahara ex Ramirez Candida incommunis Y Ohara Nonom amp M Yamaz 平常假丝酵母 Candida inconspicua Lodder amp Kreger van Rij S A Mey amp Yarrow Candida insectalens D B Scott Van der Walt amp Klift S A Mey amp Yarrow 昆虫门假丝酵母 Candida insectamans D B Scott Van der Walt amp Klift 昆虫假丝酵母 Candida insectorum D B Scott Van der Walt amp Klift 中型假丝酵母 Candida intermedia Cif amp Ashford Langeron amp Guerra 中间假丝酵母 Candida inulinophila Nakase Jindam Am in amp Limtong Candida ipomoeae Lachance C A Rosa Starmer amp J M Bowles 杰弗里西假丝酵母 Candida jeffriesii N H Nguyen S O Suh amp M Blackw Candida jiufengensis F Y Bai amp Z H Ji Candida kanchanaburiensis Nakase Jindam Ninomiya Imanishi H Kawas amp Potach Candida kantuleensis Nitiyon Khunnamw Lertwatt amp Limtong 乳酒假丝酵母 Candida kefyr 煤油假丝酵母 Candida keroseneae Buddie Bridge J Kelley amp R J Ryan Candida khao thaluensis J Z Groenew M T Sm amp V Robert 克柔念珠菌 Candida krusei 克鲁斯氏假丝酵母 克柔氏假丝酵母 克柔假丝酵母 Candida labiduridarum S O Suh N H Nguyen amp M Blackw 郎比可假丝酵母 Candida lambica Candida leandrae Ruivo Pagnocca Lachance amp C A Rosa Candida lessepsii S O Suh N H Nguyen amp M Blackw Candida linzhiensis F Y Bai amp Z W Wu 解脂假丝酵母 Candida lipolytica Candida lipophila Lachance C A Rosa Starmer Schlag Edl J S F Barker amp J M Bowles Candida lodderae Kumbh Candida lundiana Saks M Suzuki Lumyong Ohkuma amp Chantaw 葡萄牙假丝酵母 Candida lusitaniae 莱克苏菲拉假丝酵母 Candida lyxosophila Van der Walt N P Ferreira amp Steyn Candida magnifica Verona 木兰假丝酵母 Candida magnoliae 麦芽糖假丝酵母 Candida maltosa Komag Nakase amp Katsuya Candida manassasensis S O Suh amp J J Zhou Candida margiti F L Hui X J Liu Y C Ren L L Xu Z H Yi amp S T Liu 海生假丝酵母 Candida marina Candida maris Uden amp Zobell S A Mey amp Yarrow Candida maritima Siepmann Uden amp H R Buckley Candida materiae A C Barbosa R M Cadete F C O Gomes Lachance amp C A Rosa 口津假丝酵母 Candida melibiosica H R Buckley amp Uden 膜醭假丝酵母 Candida membranifaciens Lodder amp Kreger van Rij Wick amp Burton 璞膜假丝酵母 Candida mengyuniae Jian He amp Bo Chen Candida mesenterica A Geiger Diddens amp Lodder Candida metapsilosis Tavanti A Davidson Gow M Maiden amp Odds Candida methanosorbosa S Abe amp Yokote J A Barnett R W Payne amp Yarrow Candida michaelii S O Suh N H Nguyen amp M Blackw Candida middelhoveniana J R A Ribeiro P M B Carvalho A S Cabral A Macrae Mend Hagler Berbara amp Hagler 梅林假丝酵母 Candida milleri 蒙奇假丝酵母 Candida mogii Vidal Leir Candida montana Goto amp Oguri Candida montrocheri M Morelet Candida morakotiae Nakase Jindam Ninomiya Imanishi amp H Kawas Candida multis gemmis Buhagiar S A Mey amp Yarrow Candida mycetangii Kurtzman Candida namnaoensis Nakase Jindam Am In Ninomiya amp H Kawas Candida nanaspora Saez amp Rodr Mir Candida natalensis Van der Walt amp Tscheuschner Candida neerlandica Kurtzman Robnett amp Yarrow Candida nemodendra Van der Walt Klift amp D B Scott S A Mey amp Yarrow Candida nitratophila Shifrine amp Phaff S A Mey amp Yarrow Candida nivariensis Alcoba Florez Mendez Alv Cano Guarro Perez Roth amp Arevalo Candida nongkhaiensis Nakase Jindam Am in amp Limtong Candida nonsorbophila Nakase Jindam Am in Ninomiya H Kawas amp Limtong 挪威假丝酵母 Candida norvegensis Candida norvegica Reiersol S A Mey amp Yarrow 假丝酵母 Candida norvegica norvegica 橄榄假丝酵母 Candida oleophila Candida odintsovae Babeva Reshetova Blagod amp Galimova Candida olivae Nisiotou Panagou amp Nychas Candida onishii Kumbh Candida orba Starmer Phaff Ganter amp Lachance 俄勒冈假丝酵母 Candida oregonensis Phaff amp Carmo Souza Candida orthopsilosis Tavanti A Davidson Gow M Maiden amp Odds Candida ovalis Kumam amp M Yamam Candida oxycetoniae F Y Bai amp Z H Ji Candida palmioleophila Nakase amp Itoh Candida palmyrensis S O Suh amp J J Zhou Candida parablackwelliae F L Hui amp L N Huang Candida parachauliodes F L Hui X J Liu Y C Ren L L Xu Z H Yi amp S T Liu Candida parapolymorpha S O Suh amp J J Zhou 近平滑假丝酵母 Candida parapsilosis Ashford Langeron amp Talice近平滑念珠菌 C parapsilosis 菌膜假丝酵母 Candida pelliculosa Candida peoriensis Kurtzman Candida picachoensis S O Suh C M Gibson amp M Blackw Candida piceae Kurtzman Candida picinguabensis Ruivo Pagnocca Lachance amp C A Rosa Candida pignaliae F H Jacob S A Mey amp Yarrow Candida pimensis S O Suh C M Gibson amp M Blackw Candida pinus Lodder amp Kreger van Rij S A Mey amp Yarrow Candida plutei S O Suh amp M Blackw Candida ponderosae Kurtzman Candida pseudoaaseri Pfuller Y Graser M Erhard amp M Groenew Candida pseudocylindracea F Y Bai amp Chen Wang bis Candida pseudofarinosa S Mallet S Weiss N Jacques amp Casareg Candida pseudoflosculorum M Groenew V Robert amp M T Sm Candida pseudoglaebosa M Suzuki amp Nakase Candida pseudohaemulonii Sugita M Takash Poonwan amp Mekha Candida pseudointermedia Nakase Komag amp Fukaz Candida pseudojiufengensis F Y Bai amp Z H Ji Candida pseudolambica M T Sm amp Poot Candida pseudotumoralis Morquer E Puget amp Bazex Candida psychrophila Goto Sugiy amp Iizuka S A Mey amp Yarrow 铁红假丝酵母 Candida pulcherrima 秦岭假丝酵母 Candida qinlingensis F Y Bai amp H Z Lu Candida quercitrusa S A Mey amp Phaff Candida quercuum Nakase Candida railenensis C Ramirez amp A E Gonzalez Candida restingae C A Rosa Lachance Starmer J S F Barker J M Bowles amp Schlag Edl Candida rhizophorensis Fell M H Gut Statzell amp Scorzetti Candida rignihuensis C Ramirez amp A E Gonzalez Candida rishiriensis Nakase Imanishi Ninomiya amp M Takash Candida robnettiae M Groenew V Robert amp M T Sm Candida rongomai pounamu Padamsee B S Weir M E Petterson amp P K Buchanan Candida ruelliae Saluja amp G S Prasad Candida rugopelliculosa Nakase 皱褶假丝酵母 Candida rugosa 皱落假丝酵母 Candida sagamina Nakase M Suzuki Sugita S O Suh amp Komag Candida saitoana Nakase amp M Suzuki 清酒假丝酵母 Candida sake Saito amp M Ota Uden amp H R Buckley ex S A Mey amp Ahearn Candida santamariae Montrocher Candida saopauloensis Ruivo Pagnocca Lachance amp C A Rosa Candida savonica Sonck Candida schatavii Kock Krat amp Ondrush S A Mey amp Yarrow Candida sequanensis Saez amp Rodr Mir Candida sharkensis Fell M H Gut Statzell amp Scorzetti Candida silvanorum Van der Walt Klift amp D B Scott Candida silvatica Van der Walt Klift amp D B Scott S A Mey amp Yarrow 森林假丝酵母 Candida silvicola Candida silvicultrix Van der Walt D B Scott amp Klift 中难假丝酵母 Candida sinolaborantium S O Suh N H Nguyen amp M Blackw 大豆假丝酵母 Candida sojae Nakase M Suzuki M Takash Yozo Miyak Kagaya Fukaz amp Komag Candida solani Lodder amp Kreger van Rij Candida soli Okuma amp Goto Candida sonorensis M W Mill Phaff M Miranda Heed amp Starmer S A Mey amp Yarrow Candida sophiae reginae C Ramirez amp A E Gonzalez Candida sorboxylosa Nakase Candida spenceri Nakase Jindam Imanishi Am In Ninomiya H Kawas amp Limtong Candida spencermartinsiae Statzell Scorzetti amp Fell 圆球形假丝酵母 Candida sphaerica Candida sphagnicola Kachalkin amp Yurkov 萨卜哈释假丝酵母 Candida subhashii M Groenew Sigler amp S E Richardson Candida succicola Nakase Jindam Am in amp Limtong Candida succiphila J D Lee amp Komag Candida suecica Rodr Mir amp Norkrans Candida suthepensis Saks M Suzuki Lumyong Ohkuma amp Chantaw Candida suzukii G Peter Tornai Leh Fulop amp Dlauchy Candida takamatsuzukensis Nagats Kiyuna R Kigawa amp Sugiy Candida tallmaniae J Z Groenew M T Sm amp V Robert Candida tammaniensis Kurtzman amp Robnett Candida taylorii Statzell Scorzetti amp Fell 泰姆诺珂假丝酵母 Candida temnochilae S O Suh N H Nguyen amp M Blackw 纤维假丝酵母 Candida tenuis Candida tetrigidarum S O Suh N H Nguyen amp M Blackw 蛾假丝酵母 C theae 英语 Candida theae 15 Candida tibetensis F Y Bai amp Z W Wu Candida tocantinensis A C Barbosa C G Morais C G Morais L H Rosa Pimenta Lachance amp C A Rosa Candida tocantinsensis A C Barbosa Morais Morais C A Rosa Pimenta Lachance amp C A Rosa 忍耐假丝酵母 Candida tolerans Candida torresii Uden amp Zobell S A Mey amp Yarrow Candida touchengensisNakase Jindam Am in amp Limtong 热带念珠菌 Candida tropicalis Castell Berkhout 热带假丝酵母 Candida trypodendri Kurtzman amp Robnett 土屋假丝酵母 Candida tsuchiyae Nakase amp M Suzuki Candida tumulicola Nagats Kiyuna R Kigawa amp Sugiy Candida tunisiensis Eddouzi V Hofst M Groenew Manai amp Sanglard 阿坝塔苯斯假丝酵母 Candida ubatubensis Ruivo Pagnocca Lachance amp C A Rosa Candida ulmi Kurtzman 产朊假丝酵母 Candida utilis 粗状假丝酵母 Candida valida Candida vartiovaarae Capr Uden amp H R Buckley Candida vaughaniae J Z Groenew M T Sm amp V Robert Candida vespimorsuum Padamsee B S Weir M E Petterson amp P K Buchanan Candida vini J N Vallot ex Desm Uden amp H R Buckley ex S A Mey amp Ahearn 维斯假丝酵母 Candida viswanathii Sandu amp H S Randhawa Candida vrieseae Landell amp P Valente Candida wancherniae Nakase Jindam Ninomiya Imanishi amp H Kawas 五指山假丝酵母 Candida wuzhishanensis F Y Bai amp Chen Wang bis Candida xiaguanensis F L Hui X J Liu Y C Ren L L Xu Z H Yi amp S T Liu Candida xyloterini S O Suh amp J J Zhou 云南假丝酵母 Candida yunnanensis F L Hui amp L N Huang 增普琳假丝酵母 Candida zemplinina Sipiczki 涎沫假丝酵母 Candida zeylanoides Castell Langeron amp Guerra Ryan KJ Ray CG editors Sherris Medical Microbiology 4th McGraw Hill 2004 ISBN 0838585299 Nguyen NH Suh SO Blackwell M Five novel Candida species in insect associated yeast clades isolated from Neuroptera and other insects Mycologia 2007 99 6 842 858 doi 10 3852 mycologia 99 6 842 Suh SO Nguyen NH Blackwell M Yeasts isolated from plant associated beetles and other insects seven novel Candida species near Candida albicans FEMS Yeast Res 2008 8 1 88 102 PMID 17986254 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 d Enfert C Hube B editors Candida Comparative and Functional Genomics Caister Academic Press 2007 ISBN 9781904455134 5 0 5 1 5 2 Dubious Yeast Allergies 2009 09 24 原始内容存档于2008 05 13 6 0 6 1 6 2 Mayoclinic com 2009 09 24 原始内容存档于2013 10 23 Candida species DoctorFungus org 2007 02 09 原始内容存档于2007 02 08 Darwazeh A Lamey P Samaranayake L MacFarlane T Fisher B Macrury S MacCuish A The relationship between colonisation secretor status and in vitro adhesion of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells from diabetics J Med Microbiol 1990 33 1 43 9 PMID 2231671 Krone C Elmer G Ely J Fudenberg H Thoreson J Does gastrointestinal Candida albicans prevent ubiquinone absorption Med Hypotheses 2001 57 5 570 2 PMID 11735312 doi 10 1054 mehy 2001 1410 10 0 10 1 Efficacy of Candida oleophila strain 128 in preventing Penicillium Expansum infection in apricot fruit Acta Hort ISHS 1999 485 141 148 2009 09 24 原始内容存档于2018 11 06 Factsmart org 2009 09 24 原始内容存档于2009 05 31 HealthnVitality com 2009 09 24 原始内容存档于2008 09 25 Candida rugosa an Emerging Fungal Pathogen with Resistance to Azoles Geographic and Temporal Trends from the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program J Clinical Microbiology 2006 44 3578 3582 2016 04 26 doi 10 1128 jcm 00863 06 原始内容存档于2010 07 08 James S A Carvajal Barriga E J Bond C J Cross K Naºa Ez N C Portero P B Roberts I N Candida carvajalissp Nov an ascomycetous yeast species from the Ecuadorian Amazon jungle FEMS Yeast Research 2009 9 5 784 788 PMID 19459983 doi 10 1111 j 1567 1364 2009 00518 x Chang C F Lin Y C Chen S F Carvajal Barriga E J Barahona P P James S A Bond C J Roberts I N Lee C F Candida theae sp nov a new anamorphic beverage associated member of the Lodderomyces clade International Journal of Food Microbiology 2012 153 1 2 10 14 PMID 22088606 doi 10 1016 j ijfoodmicro 2011 09 012 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 念珠菌属 amp oldid 72070094, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

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