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维基百科

語言模塊

语言模块,又称为“语言官能 ”,是人脑或认知系统中的一种假设结构,含有与生俱来的语言能力,最初由诺姆·乔姆斯基提出。目前關於大腦模塊化的研究正在认知科学神经科学領域進行,不過目前的觀點相較於喬姆斯基和傑瑞·福多在1980年代所提出的觀點弱上許多。在今日術語中,模塊化指的是專門化處理:語言處理在大腦中是專門化的,這意指語言處理是局部發生在不同的區域,不同於像是視覺輸入這種其它類型的資訊處理。目前的觀點認為,語言處理既不是分隔的,也不是像喬治·萊考夫所提出的那種基於處理過程的通用原則,而是模塊化的,構成了一個特定的認知技巧英语Cognitive skill或認知領域。[1][2][3]

模块的含义

人脑中「语言专用模块」的概念,起源于喬姆斯基的普遍文法 (UG)理论。由於对语言模块性问题的理解不同而引發了爭論。[4] 但是,在文献中存在一些共识,即认为模块是以資訊封装的方式处理特定表徵( 领域特定性英语Domain specificity )(Bryson和Stein,2001) [5] [6][7] 应当對「解剖模块性」和「功能模块性」作出区分,前者認為在大脑中存在一个負責处理相關歷程的「区域」,而後者则取消了解剖模块性,認為資訊封装分散在大脑的各個部分中。 [8]

没有单一的解剖模块

现有证据指出,沒有一個解剖區域專門用來處理語言。瓦達測試英语Wada test(Wada test)使用異戊巴比妥鈉來麻醉一个腦半球 ,结果表明左半球對語言處理英语Language processing in the brain至关重要。[9] 然而,神经成像的結果指出,語言處理並非只有單獨區域涉及,而是由許多不同區域涉及語言處理中的不同環節,[10] [11] [12]不只是存在於左半球。[13] 此外,個別區域似乎具有許多不同的功能。[14] 因此,在解剖模块内发生语言处理的程度被視為輕微的。 然而,正如许多人所建议的那样,即使語言處理是在整个大脑中实施,语言处理依然可以是模块性处理[15] [16]。亦即,语言处理可以在功能模块中进行。

没有雙重分離的習得或发展

一種用於证明模块性的常见方法,是找到一个雙重分離英语Dissociation (neuropsychology)。這會分成兩組,第一組是語言能力嚴重受損但認知能力正常的人,第二組則是認知能力嚴重受損但語言能力完好的人。[17][18][19] 虽然在左半球臨側裂區(perisylvian area)的广泛病变,可能會使人無法產生或感知語言(完全性失语症),[20] 但是沒有一種已知個案,在面临严重的非語言性恶化時,語言能夠完全完好無損。[21] 因此,基於這一證據,語言處理不能被賦予功能模塊的地位。

然而,來自發展研究,用來支持語言模塊的證據也被提出(最着名的是史迪芬·平克[22]),即所谓「特定型語言障礙英语Specific language impairment(SLI)和威廉氏症候群(WS)之間的分离」,前者是語言受到擾亂,而其他心智能力則不受影響,[23] 後者則是存在嚴重的心智缺陷,語言能力卻倖免於難[24]。最新和經驗上的可靠工作表明,這些主張可能不正確,因此大大削弱了對分離的支持。 舉例來說,布洛克[25]還有Mervis和Beccera的回顧工作[26]证明,WS中的語言能力並不比非語言能力所能預測的更多。 另外,關於SLI究竟是一種語言障礙,還是病因來自更普遍的認知問題(如語音),有著相當多的爭論。[27][28][29][30] 因此,證明模塊性所需的證據,即完整的語言加上嚴重的智力退化,仍遙遙無期)。因此,發展資料的證據幾乎不支持語言處理發生在模塊中。

因此,雙重分離的證據不支持模塊性,儘管缺乏分離的證據並非針對模塊性,但是該結果並無法從邏輯上推論出模塊性。

缺乏資訊的封装

如果語言是一個模塊,它的確會是資訊封裝的。 然而,有證據表明事實並非如此。例如,在麥格克效應英语McGurk effect (McGurk effect)中,看著說某個音素的唇型,同時卻播放另一個音素,就產生了混合音素的知覺。[31][32] 另外,坦恩豪斯(Tanenhaus)、斯皮维-諾爾頓(Spivey-Knowlton)、埃伯哈德(Eberhard)和塞迪维(Sedivy)(1995年)證明,視覺資訊會介導句法處理。此外,假定的語言模塊應該只會處理與語言有關的資訊(即领域特定性英语Domain specificity), 然而,有證據表明,用於輔助語言的區域也介導了運動控制[33]]和非語言的聲音理解。[34]雖然在低於當前成像技術的分辨率下,仍可能會發生分離的處理過程,但是將所有證據綜合起來後,資訊封裝的根据就變得很薄弱。

替代理論

另一種觀點認為,語言發生在一個更普遍的認知系統中。[35] 對此的反驳则是,人类语言似乎有著「特殊性」[36] 。這通常有著證據支持,例如所有教導動物人類語言的嘗試都失敗了(Hauser et al. 2003年),以及語言可以被有選擇地破壞(单獨的分離)[37] 。這些證據表明,語言處理可能需要專用的計算。 理論家們沒有假設「純粹的」模塊性,而是選擇了一個較弱的版本,即在功能特定的神經電路和計算中,實現領域特定性。例如,按杰肯道夫(Jackendoff)和平克的话来说「我們不該以一個整體,而是以組件結合的方式來研究語言,其中一些是語言特有的,另一些則是根植於更普遍的能力」[38]

相關辩论仍在持續进行。

參見

参考文献

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語言模塊, 语言模块, 又称为, 语言官能, 是人脑或认知系统中的一种假设结构, 含有与生俱来的语言能力, 最初由诺姆, 乔姆斯基提出, 目前關於大腦模塊化的研究正在认知科学和神经科学領域進行, 不過目前的觀點相較於喬姆斯基和傑瑞, 福多在1980年代所提出的觀點弱上許多, 在今日術語中, 模塊化指的是專門化處理, 語言處理在大腦中是專門化的, 這意指語言處理是局部發生在不同的區域, 不同於像是視覺輸入這種其它類型的資訊處理, 目前的觀點認為, 語言處理既不是分隔的, 也不是像喬治, 萊考夫所提出的那種基於處理過程. 语言模块 又称为 语言官能 是人脑或认知系统中的一种假设结构 含有与生俱来的语言能力 最初由诺姆 乔姆斯基提出 目前關於大腦模塊化的研究正在认知科学和神经科学領域進行 不過目前的觀點相較於喬姆斯基和傑瑞 福多在1980年代所提出的觀點弱上許多 在今日術語中 模塊化指的是專門化處理 語言處理在大腦中是專門化的 這意指語言處理是局部發生在不同的區域 不同於像是視覺輸入這種其它類型的資訊處理 目前的觀點認為 語言處理既不是分隔的 也不是像喬治 萊考夫所提出的那種基於處理過程的通用原則 而是模塊化的 構成了一個特定的認知技巧 英语 Cognitive skill 或認知領域 1 2 3 目录 1 模块的含义 2 没有单一的解剖模块 3 没有雙重分離的習得或发展 4 缺乏資訊的封装 5 替代理論 6 參見 7 参考文献 8 进一步阅读模块的含义 编辑人脑中 语言专用模块 的概念 起源于喬姆斯基的普遍文法 UG 理论 由於对语言模块性问题的理解不同而引發了爭論 4 但是 在文献中存在一些共识 即认为模块是以資訊封装的方式处理特定表徵 领域特定性 英语 Domain specificity Bryson和Stein 2001 5 6 7 应当對 解剖模块性 和 功能模块性 作出区分 前者認為在大脑中存在一个負責处理相關歷程的 区域 而後者则取消了解剖模块性 認為資訊封装分散在大脑的各個部分中 8 没有单一的解剖模块 编辑现有证据指出 沒有一個解剖區域專門用來處理語言 瓦達測試 英语 Wada test Wada test 使用異戊巴比妥鈉來麻醉一个腦半球 结果表明左半球對語言處理 英语 Language processing in the brain 至关重要 9 然而 神经成像的結果指出 語言處理並非只有單獨區域涉及 而是由許多不同區域涉及語言處理中的不同環節 10 11 12 不只是存在於左半球 13 此外 個別區域似乎具有許多不同的功能 14 因此 在解剖模块内发生语言处理的程度被視為輕微的 然而 正如许多人所建议的那样 即使語言處理是在整个大脑中实施 语言处理依然可以是模块性处理 15 16 亦即 语言处理可以在功能模块中进行 没有雙重分離的習得或发展 编辑一種用於证明模块性的常见方法 是找到一个雙重分離 英语 Dissociation neuropsychology 這會分成兩組 第一組是語言能力嚴重受損但認知能力正常的人 第二組則是認知能力嚴重受損但語言能力完好的人 17 18 19 虽然在左半球臨側裂區 perisylvian area 的广泛病变 可能會使人無法產生或感知語言 完全性失语症 20 但是沒有一種已知個案 在面临严重的非語言性恶化時 語言能夠完全完好無損 21 因此 基於這一證據 語言處理不能被賦予功能模塊的地位 然而 來自發展研究 用來支持語言模塊的證據也被提出 最着名的是史迪芬 平克 22 即所谓 特定型語言障礙 英语 Specific language impairment SLI 和威廉氏症候群 WS 之間的分离 前者是語言受到擾亂 而其他心智能力則不受影響 23 後者則是存在嚴重的心智缺陷 語言能力卻倖免於難 24 最新和經驗上的可靠工作表明 這些主張可能不正確 因此大大削弱了對分離的支持 舉例來說 布洛克 25 還有Mervis和Beccera的回顧工作 26 证明 WS中的語言能力並不比非語言能力所能預測的更多 另外 關於SLI究竟是一種語言障礙 還是病因來自更普遍的認知問題 如語音 有著相當多的爭論 27 28 29 30 因此 證明模塊性所需的證據 即完整的語言加上嚴重的智力退化 仍遙遙無期 因此 發展資料的證據幾乎不支持語言處理發生在模塊中 因此 雙重分離的證據不支持模塊性 儘管缺乏分離的證據並非針對模塊性 但是該結果並無法從邏輯上推論出模塊性 缺乏資訊的封装 编辑如果語言是一個模塊 它的確會是資訊封裝的 然而 有證據表明事實並非如此 例如 在麥格克效應 英语 McGurk effect McGurk effect 中 看著說某個音素的唇型 同時卻播放另一個音素 就產生了混合音素的知覺 31 32 另外 坦恩豪斯 Tanenhaus 斯皮维 諾爾頓 Spivey Knowlton 埃伯哈德 Eberhard 和塞迪维 Sedivy 1995年 證明 視覺資訊會介導句法處理 此外 假定的語言模塊應該只會處理與語言有關的資訊 即领域特定性 英语 Domain specificity 然而 有證據表明 用於輔助語言的區域也介導了運動控制 33 和非語言的聲音理解 34 雖然在低於當前成像技術的分辨率下 仍可能會發生分離的處理過程 但是將所有證據綜合起來後 資訊封裝的根据就變得很薄弱 替代理論 编辑另一種觀點認為 語言發生在一個更普遍的認知系統中 35 對此的反驳则是 人类语言似乎有著 特殊性 36 這通常有著證據支持 例如所有教導動物人類語言的嘗試都失敗了 Hauser et al 2003年 以及語言可以被有選擇地破壞 单獨的分離 37 這些證據表明 語言處理可能需要專用的計算 理論家們沒有假設 純粹的 模塊性 而是選擇了一個較弱的版本 即在功能特定的神經電路和計算中 實現領域特定性 例如 按杰肯道夫 Jackendoff 和平克的话来说 我們不該以一個整體 而是以組件結合的方式來研究語言 其中一些是語言特有的 另一些則是根植於更普遍的能力 38 相關辩论仍在持續进行 參見 编辑語言中樞 言语知觉的运动理论 诺姆 乔姆斯基 心智模塊 語言習得裝置参考文献 编辑 Schwarz Friesel Monika Einfuhrung in die Kognitive Linguistik Dritte aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage Francke 2008 ISBN 3825216365 Goel Vinod Anatomy of deductive reasoning Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2007 11 10 435 441 2020 07 06 doi 10 1016 j tics 2007 09 003 Kiely Kim Cognitive function Michalos Kim M 编 Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well Being Research Springer 2014 2020 06 15 doi 10 1007 978 94 007 0753 5 426 原始内容存档于2022 06 15 Coltheart M 1999 Modularity and cognition Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 115 120 Bryson J J 2002 Language isn t quite that special 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Brain and Behavioral Sciences 25 6 679 680 Fodor J A 1983 The Modularity of Mind Bradford Books MIT Press Cambridge MA Flombaum J I Santos L R amp Hauser M D 2002 Neuroecology and psychological modularity 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6 3 106 108 Calabretta R Di Ferdinando A Wagner G P amp Parisi D 2003 What does it take to evolve behaviorally complex organisms BioSystems 69 245 262 Wada J amp Rasmussen T 1960 Intracarotid injection of Sodium Amytal for the lateralization of cerebral speech dominance Experimental and clinical observations Journal of Neurosurgery 17 266 282 Raichle M E 1988 Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single word processing Nature 331 585 589 Martin R C 2003 Language processing Functional organization and neuroanatomical basis Annual Review of Psychology 54 55 90 Binder J amp Price C 2001 Functional imaging of language In R Cabeza and A Kingstone Eds Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging of Cognition pp 187 251 Cambridge MA MIT Press Robertson D A Gernsbacher M A Guidotti S J Robertson R R Irwin W Mock B J amp Campana E 2000 Functional neuroanatomy of the cognitive process of mapping during discourse comprehension 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Psychological Science 11 255 60 Grodinsky Y 2006 The language faculty Broca s region and the mirror system Cortex 42 4 464 468 Pinker S 1997 How The Mind Works Harmondsworth Penguin von der Malsburg C 1995 Binding in models of perception and brain function Current Opinion in Neurobiology 5 520 52 Dunn J C amp Kirsner K 2003 What can we infer from double dissociations 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Cortex 39 1 7 Coltheart M amp Davies M 2003 Inference and explanation in cognitive neuropsychology Cortex 39 188 191 Moscovitch M amp Umilta C 1990 Modularity and neuropsychology implications for the 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2007 Language and communicative development in Williams Syndrome 永久失效連結 Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 13 3 15 Norbury C Bishop D V M amp Briscoe J 2001 Production of English finite verb morphology A Comparison of SLI and mildmoderate hearing impairment 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 44 165 178 Leonard L 1998 Children with Specific Language Impairment Cambridge Massachusetts MIT Press Bishop D V M 1994 Grammatical errors in specific language impairment Competence or performance limitations Applied Psycholinguistics 15 507 550 Kail R 1994 A method for studying the generalized slowing hypothesis in children with specific language impairment Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 37 418 421 McGurk H amp MacDonald J 1976 Hearing lips and seeing voices Nature 264 5588 746 748 Carston R 1996 The architecture of the mind modularity and modularization In D Green et al Eds Cognitive Science An Introduction pp 53 83 Cambridge Blackwell Heiser M Iacoboni M Maeda F Marcus J amp Mazziotta J C 2003 The essential role of Broca s area in imitation European Journal of Neuroscience 17 1123 1128 Saygin A P Dick F Wilson S M Dronkers N F amp Bates E 2003 Neural resources for processing language and environmental sounds Evidence from aphasia Brain 126 4 928 945 Rumelhart D E amp McClelland J L 1986 PDP models and general issues in cognitive science In D E Rumelhart J L McClelland and the PDP Research Group Eds Parallel distributed processing Explorations in the microstructure of cognition Volume 1 Foundations Cambridge MA Bradford Books MIT Press Pinker S amp Jackendoff R 2005 The faculty of language What s special about it Cognition 95 201 236 Pulvermuller F 2003 The Neuroscience of Language On Brain Circuits of Words and Serial Order UK Cambridge Cambridge University Press Jackendoff R amp Pinker S 2005 The nature of the language faculty and its implications for evolution of language Reply to Fitch Hauser amp Chomsky Cognition 97 2 211 225 page 223进一步阅读 编辑Altmann G T M 2001 The mechanics of language Psycholinguistics in review The British Journal of Psychology 92 129 170 Bauer R M amp Zawacki T 2000 Auditory Agnosia and Amusia In M J Farah and T E Feinberg Eds Patient Based Approaches to Cognitive Neuroscience pp 97 106 New York McGraw Hill Breedin S D amp Saffran E M 1999 Sentence processing in the face of semantic loss A case study 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Journal of Experimental Psychology General 128 547 62 Breedin S D Saffran E M amp Coslett H B 1999 Reversal of the concreteness effect in a patient with semantic dementia 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Cognitive Neuropsychology 11 617 60 Colledge E Bishop D Koeppen Schomerus G Price T Happe F Eley T Dale P S amp Plomin R 2002 The structure of language abilities at 4 years A twin study Developmental Psychology 38 749 757 Dapretto M amp Bookheimer S Y 1999 Form and content Dissociating syntax and semantics in sentence comprehension 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Neuron 24 427 32 Fodor J A 1983 The Modularity of Mind Bradford Books MIT Press Cambridge MA Garrard P Carroll E Vinson D P amp Vigliocco G 2004 Dissociating lexico semantics and lexico syntax in semantic dementia Neurocase 10 353 362 Grafman J Passafiume D Faglioni P amp Boller F 1982 Calculation disturbances in adults with focal hemispheric damage 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Cortex 18 37 50 Griffiths T D Rees A amp Green G G R 1999 Disorders of human complex sound processing Neurocase 5 365 378 Hauser M D Chomsky N amp Fitch W T 2002 The faculty of language What is it who has it and how does it evolve Science 298 1569 1579 Hickok G amp Poeppel D 2000 Towards a functional neuroanatomy of speech perception 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4 4 131 138 Hill E L 2001 Non specific nature of specific language impairment A review of the literature with regard to concomitant motor impairments 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 International Journal of Language amp Communication Disorders Royal College of Speech amp Language Therapists 36 2 149 171 Kahn H J amp Whitaker H A 1991 Acalculia an historical review of localization Brain Cognition 17 102 15 Luzzatti C Aggujaro S amp Crepaldi D 2006 Verb noun double dissociations in aphasia Theoretical and neuroanatomical foundations 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Cortex 42 6 875 83 Marcus G F 2006 Cognitive Architecture and Descent with Modification Cognition 101 443 465 Marslen Wilson W D amp Tyler L K 1987 Against modularity In J L Garfield Ed Modularity in Knowledge Representation and Natural Language Understanding Cambridge Mass MIT Press Martins I P amp Farrajota L in press Proper and common names A double dissociation Neuropsychologica Mattys S L Melhorn J F amp White L in press Effects of syntactic expectations on speech segmentation Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance Mattys S L Pleydell Pearce C W Melhorn J F amp Whitecross S E 2005 Detecting silent pauses in speech A new tool for measuring on line lexical and semantic processing Psychological Science 16 958 964 Miozzo M amp Gordon P 2005 Facts Events and Inflection When Language and Memory Dissociate Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17 1074 1086 Moss H E Abdallah S Acres K Fletcher P Pilgrim L amp Tyler L K 2003 The role of the left inferior frontal gyrus in semantic selection and competition Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15 Suppl A161 Patterson K E amp Marcel A J 1977 Aphasia dyslexia and phonological coding of written words 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 29 307 318 Poeppel D 2001 Pure word deafness and the bilateral processing of the speech code 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Cognitive Science 21 5 679 693 Raichle M E 1988 Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single word processing 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Nature 331 585 589 Rosselli M Ardila A Calculation deficits in patients with right and left hemisphere damage Neuropsychologia 1989 27 5 607 617 PMID 2739887 doi 10 1016 0028 3932 89 90107 3 Tanenhaus M K Spivey Knowlton M J Eberhard K M Sedivy J C Allopenna P D amp Magnuson J S 1996 Eye movements and spoken language comprehension 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 In the Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Thomas M amp Karmiloff Smith A 2002 Are developmental disorders like cases of adult brain damage Implications from connectionist modelling 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25 727 788 Tooby J amp Cosmides L 1992 The psychological foundations of culture In J Barkow L Cosmides amp J Tooby Eds The adapted mind Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 pp 19 136 Oxford Oxford University Press Trout J D 2001 The biological basis of speech what to infer from talking to the animals Psychological Review 108 3 523 549 Vouloumanos A Kiehl K Werker J F amp Liddle P 2001 Detecting sounds in the auditory stream Event related fMRI evidence for differential activation to speech and non speech Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13 7 994 1005 Wang E Peach R K Xu Y Schneck M amp Manry C 2000 Perception of dynamic acoustic patterns by an individual with unilateral verbal auditory agnosia Brain and Language 73 442 455 Warren R M amp Warren R P 1970 Auditory illusions and confusions Scientific American 223 30 36 Warrington E K 1981 Neuropsychological studies of verbal semantic systems Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 295 411 23 Zeki S 2005 The Ferrier Lecture 1995 behind the seen The functional specialization of the brain in space and time Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 360 1145 83 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 語言模塊 amp oldid 72827612, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

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