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维基百科

族教群體

一月 27, 2024

族教群體（Ethnoreligious group），又稱民族宗教群體，指有共同宗教信仰背景、依照共同宗教而联系起来的族群。从相同的宗教信仰出发，族教群體亦有共同的文化传统，相信自身有共同祖先[1][2]。

身着传统服装的雅兹迪女子

Swierenga 1990给出了“族教群體”（ethnoreligious group）的三大特征：社会特征（英语：Social character）、历史经历、神学信仰[3]。族教群體在传统上也往往实行严格的内婚制[4]。

定义 编辑

总体来说，族教群體的身份认同既来自于祖先血缘，也来自于宗教联系，內部共同的历史和文化传统亦可划入宗教范畴。在很多情况下，族教群體可视同有共同民族宗教的族群文化群体（ethno-cultural group）[5][6]。

一些族教群體在某些地区属于少数群体，其认同感在维持其少数群体地位的过程中有所加强。如果其宗教信仰和某些特定地区有所关联，那么族教群體亦可以和族裔民族主义联系起来[7]。

举例 编辑

以下群体有可靠来源佐证被视为“民族宗教群体”
民族宗教群体 宗教民族 混合群体

犹太人 编辑

主条目：谁是犹太人？、贝塔以色列和以色列之子

在成为巴比伦囚虏之前，以色列人已经是民族宗教群体，可能在何西亚的时代以前就已经发展成熟[35]。

19世纪以来，犹太教改革派的某些神学信条和传统犹太教相比有了变化；不过近年来改革派又重新恢复了一些传统习俗。20世纪末以来，改革派在美国犹太人群体中成为主流。美国犹太人的跨族婚姻现象越来越多，试图令配偶皈依的现象随之增多，这是传统犹太教极不提倡的行为[36]。如果一名实行跨族婚姻的犹太人的妻子没有皈依，改革派会认同父系祖先血脉（传统犹太教认同母系血脉）。而且，改革派认定跨族婚生的犹太人子女的方式是借由行为的，即“通过合适且及时的、公开正式的认同犹太信仰和犹太身份的行为[37]”。这令部分犹太人已经不符合“民族宗教群体”之定义。

自20世纪60年代以来，随着锡安主义的胜利，以色列的国族认同和犹太人认同联系起来[38][39]。近年来，有反锡安主义者提出许多理论，试图证明当代犹太人是皈依者的后裔，主张锡安主义仅是一种现代的非理性种族主义[40]，从而否认现代以色列人的族教群體身份。

法律概念 编辑

澳大利亚 编辑

澳大利亚法律中，新南威尔士州的1977年反歧视法案（英语：Anti-Discrimination Act 1977）提及的“种族”（race）概念中，包含“族群、族群宗教或国族起源”的定义[41]，其中“民族宗教”（ethno-religious）是1994年修正案中增补的[42]。时任新南威尔士州司法部长约翰·汉纳福德（John Hannaford）解释称：“这是为了将犹太人、穆斯林和锡克教徒纳入反诽谤和歧视条款的保护范畴中……这次延伸不涉及宗教范畴的歧视[26][27]。”

塔斯马尼亚州的1998年反歧视法案的种族定义和新南威尔士州相同，亦包含族教群體[43]。这一法案同时也针对宗教领域的歧视[44]。

英国 编辑

在英国有一桩标志性的法律案例“曼德拉诉道尔-李案（英语：Mandla v Dowell-Lee）”，为有着宗教联系的族群给出了法律定义[45]。犹太人[28][29][30]和锡克人[46][47][48]都在1994年反歧视法案修正案中以族教群體的身份被纳入保护范畴[47]。

1994年反歧视法案修正案参考曼德拉诉道尔-李案，将族群（ethnic group）定义为：

  1. 有着悠久的共同历史的群体，足以将这一群体和其他群体区分开来，令群体延续至今；
  2. 有着自身文化传统的群体，包括家庭和社会习俗，经常但不一定和宗教有关；除了以上两点重要特征外，以下特征互相关联：
  3. 有相同的地理来源，或有着共同祖先的；
  4. 有着共同语言的，并不一定是该群体特有；
  5. 有着特有的文学文献的；
  6. 和周围其他群体不同的共同的宗教信仰；
  7. 在较大群体中充当少数群体，或是被压迫或主导性群体的，例如被征服的群体以及征服他们的群体是不同的民族。

参见 编辑

参考文献 编辑

  1. ^ Müller, Marion; Zifonun, Darius. Ethnowissen: Soziologische Beiträge zu ethnischer Differenzierung und Migration. Springer-Verlag. 2010-08-05: 102–103 [2021-06-16]. ISBN 978-3-531-92449-6. （原始内容于2021-10-01） （德语）. 
  2. ^ Valerio-Jimenez, Omar; Vaquera-Vasquez, Santiago. Latina/o Midwest Reader. University of Illinois Press. 2017-06-30: 319 [2021-06-16]. ISBN 978-0-252-09980-9. （原始内容于2021-10-02） （英语）. 
  3. ^ Greer, Joanne Marie; Moberg, David O.; Lynn, Monty L. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion. BRILL. 2001-04-01: 45 [2021-06-16]. ISBN 978-1-55938-893-1. （原始内容于2021-10-02） （英语）. Historically, each ethnoreligious group had its own social character, historical experience and theological beliefs. (Robert P. Swierenga 1990, p. 149) 
  4. ^ Asatrian, Garnik S.; Arakelova, Victoria. The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World. Routledge. 2014-09-03 [2021-06-16]. ISBN 978-1-317-54428-9. （原始内容于2021-10-02） （英语）. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Yang and Ebaugh, p.369: "Andrew Greeley (1971) identified three types of relationships in the United States: some religious people who do not hold an ethnic identity; some people who have an ethnic identity but are not religious; and cases in which religion and ethnicity are intertwined. Phillip Hammond and Kee Warner (1993), following Harold J. Abramson (1973), further explicated the “intertwining relationships” into a typology. First is “ethnic fusion,” where religion is the foundation of ethnicity, or, ethnicity equals religion, such as in the case of the Amish and Jews. The second pattern is that of “ethnic religion,” where religion is one of several foundations of ethnicity. The Greek or Russian Orthodox and the Dutch Reformed are examples of this type. In this pattern, ethnic identification can be claimed without claiming the religious identification but the reverse is rare. The third form, “religious ethnicity,” occurs where an ethnic group is linked to a religious tradition that is shared by other ethnic groups. The Irish, Italian, and Polish Catholics are such cases. In this pattern, religious identification can be claimed without claiming ethnic identification. Hammond and Warner also suggest that the relationship of religion and ethnicity is strongest in “ethnic fusion” and least strong in “religious ethnicity.” Recently, some scholars have argued that even Jews’ religion and culture (ethnicity) can be distinguished from each other and are separable (Chervyakov, Gitelman, and Shapiro 1997; Gans 1994)."
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Hammond and Warner, p.59: "1. Religion is the major foundation of ethnicity, examples include the Amish, Hutterites, Jews, and Mormons. Ethnicity in this pattern, so to speak, equals religion, and if the religious identity is denied, so is the ethnic identity. [Footnote: In actuality, of course, there can be exceptions, as the labels "jack Mormon," "banned Amish," or "cultural Jew" suggest.] Let us call this pattern "ethnic fusion."
    2. Religion may be one of several foundations of ethnicity, the others commonly being language and territorial origin; examples are the Greek or Russian Orthodox and the Dutch Reformed. Ethnicity in this pattern extends beyond religion in the sense that ethnic identification can be claimed without claiming the religious identification, but the reverse is rare. Let us call this pattern "ethnic religion."
    3. An ethnic group may be linked to a religious tradition, but other ethnic groups will be linked to it, too. Examples include Irish, Italian, and Polish Catholics; Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish Lutherans. Religion in this pattern extends beyond ethnicity, reversing the previous pattern, and religious identification can be claimed without claiming the ethnic identification. Let us call this pattern "religious ethnicity""
  7. ^ Andreas Wimmer. Democracy and ethno-religious conflict in Iraq (PDF). www.econstor.eu. [2021-06-16]. （原始内容 (PDF)于2019-09-22）. 
  8. ^ Desplat, Patrick; Østebø, Terje. Muslim Ethiopia: The Christian Legacy, Identity Politics, and Islamic Reformism. Palgrave Macmillan. 2013-04-18 [2021-06-16]. ISBN 9781137322081. （原始内容于2021-10-02） （英语）. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Thomas 2006
  10. ^ Dekmejian, R. Hrair. Reviewed Work: Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust by Robert F. Melson. The International History Review（英语：The International History Review）. 1994, 16 (2): 377. JSTOR 40107201. ...both victimized groups [Armenians & Jews] were ethno-religious minorities... 
  11. ^ For Assyrians as a Christian people, see
    • Joel J. Elias, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
    • Steven L. Danver, Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues, p. 517
  12. ^ Zemon, Rubin. The development of identities among the Muslim population in the Balkans in an era of globalization and Europeanization: Cases of Torbeshi, Gorani and Pomaci. 
  13. ^ Kalash Religion (PDF). （原始内容 (PDF)于2021-08-17）. 
  14. ^ Ponna Wignaraja; Akmal Hussain (编). The Challenge in South Asia: Development, Democracy and Regional Cooperation. United Nations University Press. 1989: 278 [2021-06-16]. ISBN 9780803996038. （原始内容于2021-10-02）. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Marty, Martin E. Religion, Ethnicity, and Self-Identity: Nations in Turmoil. University Press of New England. 1997. ISBN 0-87451-815-6. [...] the three ethnoreligious groups that have played the roles of the protagonists in the bloody tragedy that has unfolded in the former Yugoslavia: the Christian Orthodox Serbs, the Roman Catholic Croats, and the Muslim Slavs of Bosnia. 
  16. ^ Ladykowski, P., Estonian Cottage. Setu – ethno-religious borderland group., Warsaw University Press
  17. ^ Hunt, Stephen. Contemporary Christianity and LGBT Sexualities. Chapter 7: Christians and Gays in Northern Ireland. 2016-05-13 [2017-05-15]. ISBN 9781317160922. （原始内容于2021-05-21）. 
  18. ^ Byrne, Sean. Social Conflicts and Collective Identities. 2000: 94 [2017-05-15]. ISBN 9780742500518. （原始内容于2021-05-28）. 
  19. ^ . Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford. [2017-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-06）. 
  20. ^ Ó Lúing, Seán. Art Ó Griofa. Dublin: Sairséal agus Dill. 1953: 217. 
  21. ^ NI Curriculum, Teachers' Notes, p. 54
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Simon Harrison. Fracturing Resemblances: Identity and Mimetic Conflict in Melanesia and the West. Berghahn Books. 2006: 121– [2021-06-16]. ISBN 978-1-57181-680-1. （原始内容于2021-10-26）. 
  23. ^ Allison, Christine. Yazidis i: General. Encyclopædia Iranica. 2004-02-20 [2010-08-20]. （原始内容于2019-01-07）. 
  24. ^ Arakelova, Victoria. Ethno-Religious Communities Identity markers. Yerevan State University. [2021-06-16]. （原始内容于2021-10-01） （英语）. 
  25. ^ Paul R. Ehrlich; Anne H. Ehrlich. The Dominant Animal: Human Evolution and the Environment. Island Press. 2008-06-30: 315. ISBN 978-1-59726-096-1. 
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 . Parliament of New South Wales. 2007-05-12 [2010-02-14]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）. 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 Gareth Griffith. Sedition, Incitement and Vilification: Issues in the Current Debate (PDF). NSW Parliamentary Library Research Service. February 2006: 52 [2010-02-14]. ISBN 0-7313-1792-0. （原始内容 (PDF)于2019-05-11）. 
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 (PDF). Institute for Curriculum Services. [2013-10-21]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-10-21）. 
  29. ^ 29.0 29.1 Ethnic minorities in English law – Google Books （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved on 2010-12-23.
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 Edgar Litt. Jewish Ethno-Religious Involvement and Political Liberalism. Social Forces. 1961, 39 (4): 328–332. JSTOR 2573430. doi:10.2307/2573430. 
  31. ^ Ireton 2003
  32. ^ Part I - Mormons as an Ethno-Religious Group - University Publishing Online. ebooks.cambridge.org. [2016-01-24]. （原始内容于2020-05-16）. 
  33. ^ Janzen, Rod; Stanton, Max. The Hutterites in North America. JHU Press. 2010-09-01 [2021-06-16]. ISBN 9780801899256. （原始内容于2021-10-02） （英语）. 
  34. ^ Thiessen, Janis Lee. Manufacturing Mennonites: Work and Religion in Post-War Manitoba. University of Toronto Press. 2013-06-17 [2021-06-16]. ISBN 9781442660595. （原始内容于2021-10-02） （英语）. 
  35. ^ Kenton L. Sparks. Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel: Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnic Sentiments and Their Expression in the Hebrew Bible. Eisenbrauns. 1998: 146–148 [2021-06-16]. ISBN 9781575060330. （原始内容于2021-10-03）. 
  36. ^ Conversion and Marriage. www.chabad.org. [2021-06-16]. （原始内容于2018-10-23） （英语）. 
  37. ^ How does Reform Judaism define who is a Jew?. ReformJudaism.org. 2013-06-06 [2021-06-16]. （原始内容于2018-10-23） （英语）. 
  38. ^ Waxman, Dov. The Pursuit of Peace and the Crisis of Israeli Identity: Defending/Defining the Nation. Springer. 2006: 115 [2021-06-16]. ISBN 9781403983473. （原始内容于2021-10-02）. 
  39. ^ Shlomo Fischer. Israelis Are Divided Over Whether They Are 'Jewish' Or 'Israeli.'. Forward. [2018-10-25]. （原始内容于2018-10-26）. 
  40. ^ Shlomo Sharan, David Bukay. Crossovers: Anti-zionism and Anti-semitism. Routledge. 2017: 161–163 [2021-06-16]. ISBN 9781351524827. （原始内容于2021-10-02）. 
  41. ^ Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 Section 4. [2021-06-16]. （原始内容于2017-08-03）. 
  42. ^ Cunneen, Chris; David Fraser; Stephen Tomsen. Faces of hate: hate crime in Australia. Hawkins Press. 1997: 223 [2010-02-14]. ISBN 1-876067-05-5. （原始内容于2021-10-01）. 
  43. ^ ANTI-DISCRIMINATION ACT 1998 – SECT 3. Tasmanian Consolidated Acts. AustLII. 2010-02-02 [2010-02-14]. （原始内容于2016-03-04）. 
  44. ^ ANTI-DISCRIMINATION ACT 1998 – SECT 16. Tasmanian Consolidated Acts. AustLII. 2010-02-02 [2010-02-14]. （原始内容于2015-09-25）. 
  45. ^ policypaperdraft （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Policy.hu. Retrieved on 2010-12-23.
  46. ^ Immigrant Sub-National Ethnicity: Bengali-Hindus and Punjabi-Sikhs in the San Francisco Bay Area. Allacademic.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-23.
  47. ^ 47.0 47.1 Mandla (Sewa Singh) and another v Dowell Lee and others [1983] 2 AC 548 (PDF). www.equalrightstrust.org. [2021-06-16]. （原始内容 (PDF)于2021-10-02）. 
  48. ^ Ethno-Religious Strife Closes Bridge of Hope Center – Gospel for Asia 互联网档案馆的，存档日期2009-10-17.. Gfa.org (2008-08-05). Retrieved on 2010-12-23.

书目 编辑

  • Sean Ireton. The Samaritans – A Jewish Sect in Israel: Strategies for Survival of an Ethno-religious Minority in the Twenty First Century. Anthrobase. 2003 [2009-12-30]. （原始内容于2018-05-23）. 
  • Barry, David M., THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIGION AND ETHNICITY: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, Popular Perceptions of the Relationship Between Religious and Ethnic Identities: A Comparative Study of Ethnodoxy in Contemporary Russia and Beyond, Western Michigan University: 6–19, 2012 [2021-06-16], （原始内容于2021-04-15） 
  • Levey, Geoffrey Brahm. Toward a Theory of Disproportionate American Jewish Liberalism (PDF). 
  • Fox, Jonathan. Defining Religion's Role in Society. Ethnoreligious Conflict in the Late Twentieth Century: A General Theory. Lexington Books. 2002: 11–30 [2021-06-16]. ISBN 978-0-7391-0418-7. （原始内容于2021-10-02）. 
  • Thomas, Martin. Crisis management in colonial states: Intelligence and counter-insurgency in Morocco and Syria after the First World War. Intelligence & National Security. October 2006, 21 (5): 697–716. S2CID 153922797. doi:10.1080/02684520600957662. 
  • J. Alan Winter. Symbolic Ethnicity or Religion Among Jews in the United States: A Test of Gansian Hypotheses. Review of Religious Research. March 1996, 37 (3) [2021-06-16]. （原始内容于2020-02-24）. 
  • Yang, F. and Ebaugh, H. R. (2001), Religion and Ethnicity Among New Immigrants: The Impact of Majority/Minority Status in Home and Host Countries （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40: 367–378. doi:10.1111/0021-8294.00063
  • Phillip E. Hammond and Kee Warner, Religion and Ethnicity in Late-Twentieth-Century America （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social, Vol. 527, Religion in the Nineties (May, 1993), pp. 55–66
维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：族教群體

一月 27, 2024
族教群體, ethnoreligious, group, 又稱民族宗教群體, 指有共同宗教信仰背景, 依照共同宗教而联系起来的族群, 从相同的宗教信仰出发, 亦有共同的文化传统, 相信自身有共同祖先, 身着传统服装的雅兹迪女子swierenga, 1990给出了, ethnoreligious, group, 的三大特征, 社会特征, 英语, social, character, 历史经历, 神学信仰, 在传统上也往往实行严格的内婚制, 目录, 定义, 举例, 犹太人, 法律概念, 澳大利亚, 英国, 参见, 参考. 族教群體 Ethnoreligious group 又稱民族宗教群體 指有共同宗教信仰背景 依照共同宗教而联系起来的族群 从相同的宗教信仰出发 族教群體亦有共同的文化传统 相信自身有共同祖先 1 2 身着传统服装的雅兹迪女子Swierenga 1990给出了 族教群體 ethnoreligious group 的三大特征 社会特征 英语 Social character 历史经历 神学信仰 3 族教群體在传统上也往往实行严格的内婚制 4 目录 1 定义 2 举例 2 1 犹太人 3 法律概念 3 1 澳大利亚 3 2 英国 4 参见 5 参考文献 5 1 书目定义 编辑总体来说 族教群體的身份认同既来自于祖先血缘 也来自于宗教联系 內部共同的历史和文化传统亦可划入宗教范畴 在很多情况下 族教群體可视同有共同民族宗教的族群文化群体 ethno cultural group 5 6 一些族教群體在某些地区属于少数群体 其认同感在维持其少数群体地位的过程中有所加强 如果其宗教信仰和某些特定地区有所关联 那么族教群體亦可以和族裔民族主义联系起来 7 举例 编辑以下群体有可靠来源佐证被视为 民族宗教群体 民族宗教群体 宗教民族 混合群体阿亞瓦芝人 阿法爾人 8 亚美尼亚人 9 10 亚述人 11 科普特人 德干尼人 古拉尼人 12 希臘人 5 6 卡拉什人 13 馬哈爾人 14 莫哈吉爾人 俄罗斯正教徒 5 6 塞尔维亚人 15 塞托人 16 敘利亞土庫曼人 9 安条克希腊基督徒 英语 Antiochian Greek Christians 波士尼亞克人 15 克羅埃西亞人 15 回族 东干族 潘泰人 阿尔斯特新教徒 英语 Ulster Protestants 17 18 19 20 21 爱尔兰天主教徒 印度复兴佛教徒 德鲁兹教徒 22 曼达安人 英语 Mandaeans 曼达安教徒 雅兹迪 争议 23 24 祆教徒 包括帕西人 25 锡克人 26 27 犹太人 28 29 30 撒馬利亞人 31 阿米什人 22 馬龍尼人 马龙派信徒 摩爾門教徒 32 6 胡特尔派信徒 33 阿拉维派信徒 9 门诺人 英语 Ethnic Mennonite 门诺会信徒 34 沙巴克人 英语 Shabaks 达乌迪 博赫拉人 英语 Dawoodi Bohras 犹太人 编辑 主条目 谁是犹太人 贝塔以色列和以色列之子 在成为巴比伦囚虏之前 以色列人已经是民族宗教群体 可能在何西亚的时代以前就已经发展成熟 35 19世纪以来 犹太教改革派的某些神学信条和传统犹太教相比有了变化 不过近年来改革派又重新恢复了一些传统习俗 20世纪末以来 改革派在美国犹太人群体中成为主流 美国犹太人的跨族婚姻现象越来越多 试图令配偶皈依的现象随之增多 这是传统犹太教极不提倡的行为 36 如果一名实行跨族婚姻的犹太人的妻子没有皈依 改革派会认同父系祖先血脉 传统犹太教认同母系血脉 而且 改革派认定跨族婚生的犹太人子女的方式是借由行为的 即 通过合适且及时的 公开正式的认同犹太信仰和犹太身份的行为 37 这令部分犹太人已经不符合 民族宗教群体 之定义 自20世纪60年代以来 随着锡安主义的胜利 以色列的国族认同和犹太人认同联系起来 38 39 近年来 有反锡安主义者提出许多理论 试图证明当代犹太人是皈依者的后裔 主张锡安主义仅是一种现代的非理性种族主义 40 从而否认现代以色列人的族教群體身份 法律概念 编辑澳大利亚 编辑 澳大利亚法律中 新南威尔士州的1977年反歧视法案 英语 Anti Discrimination Act 1977 提及的 种族 race 概念中 包含 族群 族群宗教或国族起源 的定义 41 其中 民族宗教 ethno religious 是1994年修正案中增补的 42 时任新南威尔士州司法部长约翰 汉纳福德 John Hannaford 解释称 这是为了将犹太人 穆斯林和锡克教徒纳入反诽谤和歧视条款的保护范畴中 这次延伸不涉及宗教范畴的歧视 26 27 塔斯马尼亚州的1998年反歧视法案的种族定义和新南威尔士州相同 亦包含族教群體 43 这一法案同时也针对宗教领域的歧视 44 英国 编辑 在英国有一桩标志性的法律案例 曼德拉诉道尔 李案 英语 Mandla v Dowell Lee 为有着宗教联系的族群给出了法律定义 45 犹太人 28 29 30 和锡克人 46 47 48 都在1994年反歧视法案修正案中以族教群體的身份被纳入保护范畴 47 1994年反歧视法案修正案参考曼德拉诉道尔 李案 将族群 ethnic group 定义为 有着悠久的共同历史的群体 足以将这一群体和其他群体区分开来 令群体延续至今 有着自身文化传统的群体 包括家庭和社会习俗 经常但不一定和宗教有关 除了以上两点重要特征外 以下特征互相关联 有相同的地理来源 或有着共同祖先的 有着共同语言的 并不一定是该群体特有 有着特有的文学文献的 和周围其他群体不同的共同的宗教信仰 在较大群体中充当少数群体 或是被压迫或主导性群体的 例如被征服的群体以及征服他们的群体是不同的民族 参见 编辑民間信仰 宗教隔離 族语群体 英语 Ethnolinguistic group 回族身份认同参考文献 编辑 Muller Marion Zifonun Darius Ethnowissen Soziologische Beitrage zu ethnischer Differenzierung und Migration Springer Verlag 2010 08 05 102 103 2021 06 16 ISBN 978 3 531 92449 6 原始内容存档于2021 10 01 德语 Valerio Jimenez Omar Vaquera Vasquez Santiago Latina o Midwest Reader University of Illinois Press 2017 06 30 319 2021 06 16 ISBN 978 0 252 09980 9 原始内容存档于2021 10 02 英语 Greer Joanne Marie Moberg David O Lynn Monty L Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion BRILL 2001 04 01 45 2021 06 16 ISBN 978 1 55938 893 1 原始内容存档于2021 10 02 英语 Historically each ethnoreligious group had its own social character historical experience and theological beliefs Robert P Swierenga 1990 p 149 Asatrian Garnik S Arakelova Victoria The Religion of the Peacock Angel The Yezidis and Their Spirit World Routledge 2014 09 03 2021 06 16 ISBN 978 1 317 54428 9 原始内容存档于2021 10 02 英语 5 0 5 1 5 2 Yang and Ebaugh p 369 Andrew Greeley 1971 identified three types of relationships in the United States some religious people who do not hold an ethnic identity some people who have an ethnic identity but are not religious and cases in which religion and ethnicity are intertwined Phillip Hammond and Kee Warner 1993 following Harold J Abramson 1973 further explicated the intertwining relationships into a typology First is ethnic fusion where religion is the foundation of ethnicity or ethnicity equals religion such as in the case of the Amish and Jews The second pattern is that of ethnic religion where religion is one of several foundations of ethnicity The Greek or Russian Orthodox and the Dutch Reformed are examples of this type In this pattern ethnic identification can be claimed without claiming the religious identification but the reverse is rare The third form religious ethnicity occurs where an ethnic group is linked to a religious tradition that is shared by other ethnic groups The Irish Italian and Polish Catholics are such cases In this pattern religious identification can be claimed without claiming ethnic identification Hammond and Warner also suggest that the relationship of religion and ethnicity is strongest in ethnic fusion and least strong in religious ethnicity Recently some scholars have argued that even Jews religion and culture ethnicity can be distinguished from each other and are separable Chervyakov Gitelman and Shapiro 1997 Gans 1994 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 Hammond and Warner p 59 1 Religion is the major foundation of ethnicity examples include the Amish Hutterites Jews and Mormons Ethnicity in this pattern so to speak equals religion and if the religious identity is denied so is the ethnic identity Footnote In actuality of course there can be exceptions as the labels jack Mormon banned Amish or cultural Jew suggest Let us call this pattern ethnic fusion 2 Religion may be one of several foundations of ethnicity the others commonly being language and territorial origin examples are the Greek or Russian Orthodox and the Dutch Reformed Ethnicity in this pattern extends beyond religion in the sense that ethnic identification can be claimed without claiming the religious identification but the reverse is rare Let us call this pattern ethnic religion 3 An ethnic group may be linked to a religious tradition but other ethnic groups will be linked to it too Examples include Irish Italian and Polish Catholics Danish Norwegian and Swedish Lutherans Religion in this pattern extends beyond ethnicity reversing the previous pattern and religious identification can be claimed without claiming the ethnic identification Let us call this pattern religious ethnicity Andreas Wimmer Democracy and ethno religious conflict in Iraq PDF www econstor eu 2021 06 16 原始内容存档 PDF 于2019 09 22 Desplat Patrick Ostebo Terje Muslim Ethiopia The Christian Legacy Identity Politics and Islamic Reformism Palgrave Macmillan 2013 04 18 2021 06 16 ISBN 9781137322081 原始内容存档于2021 10 02 英语 9 0 9 1 9 2 Thomas 2006 Dekmejian R Hrair Reviewed Work Revolution and Genocide On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust by Robert F Melson The International History Review 英语 The International History Review 1994 16 2 377 JSTOR 40107201 both victimized groups Armenians amp Jews were ethno religious minorities For Assyrians as a Christian people see Joel J Elias The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Steven L Danver Native Peoples of the World An Encyclopedia of Groups Cultures and Contemporary Issues p 517 Zemon Rubin The development of identities among the Muslim population in the Balkans in an era of globalization and Europeanization Cases of Torbeshi Gorani and Pomaci Kalash Religion PDF 原始内容存档 PDF 于2021 08 17 Ponna Wignaraja Akmal Hussain 编 The Challenge in South Asia Development Democracy and Regional Cooperation United Nations University Press 1989 278 2021 06 16 ISBN 9780803996038 原始内容存档于2021 10 02 15 0 15 1 15 2 Marty Martin E Religion Ethnicity and Self Identity Nations in Turmoil University Press of New England 1997 ISBN 0 87451 815 6 the three ethnoreligious groups that have played the roles of the protagonists in the bloody tragedy that has unfolded in the former Yugoslavia the Christian Orthodox Serbs the Roman Catholic Croats and the Muslim Slavs of Bosnia Ladykowski P Estonian Cottage Setu ethno religious borderland group Warsaw University Press Hunt Stephen Contemporary Christianity and LGBT Sexualities Chapter 7 Christians and Gays in Northern Ireland 2016 05 13 2017 05 15 ISBN 9781317160922 原始内容存档于2021 05 21 Byrne Sean Social Conflicts and Collective Identities 2000 94 2017 05 15 ISBN 9780742500518 原始内容存档于2021 05 28 It s never too late for us to meet them prior intergroup friendships moderate the impact of later intergroup friendships in educational settings Medical Sciences Division University of Oxford 2017 05 15 原始内容存档于2017 05 06 o Luing Sean Art o Griofa Dublin Sairseal agus Dill 1953 217 NI Curriculum Teachers Notes p 54 22 0 22 1 Simon Harrison Fracturing Resemblances Identity and Mimetic Conflict in Melanesia and the West Berghahn Books 2006 121 2021 06 16 ISBN 978 1 57181 680 1 原始内容存档于2021 10 26 Allison Christine Yazidis i General Encyclopaedia Iranica 2004 02 20 2010 08 20 原始内容存档于2019 01 07 Arakelova Victoria Ethno Religious Communities Identity markers Yerevan State University 2021 06 16 原始内容存档于2021 10 01 英语 Paul R Ehrlich Anne H Ehrlich The Dominant Animal Human Evolution and the Environment Island Press 2008 06 30 315 ISBN 978 1 59726 096 1 26 0 26 1 Anti Discrimination Amendment Bill Second Reading Parliament of New South Wales 2007 05 12 2010 02 14 原始内容存档于2016 03 04 27 0 27 1 Gareth Griffith Sedition Incitement and Vilification Issues in the Current Debate PDF NSW Parliamentary Library Research Service February 2006 52 2010 02 14 ISBN 0 7313 1792 0 原始内容存档 PDF 于2019 05 11 28 0 28 1 Are Jews a Religious Group or an Ethnic Group PDF Institute for Curriculum Services 2013 10 21 原始内容 PDF 存档于2013 10 21 29 0 29 1 Ethnic minorities in English law Google Books 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Books google co uk Retrieved on 2010 12 23 30 0 30 1 Edgar Litt Jewish Ethno Religious Involvement and Political Liberalism Social Forces 1961 39 4 328 332 JSTOR 2573430 doi 10 2307 2573430 Ireton 2003 Part I Mormons as an Ethno Religious Group University Publishing Online ebooks cambridge org 2016 01 24 原始内容存档于2020 05 16 Janzen Rod Stanton Max The Hutterites in North America JHU Press 2010 09 01 2021 06 16 ISBN 9780801899256 原始内容存档于2021 10 02 英语 Thiessen Janis Lee Manufacturing Mennonites Work and Religion in Post War Manitoba University of Toronto Press 2013 06 17 2021 06 16 ISBN 9781442660595 原始内容存档于2021 10 02 英语 Kenton L Sparks Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnic Sentiments and Their Expression in the Hebrew Bible Eisenbrauns 1998 146 148 2021 06 16 ISBN 9781575060330 原始内容存档于2021 10 03 Conversion and Marriage www chabad org 2021 06 16 原始内容存档于2018 10 23 英语 How does Reform Judaism define who is a Jew ReformJudaism org 2013 06 06 2021 06 16 原始内容存档于2018 10 23 英语 Waxman Dov The Pursuit of Peace and the Crisis of Israeli Identity Defending Defining the Nation Springer 2006 115 2021 06 16 ISBN 9781403983473 原始内容存档于2021 10 02 Shlomo Fischer Israelis Are Divided Over Whether They Are Jewish Or Israeli Forward 2018 10 25 原始内容存档于2018 10 26 Shlomo Sharan David Bukay Crossovers Anti zionism and Anti semitism Routledge 2017 161 163 2021 06 16 ISBN 9781351524827 原始内容存档于2021 10 02 Anti Discrimination Act 1977 Section 4 2021 06 16 原始内容存档于2017 08 03 Cunneen Chris David Fraser Stephen Tomsen Faces of hate hate crime in Australia Hawkins Press 1997 223 2010 02 14 ISBN 1 876067 05 5 原始内容存档于2021 10 01 ANTI DISCRIMINATION ACT 1998 SECT 3 Tasmanian Consolidated Acts AustLII 2010 02 02 2010 02 14 原始内容存档于2016 03 04 ANTI DISCRIMINATION ACT 1998 SECT 16 Tasmanian Consolidated Acts AustLII 2010 02 02 2010 02 14 原始内容存档于2015 09 25 policypaperdraft 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Policy hu Retrieved on 2010 12 23 Immigrant Sub National Ethnicity Bengali Hindus and Punjabi Sikhs in the San Francisco Bay Area Allacademic com Retrieved on 2010 12 23 47 0 47 1 Mandla Sewa Singh and another v Dowell Lee and others 1983 2 AC 548 PDF www equalrightstrust org 2021 06 16 原始内容存档 PDF 于2021 10 02 Ethno Religious Strife Closes Bridge of Hope Center Gospel for Asia 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期2009 10 17 Gfa org 2008 08 05 Retrieved on 2010 12 23 书目 编辑 Sean Ireton The Samaritans A Jewish Sect in Israel Strategies for Survival of an Ethno religious Minority in the Twenty First Century Anthrobase 2003 2009 12 30 原始内容存档于2018 05 23 Barry David M THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIGION AND ETHNICITY A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Popular Perceptions of the Relationship Between Religious and Ethnic Identities A Comparative Study of Ethnodoxy in Contemporary Russia and Beyond Western Michigan University 6 19 2012 2021 06 16 原始内容存档于2021 04 15 Levey Geoffrey Brahm Toward a Theory of Disproportionate American Jewish Liberalism PDF Fox Jonathan Defining Religion s Role in Society Ethnoreligious Conflict in the Late Twentieth Century A General Theory Lexington Books 2002 11 30 2021 06 16 ISBN 978 0 7391 0418 7 原始内容存档于2021 10 02 Thomas Martin Crisis management in colonial states Intelligence and counter insurgency in Morocco and Syria after the First World War Intelligence amp National Security October 2006 21 5 697 716 S2CID 153922797 doi 10 1080 02684520600957662 J Alan Winter Symbolic Ethnicity or Religion Among Jews in the United States A Test of Gansian Hypotheses Review of Religious Research March 1996 37 3 2021 06 16 原始内容存档于2020 02 24 Yang F and Ebaugh H R 2001 Religion and Ethnicity Among New Immigrants The Impact of Majority Minority Status in Home and Host Countries 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40 367 378 doi 10 1111 0021 8294 00063 Phillip E Hammond and Kee Warner Religion and Ethnicity in Late Twentieth Century America 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Vol 527 Religion in the Nineties May 1993 pp 55 66 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源 族教群體 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 族教群體 amp oldid 76638397, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

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