数字前缀

数字前缀 （英語：Numeral prefix） 是派生于数词或其他数字的前缀。在英语和其他欧洲语言，这些前缀用来造一系列包含表示数量信息的词。

例子

数字前缀有拉丁语、希腊语、梵语三种，但主要使用前两者。

具体例子如下：

• 单词：bicycle（两个轮子；自行车）、sextet（六重唱）、octopus（八只脚；章鱼）、decade（十年）、octave（八度）
• 数学术语：triangle（三角形）、quadruple（四倍）、quaternion（四元数）、pentagon（五边形）、regular dodecahedron（正十二面体）
• 进位制：binary（二进制）、decimal（十进制）、sexagesimal（六十进制）
• 西方的数字命名法：billion (原意為(10⁶)²)、trillion (原意為(10⁶)³)、quadrillion (原意為(10⁶)⁴)
• 表示分子结构的前缀：octane（辛(八碳)烷）、pentane（戊(五碳)烷）
• 国际单位制中的国际单位制词头：deca-（十）、deci-（分）、centi-（厘）

英语中的数字前缀表

希臘語及拉丁語中，数分四种：

• 基數（cardinal）：如英语中的one、two、three、four、five等
• 倍数（multiple）：once、twice、thrice等
• 分配数（distributive）：汉语中的「各～个」。原本指意味着one each、two each，但在现代常常会失去这个意思。
• 序数 （ordinal）：汉语中的「第～个」，如英语的first、second、third、fourth、fifth等。也兼备分数，表示「N分之一」，但1/2有特殊形式。

对于百位数，有来自拉丁语的 -gent-，以及加上为1–9的前缀的 -cent- 两种。

数	拉丁语前缀				希腊语前缀**			梵语前缀^[1]
	基数	倍数	分配数	序数	基数	倍数	序数
0	nulli-			–	meden-, ouden-	–
^1⁄12	unci-			–	对于分数希腊人使用序数表示 (i.e. dodecato-)			–
^1⁄8	octant-	–	–	–	如上，ogdoö–			–
^1⁄6	sextant-	–	–	–	如上，hecto–			–
^1⁄4	quadrant-	–	–	–	如上，tetarto–			–
^1⁄3	trient-	–	–	–	如上，trito–			–
^1⁄2	semi-	–	demi-^[2]	–	hemi- (mn.^[需要解释] half) e.g. hemisphere	–	–
^3⁄4	dodrant-	–	–	–	–			–
1	uni- e.g. universe, unilateral	sim-^[3]	singul-	prim-	mono- "一", "单" e.g. monogamy holo- (整个/完整) e.g. holocaust, holography hen-^[4] 罕见	mono- ("一, 单") hapax- ("单次") haplo-^[4] (单倍) monad- ("单位/单元")	prot-^[5] e.g. proton, protozoa	eka-
1^1⁄4		quasqui- quasquicentennial
1^1⁄2		sesqui- e.g. sesquicentennial, sesquipedalian
2	du-	bi-, bis- bireme, bilingual, bipolar, bipartisan	bin-	second-	di-, dy-,^[6] duo-, dyo-	dis-^[7] ("两次") 常见 dyakis- ("两次") 罕见 diplo- ("双倍") dyad- ("一对")	deuter-^[8] e.g. Deuteron/ium Deuteronomy deuteraio- (“每隔一天”)	dvi-
3	tri- e.g. trireme	ter-	tern-, trin-	terti-	tri- e.g. triathlon, Tripolis	tris-^[9] ("三次") 常见 triakis- ("三次") 罕见 triplo- ("三倍") triad- (”三个一组“)	trit-^[10] ("第三") e.g. Triton/ium tritaio- ("每隔两天")	tri-
4	quadri-, quadru-^[11]	quater-^[12]	quatern-^[13]	quart-^[14]	tetra-, tessara-	tetrakis- ("四次") tetraplo- (”四倍“) tetrad- (”四个一组“) e.g. tetrahedron	tetarto- (” 第四“) tetartaio- (”每隔三天“)	chatur-
5	quinque-^[15]	–	quin-^[16]	quint-^[17]	penta-	pentakis- pentaplo- pentad- e.g. pentahedron	pempt-^[18] pemptaio-	pancha-
6	sexa-^[19]	–	sen-^[20]	sext-^[21]	hexa-^[22]	hexakis- hexaplo- hexad- e.g. hexahedron	hect-^[23] hectaio-	shat-
7	septem-, septi-		septen-^[24]	septim-	hepta-^[25] e.g. heptathlon	heptakis- heptaplo- heptad-	hebdomo- (第七) hebdomaio- ("每隔六天") hebdomas ("一周")	sapta-
8	octo- e.g. October	–	octon-^[26]	octav-^[27]	octo- e.g. octopus	octakis- octaplo- octad- e.g. octahedron	ogdoö- ogdoaio-	ashta-
9	novem- e.g. November		noven-	nona-	ennea-^[28]	enneakis- enneaplo- ennead-	enat-^[29] enataio-	navam-
10	decem-, dec-		den-^[30]	decim-^[31]	deca-^[32] e.g. decathlon, Decapolis	deca/kis/plo/d- e.g. decahedron, decagon	decat-^[33] decataio-	dasham-
11	undec-		unden-^[34]	undecim-^[35]	hendeca-^[36]	hendeca/kis/plo/d-	hendecat-^[37]/o/aio-	ekadasham-
12	duodec-		duoden- e.g. duodenum	duodecim-	dodeca-^[38] e.g. dodecadactylum	dodeca/kis/plo/d- e.g. dodecahedron	dodacat-^[39]/o/aio-	dvadasham-
13	tredec-		treden-	tredecim-	tria(kai)deca-, decatria- e.g. triskaidekaphobia	tris(kai)decakis-, decatria/kis/plo/d-	decatotrito- etc.	trayodasham-
14	quattuordec-		quattuorden-	quattuordecim-	tessara(kai)deca-, decatettara, decatessara-	tetra(kai)decakis-, decatetra/kis/plo/d- e.g. tetradecahedron/ decatetrahedron	decatotetarto-	chaturdasham-
15	quinquadec-, quindec-^[40]		quinden-^[41]	quindecim-^[42]	pente(kai)deca-, decapente-	penta(kai)decakis-, decapentakis- etc.	decatopempto-	panchadasham-
16	sedec-,^[43] sexdec- (但是有混种词 hexadecimal^[19])		seden-	sedecim-	hexa(kai)deca-, hekkaideca-, decahex-	hexa(kai)decakis-, decahexakis- etc.	decatohecto-	shodasham-
17	septendec-		septenden-	septendecim-	hepta(kai)deca-, decahepta-	hepta(kai)decakis-, decaheptakis- etc.	decatohebdomo-	saptadasham-
18	octodec-		octoden-	octodecim-	octo(kai)deca-, decaocto-	octa(kai)decakis-, decaoctakis- etc.	decatoogdoö-	ashtadasham-
19	novemdec-, novendec-		novemden-	novemdecim-	ennea(kai)deca-, decaennea-	ennea(kai)decakis-, decaenneakis- etc.	decatoenato-	navadasham-
20	viginti-		vicen-, vigen-	vigesim-	(e)icosi-	eicosa/kis/plo/d- e.g. (e)icosahedron	eicosto-	vimshati-
22	duovigint-				(e)icosidyo-, dyo(e)icosi- rare e.g. docosa-hexaenoic acid a pejoration of dyoicosa-hexanoic	(e)icosidyakis- (e)icosidiplo- (e)icosidyad-	eicostodeutero-
24	quattuorvigint-				(e)icositettara-, (e)icosikaitettara- rare	(e)icositetrakis- (e)icositetraplo- (e)icositetrad- e.g. (e)icositetragon	eicostotetarto-	chaturvimshati-
25	quinvigint-				(e)icosipente- e.g. eicosapenta-enoic acid	(e)icosipentakis- (e)icosipentaplo- (e)icosipentad-	eicostopempto-
30	triginti-		tricen-	trigesim-	triaconta-	triacontakis- etc. e.g. triacontahedron	triacosto-	trimshat-
31	untriginti-				triacontahen-	triacontahenakis- triacontahenaplo- triacontahenad-	triacostoproto- triacostoprotaio-
40	quadraginti-		quadragen-	quadragesim-	tettaraconta-, tessaraconta-	tettaracontakis-, tessaracontakis- etc.	tessaracosto-	chatvarimshat-
50	quinquaginti-^[44]		quinquagen-^[45]	quinquagesim-^[46]	penteconta- e.g. penteconter	pentecontakis- etc.	pentecosto- e.g. pentecost	panchashat-
60	sexaginti-		sexagen-	sexagesim-	hexeconta-	hexecontakis- etc.	hexecosto-	shasti-
70	septuaginti- e.g. Septuagint		septuagen-	septuagesim-^[47]	hebdomeconta-	hebdomecontakis- etc.	hebdomecosto-	saptati-
80	octogint-		octogen-	octogesim-	ogdoëconta-	ogdoëcontakis- etc.	ogdoëcosto-	ashiti-
90	nonagint-		nonagen-	nonagesim-	eneneconta-	enenecontakis- etc.	enenecosto-	navati-
100	centi-		centen-	centesim-	hecato(n)-	hecatontakis- hundred times hecatontaplo- hundred-multiple hecatontad- hundred of a kind also abbreviated in hec[aton]tad-	hecatosto- hundredth hecatostaio- the hundredth day	shata–
120	viginticenti-				hecaton(e)icosi-	hecaton(e)icosakis- etc.	hecatostoeicosto-
200	ducenti-		ducen-, bicenten-	ducentesim-	diacosia-	diacosakis- etc.	diacosiosto-	–
300	trecenti-		trecen-, tercenten-, tricenten-	trecentesim-	triacosia- etc.	triacosakis- triacosaplo- triacosad-	triacosiosto-	–
400	quadringenti-		quadringen-, quatercenten-, quadricenten-	quadringentesim-	tetracosia-	tetracosakis- etc.	tetracosiosto-
500	quingent-,^[48] quincent-^[49]		quingen-,^[50] quingenten-, quincenten-	quingentesim-^[51]	pentacosia-	pentacosakis- etc.	pentacosiosto-
600	sescenti-, sexcenti-		sescen-, sexcenten-	sescentesim-	hexacosia-	hexacosakis- etc.	hexacosiosto-
700	septingenti-		septingen-, septingenten-, septcenten-	septingentesim-	heptacosia-	heptacosakis- etc.	heptacosiosto-
800	octingenti-		octingen-, octingenten-, octocenten-	octingentesim-	octacosia-	octacosakis- etc.	octacosiosto-	–
900	nongenti-		nongen-	nongentesim-	ennacosi-^[52] derived from en(n)iacosia-, a pejoration of enneacosia-	enneacosakis- etc.	enacosiost-,^[53] alt. spelling en(n)iacosiost(o)- a pejoration of enneacosiosto-	–
1000	milli-		millen-	millesim-	chili-,^[54] kilo-	chiliakis- chiliaplo- chiliad-	chiliost-^[55]	sahasra–
2000	duomilli		–-	-	dischili-^[56]	dischiliakis- etc.	dischiliosto-	–
3000	tremilli-				trischili-^[57]		trischiliost-^[58]	–
5000	quinmilli–				pentacischili-^[59]
10000	decamilli–				myria-,^[60] e.g. myriapoda decakischilia-	myriakis- myriaplo- myriad- decakischiliakis- etc.	myriast-,^[61] decakischiliosto-	ayuta–
80000	octogintmilli–				octacismyri-^[62]
10^5	centimilli;–				decakismyria-, hecatontakis chilia-	decakismyriakis-, hecatontakis chiliakis-	etc.
10^6	million-	–			hecatommyria-	hecatommyriakis- ("十万次") hecatommyriaplo- ("十万倍") hecatommyriad- ("十万个一组")	hecatommyriosto- (第十万；或十万之一) hecatommyriostaio- ("每隔九万九千九百九十九天")
10^9	billion-	–			dis hecatommyria-	dis hecatommyriakis-	etc.
10^12	trillion-	–			tris hecatommyria-	tris hecatommyriakis-	etc.
10^15	quadrillion-	–			tetrakis hecatommyria-	tetrakis hecatommyriakis-	etc.
10^18	quintillion-	–
10^21	sextillion-	–
10^24	septillion-	–
10^27	octillion-	–
10^30	nonillion-	–
10^33	decillion-	–			decakis hecatommyria-	decakis hecatommyriakis-	etc.
10^303	centillion-	–			hecatontakis hecatommyria-	hecatontakis hecatommyriakis-	etc.
10^3003	–				chiliakis hecatommyria-	chiliakis hecatommyriakis-	etc.
10^30003	–				myriakis hecatommyria-	myriakis hecatommyriakis-	etc.
10^300003	–				decakismyriakis hecatommyria- and so on - virtually endless	decakismyriakis hecatommyriakis-	etc.
少量 (1–20)	pauci- e.g. pauciparous			–	oligo- e.g. oligomer, oligonucleotide, oligopeptide, oligosaccharide, oligopoly
大量 (> 1)	multi- e.g. multilingual, multiple pluri e.g. plural wife, pluralism			–	poly- e.g. polyhedra, polygamy, polypod, polyglot, polymath	pollakis- ("多次") pollaplo- (”多次“) plethos, plethora (”多个为一组“)	pollosto- (次序中排在第一后的， 即序数大于1)	bahut–

补充

• 元音脱落：数字前缀结尾的元音会在以元音为开头的词干前脱落。但除了 bi-, 其在元音前为 bis-, 而其他单音节前缀 du-、di-、dvi-、tri- 即使接以元音为开头的词干也保持不变。
• 连字符：数字前缀不加入连字符的情况比较多、但还是有把quarterdeck写成quarter-deck的例外。在IUPAC命名法和国际单位制词头中不会加入连字符。

同样的后缀可用于不同数：

primary	secondary	tertiary	quartary	quintary	sextary	-	-	nonary	-
singulary	binary	ternary, trinary	quaternary	quinary	senary	septenary	octonary	nonenary	denary

在化学命名中，11（undeca-）这个前缀混合了拉丁语和希腊语，并以 -cos- 表示二十，例如 tricos- 是 23。同样，表示进位制的 binary, trinary, senary 和 octal, decimal, vigesimal

拉丁语基数词

• unicycle, bicycle, tricycle, quadricycle
• uniped, biped, triped, quadruped,^[63] centipede, millipede

拉丁语分配数词

• unary, binary, trinary, quaternary, quinary, senary, … vicenary … centenary …
• denarian, vicenarian, tricenarian, quadragenarian, quinquagenarian, sexagenarian, septuagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, centenarian, … millenarian

希腊语

• monad, dyad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, heptad, ogdoad, ennead, decad, ... triacontad, ... hecatontad, chiliad, myriad
• digon, trigon, tetragon, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, enneagon, decagon, hendecagon, dodecagon, ... enneadecagon, icosagon, triacontagon, ... chiliagon, myriagon
• trilogy, tetralogy, pentalogy, hexalogy, heptalogy
• monopod, dipod, tripod, tetrapod, hexapod, octopod, decapod

混合语言

• 戊烷, 己烷, 庚, 辛烷, 壬,^[64] 癸烷, 一烷,... icosane

参见

• IUPAC 数值前缀
• 数表
• 十进位制
• 科学命名常用后缀列表
• 数词

注释

1. See Mendeleev's predicted elements for the most common use of Sanskrit numerical prefixes.
2. Demi- is French, from Latin dimidium.
3. sim- (sin-) is found in the words simplex, simple.
4. The Greek prefix for 'one' is normally mono- 'alone'. Hen- 'one' is only used in compound numbers (hendeka- 11) and a few words like henad (= monad). Haplo- 'single' is found is a few technical words such as haploid.
5. πρῶτος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
6. δύο
7. δίς
8. δεύτερος
9. τρίς
10. τρίτος
11. The forms related to quattuor "four", like the previous three integers, are irregular in Latin and other Indo-European languages, and the details, while presumably a form of assimilation, are unclear. Andrew Sihler, New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin, p. 412, and Carl Darling Buck, Comparative grammar of Greek and Latin. In particular, quadri- has the alternate form quadru- before p in some Latin words, such as quadruple.
12. quăter. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
13. quăterni. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
14. quartus. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
15. quinque. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
16. quīni. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
17. quintus. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
18. πέμπτος
19. Sometimes Greek hexa- is used in Latin compounds, such as hexadecimal, due to taboo avoidance with the English word sex.
20. sēni. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
21. sextus. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
22. ἕξ
23. ἕκτος
24. septēni. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
25. ἑπτά
26. octōni. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
27. octāvus. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
28. ἐννέα
29. ἔνατος
30. dēni. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
31. dĕcĭmus. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
32. δέκα
33. δέκατος
34. undēni. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
35. undĕcĭmus. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
36. ἕνδεκα
37. ἑνδέκατος
38. δώδεκα
39. δωδέκατος
40. quindĕcim. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
41. quindēni. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
42. quindĕcĭmus. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
43. sēdĕcim. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
44. quinquāginta. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
45. quinquāgēni. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
46. quinquāgēsĭmus. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
47. Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, S , septĭfārĭam , septŭāgēsimus. www.perseus.tufts.edu. [26 February 2019]. （原始内容于2020-07-26）. 
48. quingenti. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
49. quincenti. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
50. quingēni. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
51. quingentēsĭmus. [2011-05-14]. （原始内容于2012-10-14）. 
52. ἐννακόσιοι
53. ἐνακοσιοστός
54. χίλιοι
55. χιλιοστός
56. δισχίλιοι
57. τρισχίλιοι
58. τρισχιλιοστός
59. πεντακισχίλιοι
60. μυρίος
61. μυριαστός
62. ὀκτακισμύριοι
63. 引证错误：没有为名为quadru2的参考文献提供内容
64. In organic chemistry, most prefixes are Greek but the prefixes for 9 and 11 are Latin.

参考文献

• • Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition
  • Buck, Carl Darling, Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
  • Sihler, Andrew Littleton, A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Oxford University Press 1995 ISBN 0195083458

外部链接

• Stephen Chrisomalis. Numerical Adjectives, Greek and Latin Number Prefixes. The Phrontistery. [2019-10-06]. （原始内容于2017-07-20）. 
• Christine Bauer-Ramazani. Prefixes--Amount, Relationship, Judgment, Other Prefixes. April 2008 [2019-10-06]. （原始内容于2019-07-09）.