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维基百科

淺膚色

淺膚色是指一種顏色較白的膚色,擁有淺膚色的人黑色素較少,而且一般生活在紫外线較弱的地區,他們一般會被稱作白人[1][2][3]欧洲东北亚的原住民的膚色較淺。 [4][5][6][7][3][8] 浅肤色人群起初都几乎居住在远离赤道的高纬度地区,這些地方的太阳光强度较低。 [9]

皮肤白皙的挪威人

1960年代,生物化学家W. Farnsworth Loomis發現,生活在高緯度的淺膚色人群能吸收更多的维生素D。浅色(菲茨派屈克度量 II 型)皮肤的人产生前维生素D3的速度比深色皮肤( V 型)的人要快5-10 倍。而一定量的维生素D有助于人體吸收更多的[10][11][12][13][14]不過深肤色人群可以通過飲食來攝取维生素D,例如 [15][16]驯鹿的肉、内脏和脂肪都含有大量维生素D。 [17]

黑色素可以防止葉酸耗盡出現葉酸缺乏症以及DNA受损[3][18][19][20] 所以淺膚色人群如果居住在太阳光強度較高的赤道附近時,他們體內叶酸耗竭的风险會增加。如果叶酸耗尽的話,他们會面临更高的DNA损伤先天性障碍和罹患多种癌症(尤其是皮膚癌的风险。 [3]而且膚色特別淺的人容易出現雀斑[21][3]肤色非常浅的人( I 型和II 型)在黑色素细胞中产生的黑色素非常少,并且在紫外线辐射的幾乎很難產生黑色素,[22]所以這類人也容易晒伤,並且皮肤下的结缔组织脱氧核糖核酸會被破壞,过早衰老英语Progeroid syndromes和罹患皮膚癌[23][24] III-IV型膚色的人在受到紫外線輻射後就能产生黑色素。[25][26]

隨著新航路開闢後各大洲人员流动日益頻繁,当今世界各地都有浅肤色人群。 [3][27]

蒙古国满洲的一些人皮肤也比較白皙
阿富汗巴基斯坦境內的一些浅肤色人群
皮肤白皙的亚述人

参考文献 编辑

  1. ^ light-skinned (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Princeton University
  2. ^ Light-skinned. thefreedictionary.com. [24 January 2017]. (原始内容于2020-04-23). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Muehlenbein, Michael. Human Evolutionary Biology . Cambridge University Press. 2010: 192–213. 
  4. ^ Relethford, John. Fundamentals of Biological Anthropology. Mayfield Publishing Company. 1997: 270 [2023-03-06]. ISBN 978-1559346672. (原始内容于2020-05-11). 
  5. ^ Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford University Press. "belonging to or denoting a human group having light-coloured skin" (accessed 6 August 2012).
  6. ^ Dictionary.com: white (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) 3.a "marked by slight pigmentation of the skin"
  7. ^ . American Anthropological Association. [10 December 2012]. (原始内容存档于14 September 2018). 
  8. ^ Kirchweger, Gina. The Biology of Skin Color: Black and White. Evolution Library. PBS. [22 September 2018]. (原始内容于2013-02-16). 
  9. ^ . (原始内容存档于5 November 2012). 
  10. ^ Clements, T. L.; Adams, J. S.; Henderson, S. L.; Holick, M. F.; et al. Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesize vitamin D (PDF). Lancet. 1982, 1 (8263): 74–76 [2023-03-06]. PMID 6119494. S2CID 41818974. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)90214-8. (原始内容 (PDF)于2020-04-29). 
  11. ^ Jablonski, N. G.; Chaplin, G. The evolution of human skin coloration. Journal of Human Evolution英语Journal of Human Evolution. 2000, 39 (1): 57–106. PMID 10896812. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0403. 
  12. ^ Webb, A. R. Who, what, where, and when: influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 2006, 92 (1): 17–25. PMID 16766240. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.004 . 
  13. ^ Armas, L. A.; Dowell, S.; Akhter, M.; Duthuluru, S.; Huerter, C.; Hollis, B. W.; Lund, R.; Heaney, R. P.; et al. Ultraviolet-B radiation increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: The effect of UVB dose and skin color. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology英语Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2007, 57 (4): 588–593. PMID 17637484. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.03.004. 
  14. ^ Chen, T. C.; et al. Factors that influence the cutaneous synthesis and dietary sources of vitamin D. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2007, 460 (2): 213–217. PMC 2698590 . PMID 17254541. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2006.12.017. 
  15. ^ Bjorn, L. O.; Wang, T; et al. Vitamin D in an ecological context. International Journal of Circumpolar Health英语International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 2000, 59 (1): 26–32. PMID 10850004. 
  16. ^ Van deer Meer; Boeke, A. J.; Lips, P.; Grootjans-Geerts, I.; Wuister, J. D.; Devillé, W. L.; Wielders, J. P.; Bouter, L. M.; Middelkoop, B. J.; et al. Fatty fish and supplement are the greatest modifiable contributors to the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in a multiethnic population. Clinical Endocrinology. 2007, 68 (3): 466–472 [2023-03-06]. PMID 17941903. S2CID 15728496. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03066.x. hdl:1871/22170. (原始内容于2020-05-01). 
  17. ^ Jablonski, Nina. Living Color. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-520-25153-3. 
  18. ^ Vieth, Reinhold. Agarwal, Sabrina C; Stout, Sam D , 编. Effects of vitamin D on bone and natural selection of skin color: how much vitamin D nutrition are we talking about?. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press. 2003: 139–154. ISBN 978-1-4613-4708-8. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8891-1. 
  19. ^ Hatchcock, J. N.; Shao, A.; Vieth, R.; Heaney, R.; et al. Risk assessment for vitamin D. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition英语American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007, 72 (1): 451–462. PMID 17209171. doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.1.6 . 
  20. ^ Kimball, Samantha; Fuleihan, Ghada El-Hajj; Vieth, R; et al. Vitamin D: a growing perspective. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences英语Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 2008, 45 (4): 339–414. PMID 18568854. S2CID 57808076. doi:10.1080/10408360802165295. 
  21. ^ Rhodes, A. R.; et al. Sun-induced freckles in children and young adults: a correlation of clinical and histopathologic features. Cancer (journal)英语Cancer (journal). 1991, 67 (7): 1990–2001. PMID 2004316. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19910401)67:7<1990::aid-cncr2820670728>3.0.co;2-p . 
  22. ^ Fitzpatrick, T. B.; Ortonne, J. P. Normal skin color and general considerations of pigmentary disorders. In Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 2003, 6: 819–825. 
  23. ^ Cleaver, J. E.; Crowely, E. UV damage, DNA repair and skin carcinogenesis. Frontiers in Bioscience. 2002, 7 (1–3): 1024–1043. PMID 11897551. doi:10.2741/cleaver . 
  24. ^ Matsumura, Yasuhiro; Ananthawamy, Honnavara N. Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation in the skin. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology英语Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2004, 195 (3): 298–308. PMID 15020192. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2003.08.019. 
  25. ^ Tadokoro, T.; et al. Mechanisms of skin tanning in different racial/ethnic groups in response to ultraviolet radiation. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2005, 124 (6): 1326–1332. PMID 15955111. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23760.x . 
  26. ^ Nielsen, K.P.; et al. The importance of the depth distribution of melanin in skin for DNA protection and other photobiological processes. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2006a, 82 (3): 194–198. PMID 16388960. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.11.008. 
  27. ^ O'Neil, Dennis. . Human Biological Adaptability: Skin Color as an Adaptation. Palomar. [10 December 2012]. (原始内容存档于18 December 2012). 

淺膚色, 是指一種顏色較白的膚色, 擁有的人黑色素較少, 而且一般生活在紫外线較弱的地區, 他們一般會被稱作白人, 欧洲和东北亚的原住民的膚色較淺, 浅肤色人群起初都几乎居住在远离赤道的高纬度地区, 這些地方的太阳光强度较低, 皮肤白皙的挪威人1960年代, 生物化学家w, farnsworth, loomis發現, 生活在高緯度的人群能吸收更多的维生素d, 浅色, 菲茨派屈克度量, 皮肤的人产生前维生素d3的速度比深色皮肤, 的人要快5, 而一定量的维生素d有助于人體吸收更多的钙, 不過深肤色人群可以通過飲食來攝. 淺膚色是指一種顏色較白的膚色 擁有淺膚色的人黑色素較少 而且一般生活在紫外线較弱的地區 他們一般會被稱作白人 1 2 3 欧洲和东北亚的原住民的膚色較淺 4 5 6 7 3 8 浅肤色人群起初都几乎居住在远离赤道的高纬度地区 這些地方的太阳光强度较低 9 皮肤白皙的挪威人1960年代 生物化学家W Farnsworth Loomis發現 生活在高緯度的淺膚色人群能吸收更多的维生素D 浅色 菲茨派屈克度量 II 型 皮肤的人产生前维生素D3的速度比深色皮肤 V 型 的人要快5 10 倍 而一定量的维生素D有助于人體吸收更多的钙 10 11 12 13 14 不過深肤色人群可以通過飲食來攝取维生素D 例如 15 16 驯鹿的肉 内脏和脂肪都含有大量维生素D 17 黑色素可以防止葉酸耗盡出現葉酸缺乏症以及DNA受损 3 18 19 20 所以淺膚色人群如果居住在太阳光強度較高的赤道附近時 他們體內叶酸耗竭的风险會增加 如果叶酸耗尽的話 他们會面临更高的DNA损伤 先天性障碍和罹患多种癌症 尤其是皮膚癌的风险 3 而且膚色特別淺的人容易出現雀斑 21 3 肤色非常浅的人 I 型和II 型 在黑色素细胞中产生的黑色素非常少 并且在紫外线辐射的幾乎很難產生黑色素 22 所以這類人也容易晒伤 並且皮肤下的结缔组织和脱氧核糖核酸會被破壞 过早衰老 英语 Progeroid syndromes 和罹患皮膚癌 23 24 III IV型膚色的人在受到紫外線輻射後就能产生黑色素 25 26 隨著新航路開闢後各大洲人员流动日益頻繁 当今世界各地都有浅肤色人群 3 27 蒙古国和满洲的一些人皮肤也比較白皙阿富汗和巴基斯坦境內的一些浅肤色人群皮肤白皙的亚述人参考文献 编辑 light skinned 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Princeton University Light skinned thefreedictionary com 24 January 2017 原始内容存档于2020 04 23 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 Muehlenbein Michael Human Evolutionary Biology nbsp Cambridge University Press 2010 192 213 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 link Relethford John Fundamentals of Biological Anthropology Mayfield Publishing Company 1997 270 2023 03 06 ISBN 978 1559346672 原始内容存档于2020 05 11 Oxford Dictionaries April 2010 Oxford University Press belonging to or denoting a human group having light coloured skin white accessed 6 August 2012 Dictionary com white 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 3 a marked by slight pigmentation of the skin Global Census American Anthropological Association 10 December 2012 原始内容存档于14 September 2018 Kirchweger Gina The Biology of Skin Color Black and White Evolution Library PBS 22 September 2018 原始内容存档于2013 02 16 Modern human variation overview 原始内容存档于5 November 2012 Clements T L Adams J S Henderson S L Holick M F et al Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesize vitamin D PDF Lancet 1982 1 8263 74 76 2023 03 06 PMID 6119494 S2CID 41818974 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 82 90214 8 原始内容存档 PDF 于2020 04 29 Jablonski N G Chaplin G The evolution of human skin coloration Journal of Human Evolution 英语 Journal of Human Evolution 2000 39 1 57 106 PMID 10896812 doi 10 1006 jhev 2000 0403 Webb A R Who what where and when influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 2006 92 1 17 25 PMID 16766240 doi 10 1016 j pbiomolbio 2006 02 004 nbsp Armas L A Dowell S Akhter M Duthuluru S Huerter C Hollis B W Lund R Heaney R P et al Ultraviolet B radiation increases serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels The effect of UVB dose and skin color Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 英语 Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2007 57 4 588 593 PMID 17637484 doi 10 1016 j jaad 2007 03 004 Chen T C et al Factors that influence the cutaneous synthesis and dietary sources of vitamin D Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2007 460 2 213 217 PMC 2698590 nbsp PMID 17254541 doi 10 1016 j abb 2006 12 017 Bjorn L O Wang T et al Vitamin D in an ecological context International Journal of Circumpolar Health 英语 International Journal of Circumpolar Health 2000 59 1 26 32 PMID 10850004 Van deer Meer Boeke A J Lips P Grootjans Geerts I Wuister J D Deville W L Wielders J P Bouter L M Middelkoop B J et al Fatty fish and supplement are the greatest modifiable contributors to the serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentration in a multiethnic population Clinical Endocrinology 2007 68 3 466 472 2023 03 06 PMID 17941903 S2CID 15728496 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2265 2007 03066 x hdl 1871 22170 原始内容存档于2020 05 01 Jablonski Nina Living Color Berkeley Los Angeles London University of California Press 2012 ISBN 978 0 520 25153 3 Vieth Reinhold Agarwal Sabrina C Stout Sam D 编 Effects of vitamin D on bone and natural selection of skin color how much vitamin D nutrition are we talking about New York Kluwer Academic Plenum Press 2003 139 154 ISBN 978 1 4613 4708 8 doi 10 1007 978 1 4419 8891 1 Hatchcock J N Shao A Vieth R Heaney R et al Risk assessment for vitamin D American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 英语 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007 72 1 451 462 PMID 17209171 doi 10 1093 ajcn 85 1 6 nbsp Kimball Samantha Fuleihan Ghada El Hajj Vieth R et al Vitamin D a growing perspective Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 英语 Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 2008 45 4 339 414 PMID 18568854 S2CID 57808076 doi 10 1080 10408360802165295 Rhodes A R et al Sun induced freckles in children and young adults a correlation of clinical and histopathologic features Cancer journal 英语 Cancer journal 1991 67 7 1990 2001 PMID 2004316 doi 10 1002 1097 0142 19910401 67 7 lt 1990 aid cncr2820670728 gt 3 0 co 2 p nbsp Fitzpatrick T B Ortonne J P Normal skin color and general considerations of pigmentary disorders In Fitzpatrick s Dermatology in General Medicine 2003 6 819 825 Cleaver J E Crowely E UV damage DNA repair and skin carcinogenesis Frontiers in Bioscience 2002 7 1 3 1024 1043 PMID 11897551 doi 10 2741 cleaver nbsp Matsumura Yasuhiro Ananthawamy Honnavara N Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation in the skin Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 英语 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2004 195 3 298 308 PMID 15020192 doi 10 1016 j taap 2003 08 019 Tadokoro T et al Mechanisms of skin tanning in different racial ethnic groups in response to ultraviolet radiation Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2005 124 6 1326 1332 PMID 15955111 doi 10 1111 j 0022 202X 2005 23760 x nbsp Nielsen K P et al The importance of the depth distribution of melanin in skin for DNA protection and other photobiological processes Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology 2006a 82 3 194 198 PMID 16388960 doi 10 1016 j jphotobiol 2005 11 008 O Neil Dennis Skin Color Adaptation Human Biological Adaptability Skin Color as an Adaptation Palomar 10 December 2012 原始内容存档于18 December 2012 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 淺膚色 amp oldid 78818762, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

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