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维基百科

小猪笼草

十一月 28, 2023

小猪笼草（学名：Nepenthes gracilis）广布于东南亚低地的热带食虫植物。[5]其种加词来源于拉丁文“gracilis”，意为“细长的”。小猪笼草存在于马来西亚、新加坡、印尼苏门答腊及泰国。[6][7][8][9][10]该物种的海拔分布范围也很广，为海拔0至1100米[11]（少数甚至可达1700米[12]），但其大部分都分布于海拔100米以下的地区，极少数植株存在于海拔1000米以上的地区。[12]尽管其分布非常的广泛，但关于小猪笼草的自然杂交种却很少见。

小猪笼草
产自马来西亚登嘉樓州的小猪笼草，示其捕虫笼
科学分类
界： 植物界 Plantae
演化支： 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支： 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支： 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
目： 石竹目 Caryophyllales
科： 猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae
属： 猪笼草属 Nepenthes
种： 小猪笼草 N. gracilis
二名法
Nepenthes gracilis
Korth. (1839)[2]
異名

同物异名

彼得·威廉·科萨尔在1839年发表的专著《关于猪笼草属》中对小猪笼草进行了正式的描述。[2]

产自菲律宾的源小猪笼草（N. abgracilis）由于与小猪笼草非常相似而得名。[13]

食虫性 编辑

小猪笼草的捕虫笼相对比较普通，唇非常窄小。但其捕虫笼笼盖下表面却存在着参差不齐的蜡质层，该特征可能是猪笼草属内唯一的。该蜡质层与捕虫笼内表面蜡质区的蜡质层厚度不一且结构也完全不同。，该蜡质层在下暴雨时会增加昆虫在笼盖下表面的附着难度，使昆虫容易受雨滴撞击而落入捕虫笼内，从而该蜡质层成为小猪笼草捕获猎物机制的一部分[14]。科學家透過X光分析小猪笼草，發現籠蓋與植株間有個特別脆弱的點，該點被雨滴擊中時會塌陷，連帶使笼盖往下彈，讓獵物落入捕蟲籠後以特定方式復原。這是其近親莱佛士猪笼草沒有的機制。[15]

 
 
 
左：粉拟黑多刺蚁（Polyrhachis pruinosa）与小猪笼草的上位笼（B与A），示其捕虫笼内表面的蜡质区及笼盖下表面的蜡质层

中：小猪笼草捕虫笼内表面蜡质区（A与B）与捕虫笼下表面蜡质层（C与D）的扫描电子显微镜照片

右：小猪笼草捕虫笼内表面蜡质区、捕虫笼下表面蜡质层及唇在干燥时、下雨时及潮湿时的捕虫效率
在实验条件下小猪笼草的捕虫试验[14]

  • 蚂蚁被模拟的降雨从笼盖下表面的蜡质区击落

  • 在笼盖下表面放置一个回形针的对照试验

  • 高速摄影展示家蝇（Musca domestica）被雨滴击落入捕虫笼的过程（录像帧频：428 s−1，播放帧频10 s−1）

分布范围 编辑

 
位于西马来西亚彭亨的小猪笼草原生地

小猪笼草分布广泛，存在于婆罗洲、西马来西亚、新加坡、苏拉威西中部、苏门答腊及泰国南部。[6]其也存在于许多小型岛屿中，包括邦加島、巴圖群島、勿里洞岛[16]望加丽岛、兰塔岛、达鲁岛、纳闽岛[17]、浮罗交怡、孟德尔岛、明打威群島（西比路島）、美兰地群岛（巴東島、朗桑島、直名丁宜島）、马萨拉岛、尼亞斯島、槟榔屿、廖内群岛（林加群島、納土納群島[18]、廖内岛）、魯帕島。[19]

相关物种 编辑

2001年，查尔斯·克拉克对来自苏门答腊岛和西马来西亚的猪笼草进行了分支系统学分析，共利用了70个形态特征。以下为猪笼草进化树的“第6分支”。[20]

 
unnamed
 

小猪笼草

 
 

两眼猪笼草

 
 
unnamed
 
 

多巴猪笼草

 
     79%
 
 
 
 

种下类群 编辑

尽管小猪笼草的可变性较小[20]，但其还是存在着大量的种下类群。但大部分命名都不是有效的。

  • Nepenthes gracilis f. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Westphal (1993)
  • Nepenthes gracilis var. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985)
  • Nepenthes gracilis var. arenaria Ridl. ex Macf. (1908)[21]
  • Nepenthes gracilis var. elongata Bl. (1852)
  • Nepenthes gracilis var. longinodis Beck (1895)[4]
  • Nepenthes gracilis var. major Hort.Lindsay ex Dixon (1889)
  • Nepenthes gracilis var. teysmanniana (Miq.) Beck (1895)[4]

自然杂交种 编辑

以下是已发现的关于小猪笼草的自然杂交种。

参考文献 编辑

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  维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：小猪笼草   維基物種上的相關信息：小猪笼草

十一月 28, 2023
小猪笼草, 学名, nepenthes, gracilis, 广布于东南亚低地的热带食虫植物, 其种加词来源于拉丁文, gracilis, 意为, 细长的, 存在于马来西亚, 新加坡, 印尼苏门答腊及泰国, 该物种的海拔分布范围也很广, 为海拔0至1100米, 少数甚至可达1700米, 但其大部分都分布于海拔100米以下的地区, 极少数植株存在于海拔1000米以上的地区, 尽管其分布非常的广泛, 但关于的自然杂交种却很少见, 产自马来西亚登嘉樓州的, 示其捕虫笼保护状况无危, iucn, 科学分类界, 植物界, p. 小猪笼草 学名 Nepenthes gracilis 广布于东南亚低地的热带食虫植物 5 其种加词来源于拉丁文 gracilis 意为 细长的 小猪笼草存在于马来西亚 新加坡 印尼苏门答腊及泰国 6 7 8 9 10 该物种的海拔分布范围也很广 为海拔0至1100米 11 少数甚至可达1700米 12 但其大部分都分布于海拔100米以下的地区 极少数植株存在于海拔1000米以上的地区 12 尽管其分布非常的广泛 但关于小猪笼草的自然杂交种却很少见 小猪笼草产自马来西亚登嘉樓州的小猪笼草 示其捕虫笼保护状况无危 IUCN 3 1 1 科学分类界 植物界 Plantae演化支 维管植物 Tracheophyta演化支 被子植物 Angiosperms演化支 真双子叶植物 Eudicots目 石竹目 Caryophyllales科 猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae属 猪笼草属 Nepenthes种 小猪笼草 N gracilis二名法Nepenthes gracilisKorth 1839 2 異名同物异名 Nepenthes angustifoliaMast 1881 3 Nepenthes distillatoriaauct non L Jack 1835 Nepenthes distillatoriaauct non L Wall 1828 N distillatoria N gracilis Nepenthes korthalsianaMiq 1858 Nepenthes laevisLindl 1848 Nepenthes laevisKorth ex Hook f in DC 1873 Nepenthes longinodisBeck 1895 4 4 Nepenthes obrienianaLinden amp Rodigas 1890 nom ambiguum N gracilis N rafflesiana N hirsuta N distillatoria N gracilis N mirabilis Nepenthes teysmannianaMiq 1858 N albomarginata N gracilis 彼得 威廉 科萨尔在1839年发表的专著 关于猪笼草属 中对小猪笼草进行了正式的描述 2 产自菲律宾的源小猪笼草 N abgracilis 由于与小猪笼草非常相似而得名 13 目录 1 食虫性 2 分布范围 3 相关物种 4 种下类群 5 自然杂交种 6 参考文献 7 扩展阅读食虫性 编辑小猪笼草的捕虫笼相对比较普通 唇非常窄小 但其捕虫笼笼盖下表面却存在着参差不齐的蜡质层 该特征可能是猪笼草属内唯一的 该蜡质层与捕虫笼内表面蜡质区的蜡质层厚度不一且结构也完全不同 该蜡质层在下暴雨时会增加昆虫在笼盖下表面的附着难度 使昆虫容易受雨滴撞击而落入捕虫笼内 从而该蜡质层成为小猪笼草捕获猎物机制的一部分 14 科學家透過X光分析小猪笼草 發現籠蓋與植株間有個特別脆弱的點 該點被雨滴擊中時會塌陷 連帶使笼盖往下彈 讓獵物落入捕蟲籠後以特定方式復原 這是其近親莱佛士猪笼草沒有的機制 15 nbsp nbsp nbsp 左 粉拟黑多刺蚁 Polyrhachis pruinosa 与小猪笼草的上位笼 B与A 示其捕虫笼内表面的蜡质区及笼盖下表面的蜡质层中 小猪笼草捕虫笼内表面蜡质区 A与B 与捕虫笼下表面蜡质层 C与D 的扫描电子显微镜照片 右 小猪笼草捕虫笼内表面蜡质区 捕虫笼下表面蜡质层及唇在干燥时 下雨时及潮湿时的捕虫效率 在实验条件下小猪笼草的捕虫试验 14 source source source 蚂蚁被模拟的降雨从笼盖下表面的蜡质区击落 source source source 在笼盖下表面放置一个回形针的对照试验 source source 高速摄影展示家蝇 Musca domestica 被雨滴击落入捕虫笼的过程 录像帧频 428 s 1 播放帧频10 s 1 分布范围 编辑 nbsp 位于西马来西亚彭亨的小猪笼草原生地小猪笼草分布广泛 存在于婆罗洲 西马来西亚 新加坡 苏拉威西中部 苏门答腊及泰国南部 6 其也存在于许多小型岛屿中 包括邦加島 巴圖群島 勿里洞岛 16 望加丽岛 兰塔岛 达鲁岛 纳闽岛 17 浮罗交怡 孟德尔岛 明打威群島 西比路島 美兰地群岛 巴東島 朗桑島 直名丁宜島 马萨拉岛 尼亞斯島 槟榔屿 廖内群岛 林加群島 納土納群島 18 廖内岛 魯帕島 19 相关物种 编辑2001年 查尔斯 克拉克对来自苏门答腊岛和西马来西亚的猪笼草进行了分支系统学分析 共利用了70个形态特征 以下为猪笼草进化树的 第6分支 20 unnamed 小猪笼草 两眼猪笼草 unnamed 多巴猪笼草 79 昂嘎桑猪笼草 迈克猪笼草 种下类群 编辑尽管小猪笼草的可变性较小 20 但其还是存在着大量的种下类群 但大部分命名都不是有效的 Nepenthes gracilis f angustifolia Mast Hort Westphal 1993 Nepenthes gracilis var angustifolia Mast Hort Weiner in sched 1985 Nepenthes gracilis var arenaria Ridl ex Macf 1908 21 Nepenthes gracilis var elongata Bl 1852 Nepenthes gracilis var longinodis Beck 1895 4 Nepenthes gracilis var major Hort Lindsay ex Dixon 1889 Nepenthes gracilis var teysmanniana Miq Beck 1895 4 自然杂交种 编辑以下是已发现的关于小猪笼草的自然杂交种 N albomarginata N gracilis N ampullaria N gracilis N trichocarpa 22 N ampullaria N gracilis N bicalcarata N trichocarpa N bicalcarata N bicalcarata N gracilis N cantleyi 22 N eustachya N gracilis 6 N gracilis N mirabilis N sharifah hapsahii N ghazallyana N grabilis N neglecta 6 22 23 N gracilis N northiana N bauensis 24 N gracilis N rafflesiana 22 22 25 26 N gracilis N reinwardtiana 20 N gracilis N sumatrana 6 nbsp 白环猪笼草与小猪笼草的自然杂交种 nbsp 毛果猪笼草 nbsp 坎特利猪笼草 nbsp 真穗猪笼草与小猪笼草的自然杂交种 nbsp 沙礼花 哈萨猪笼草 nbsp 石龙门猪笼草 nbsp 小猪笼草与莱佛士猪笼草的自然杂交种 nbsp 小猪笼草与苏门答腊猪笼草的自然杂交种参考文献 编辑 Clarke C M Nepenthes gracilis The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 2018 e T39663A143960417 2022 08 01 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 1 RLTS T39663A143960417 en nbsp 2 0 2 1 Korthals P W 1839 Over het geslacht Nepenthes In C J Temminck 1839 1842 Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen Kruidkunde Leiden pp 1 44 t 1 4 13 15 20 22 Masters M T 1881 New garden plants Nepenthes angustifolia Mast sp nov 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Gardeners Chronicle new series 16 408 524 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 德文 Beck G 1895 Die Gattung Nepenthes Wiener Illustrirte Garten Zeitung 20 3 6 96 107 141 150 182 192 217 229 引用错误 带有name属性 Beck 的 lt ref gt 标签用不同内容定义了多次 夏洛特 食蟲植物觀賞 amp 栽培圖鑑 台北 商周出版 2007 56 57 ISBN 978 986 124 850 9 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 McPherson S R 2009 Pitcher Plants of the Old World 2 volumes Redfern Natural History Productions Poole McPherson S R amp A Robinson 2012 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sulawesi Redfern Natural History Productions Poole McPherson S R amp A Robinson 2012 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo Redfern Natural History Productions Poole 意大利文 Catalano M 2010 Nepenthes della Thailandia Diario di viaggio Prague McPherson S R amp A Robinson 2012 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java Redfern Natural History Productions Poole McPherson S R amp A Robinson 2012 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina Redfern Natural History Productions Poole 12 0 12 1 Adam J H C C Wilcock amp M D Swaine 1992 The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5 1 13 25 Cheek M amp M Jebb 2013 The Nepenthes micramphora Nepenthaceae group with two new species from Mindanao Philippines Phytotaxa 151 1 25 34 doi 10 11646 phytotaxa 151 1 2 14 0 14 1 Bauer U B Di Giusto J Skepper T U Grafe amp W Federle 2012 With a flick of the lid a novel trapping mechanism in Nepenthes gracilis pitcher plants PLoS ONE 7 6 e38951 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0038951 Incorvaia Darren 生物力學 科學剪影 科學人 No 250 遠流出版公司 20 ISSN 1682 2811 印尼文 Hidayat S J Hidayat Hamzah E Suhandi Tatang amp Ajidin 2003 Analisis vegetasi dua jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga di Padang Pinang Anyang Pulau Belitung 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Vegetation analysis of two insectivorous plants in Padang Pinang Anyang Belitung Island Biodiversitas 4 2 93 96 Burbidge F W 1882 Notes on the new Nepenthes 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Gardeners Chronicle new series 17 420 56 印尼文 Mansur M 2012 Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island Berita Biologi 11 1 33 42 Abstract 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期2013 09 21 Clarke C M 2001 Appendix C Distribution Maps In Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu pp 299 307 20 0 20 1 20 2 Clarke C M 2001 Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu Macfarlane J M 1908 Nepenthaceae In A Engler Das Pflanzenreich IV III Heft 36 1 91 22 0 22 1 22 2 22 3 22 4 Clarke C M 1997 Nepenthes of Borneo Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu Fretwell S 2013 Back in Borneo to see giant Nepenthes Part 2 Mt Tambuyukon and Poring Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 108 6 15 Lee C C 2004 Nepenthes In Sarawak Bau Limestone Biodiversity H S Yong F S P Ng and E E L Yen eds The Sarawak Museum Journal Vol LIX No 80 Special Issue No 6 71 77 Tan W K C L Wong amp C K Frazier 1996 Nepenthes rafflesiana and gracilis Nature Malaysiana 21 82 85 Bednar B L 1985 Nepenthes dominii and var intermedia PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14 4 105 106 Adam J H 1997 Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species Nepenthaceae in relation to their habitat PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20 2 3 121 134 Adam J H amp C C Wilcock 1999 Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes Nepenthaceae PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22 1 1 7 Adam J H R Omar amp C C Wilcock 2002 Phytochemical Screening of Flavonoids in Three Hybrids of Nepenthes Nepenthaceae and their Putative Parental Species from Sarawak and Sabah PDF OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences 2 9 623 625 doi 10 3923 jbs 2002 623 625 Adam J H E M Nurulhuda H Abdul Halim O Abdul Rahim A H Hafiza G K Gopir L M Pilik R Omar M B Qasim J Salimon S Abdul Rahim amp M M Hanafiah 2005 Pitcher plants recorded from BRIS forest in Jambu Bongkok Kuala Trengganu Malaysia 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Wetland Science 3 3 183 189 马来文 Adam J H J N Maisarah A T S Norhafizah A H Hafiza M Y Harun amp O A Rahim et al 2009 Ciri Tanih Pada Habitat Nepenthes Nepenthaceae di Padang Tujuh Taman Negeri Endau Rompin Pahang Soil Properties in Nepenthes Nepenthaceae Habitat at Padang Tujuh Endau Rompin State Park Pahang In J H Adam G M Barzani amp S Zaini eds Bio Kejuruteraan and Kelestarian Ekosistem Bio Engineering and Sustainable Ecosystem Kumpulan Penyelidikan Kesihatan Persekitaran Pusat Penyelidikan Bukit Fraser and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia pp 147 157 Adam J H H A Hamid M A A Juhari S N A Tarmizi amp W M R Idris 2011 Species composition and dispersion pattern of pitcher plants recorded from Rantau Abang in Marang District Terengganu State of Malaysia International Journal of Botany 7 2 162 169 doi 10 3923 ijb 2011 162 169 印尼文 Akhriadi P 2007 Kajian taksonomi hibrid alami Nepenthes Nepenthaceae di Kerinci Working paper Andalas University Padang Abstract Athauda S B P K Matsumoto S Rajapakshe M Kuribayashi M Kojima N Kubomura Yoshida A Iwamatsu C Shibata H Inoue amp K Takahashi 2004 Enzymatic and structural characterization of nepenthesin a unique member of a novel subfamily of aspartic proteinases PDF 1 32 MiB manuscript BJ20031575 Biochemical Journal 381 1 295 306 doi 10 1042 BJ20031575 Aung H H L S Chia N K Goh T F Chia A A Ahmed P W Pare amp T J Mabry 2002 Phenolic constituents from the leaves of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes gracilis Fitoterapia 73 5 445 447 PMID 12165348 doi 10 1016 S0367 326X 02 00113 2 印尼文 Baloari G R Linda amp Mukarlina 2013 Keanekaragaman jenis dan pola distribusi Nepenthes spp di Gunung Semahung Kecamatan Sengah Temila Kabupaten Landak 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Protobiont 2 1 1 6 Abstract 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Bauer U C J Clemente T Renner amp W Federle 2012 Form follows function morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25 1 90 102 doi 10 1111 j 1420 9101 2011 02406 x Beaman J H amp C Anderson 2004 The Plants of Mount Kinabalu 5 Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu Bonhomme V H Pelloux Prayer E Jousselin Y Forterre J J Labat amp L Gaume 2011 Slippery or sticky Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants New Phytologist 191 2 545 554 doi 10 1111 j 1469 8137 2011 03696 x Bourke G 2010 The climbing pitcher plants of the Kelabit highlands PDF Captive Exotics Newsletter 1 1 4 7 Brearley F Q amp M Mansur 2012 Nutrient stoichiometry of Nepenthes species from a Bornean peat swamp forest Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 41 3 105 108 Buch F M Rott S Rottloff C Paetz I Hilke M Raessler amp A Mithofer 2012 Secreted pitfall trap fluid of carnivorous Nepenthes plants is unsuitable for microbial growth Annals of Botany 111 3 375 383 doi 10 1093 aob mcs287 Chia T F H H Aung A Osipov N K Goh amp L S Chia 2004 Carnivorous pitcher plant uses free radicals in the digestion of prey Redox Report 9 5 255 261 doi 10 1179 135100004225006029 Chua T J L amp M L M Lim 2012 Cross habitat predation in Nepenthes gracilis the red crab spider Misumenops nepenthicola influences abundance of pitcher dipteran larvae Journal of Tropical Ecology 28 1 97 104 doi 10 1017 S0266467411000629 Clarke C M R Cantley J Nerz H Rischer amp A Witsuba Nepenthes gracilis The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000 10 May 2006 Damayanti F M Mansur amp I Roostika 2011 Diversity of Nepenthes spp in West Kalimantan 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 3 13 705 708 印尼文 Enjelina W 2012 Analisis hibrid alam kantung semar Nepenthes di Bukit Taratak Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan Sumatera Barat dengan teknik RAPD M Sc thesis Andalas University Padang Fan D H H Wang D Zhi amp Y M Shen 2010 CE analysis of endogenous flavonoid gallate esters from Nepenthes gracilis Nepenthaceae Chromatographia 72 9 10 1013 1016 doi 10 1365 s10337 010 1729 0 Fashing N J 2010 Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae Astigmata PDF In M W Sabelis amp J Bruin eds Trends in Acarology Proceedings of the 12th International Congress 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Springer Science Dordrecht pp 81 84 doi 10 1007 978 90 481 9837 5 Frazier C K 2000 Reproductive isolating mechanisms and fitness among tropical pitcher plants Nepenthes and their hybrids 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 video The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society San Francisco USA 印尼文 Handayani T 1999 Konservasi Nepenthes di kebun raya Indonesia PDF Conservation of Nepenthes in Indonesian botanic gardens In A Mardiastuti I Sudirman K G Wiryawan L I Sudirman M P Tampubolon R Megia amp Y Lestari eds Prosiding II Seminar Hasil Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB Bogor pp 365 372 印尼文 Harahap A S 2010 Mikropropogasi tunas kantong semar Nepenthes gracillis Korth dengan pemberian NAA dan BAP secara in vitro 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Student paper University of North Sumatra Medan Hernawati amp P Akhriadi 2006 A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra PILI NGO Movement Bogor Hooker J D 1859 XXXV On the origin and development of the pitchers of Nepenthes with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 22 4 415 424 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1856 tb00113 x Kato M 1993 Floral biology of Nepenthes gracilis Nepenthaceae in Sumatra American Journal of Botany 80 8 924 927 doi 10 2307 2445512 Kato M M Hotta R Tamin amp T Itino 1993 Inter and intra specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in Nepenthes pitchers in Sumatra Tropical Zoology 6 1 11 25 Abstract Kitching R L 2000 Food Webs and Container Habitats The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Cambridge University Press Cambridge Kurup R A J Johnson S Sankar A A Hussain C S Kumar amp S Baby 2013 Fluorescent prey traps in carnivorous plants Plant Biology 15 3 611 615 doi 10 1111 j 1438 8677 2012 00709 x Lam S Y 1982 Tripteroides aranoides Theobald in two pitcher plants Nepenthes ampullaria Jack and N gracilis Korth at Kent Ridge Diptera Culicidae B Sc Hons Thesis National University of Singapore Lee C C 2000 Recent Nepenthes Discoveries 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 video The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society San Francisco USA Lim A L amp N Prakash 1973 Life history of Nepenthes gracilis Malaysian Journal of Science 2 A 45 53 Lim S H D C Y Phua amp H T W Tan 2000 Primer design and optimization for RAPD analysis of Nepenthes Biologia Plantarum 43 1 153 155 doi 10 1023 A 1026535920714 Ma Hnin Hnin Aung 2004 Phenolic compounds from Nepenthes gracilis Korth isolation identification and antioxidant studies Ph D thesis Nanyang Technological University Singapore Macfarlane J M 1914 Family XCVI Nepenthaceae 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 pp 279 288 In J S Gamble Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula No 24 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Journal amp Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 75 3 279 391 Macfarlane J M 1927 The Philippine species of Nepenthes The Philippine Journal of Science 33 2 127 140 印尼文 Mansur M 2001 Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias PDF In Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia Bogor pp 244 253 印尼文 Mansur M 2007 Keanekaragaman jenis Nepenthes kantong semar dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah Diversity of lowland Nepenthes kantong semar in Central Kalimantan Berita Biologi 8 5 335 341 Abstract 印尼文 Mansur M 2008 Penelitian ekologi Nepenthes di Laboratorium Alam Hutan Gambut Sabangau Kereng Bangkirai Kalimantan Tengah 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Peat Swamps Forest Natural Laboratory Kereng Bangkirai Sabangau Central Kalimantan Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9 1 67 73 Abstract 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Mansur M amp F Q Brearley 2008 Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Barito Ulu Central Kalimantan Indonesia Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9 3 271 276 Moore D 1872 On the culture of Nepenthes at Glasnevin 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Gardeners Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872 11 359 360 Masters M T 1872 The cultivated species of Nepenthes 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Gardeners Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872 16 540 542 Meimberg H A Wistuba P Dittrich amp G Heubl 2001 Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data Plant Biology 3 2 164 175 doi 10 1055 s 2001 12897 德文 Meimberg H 2002 Molekular systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s l PDF Ph D thesis Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Munich Meimberg H amp G Heubl 2006 Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae Plant Biology 8 6 831 840 doi 10 1055 s 2006 924676 Meimberg H S Thalhammer A Brachmann amp G Heubl 2006 Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39 2 478 490 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2005 11 023 印尼文 Meriko L 2010 Perkembangan androesium beberapa jenis Nepenthes N ampullaria Jack N gracilis Korth dan N reinwardtiana Miq M Sc thesis Andalas University Padang Abstract Mithofer A 2011 Carnivorous pitcher plants insights in an old topic Phytochemistry 72 13 1678 1682 doi 10 1016 j phytochem 2010 11 024 Miyagi I amp T Toma 2007 A new mosquito of the genus Topomyia Diptera Culicidae from a Nepenthes pitcher plant in a Bario highland of Sarawak Malaysia Medical Entomology and Zoology 58 3 167 174 Abstract 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Mogi M amp K L Chan 1997 Variation in communities of dipterans in Nepenthes pitchers in Singapore Predators increase prey community diversity Annals of the Entomological Society of America 90 2 177 183 Mokkamul P A Chaveerach R Sudmoon amp T Tanee 2007 Species Identification and Sex Determination of the Genus Nepenthes Nepenthaceae 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10 4 561 567 doi 10 3923 pjbs 2007 561 567 Moran J A W E Booth amp J K Charles 1999 Aspects of Pitcher Morphology and Spectral Characteristics of Six Bornean Nepenthes Pitcher Plant Species Implications for Prey Capture PDF Annals of Botany 83 521 528 Mullins J amp M Jebb 2009 Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Nepenthes National Botanic Gardens Glasnevin 印尼文 Murniati Syamswisna amp A Nurdini 2013 Pembuatan flash card dari hasil inventarisasi Nepenthes di hutan adat desa Teluk Bakung 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran 2 1 unpaginated 14 pp Abstract 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Normawati Y 2002 The effect of stem length on pitcher and inflorescence production in Nepenthes gracilis and Nepenthes mirabilis at Serendah Selangor B Sc Thesis Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 日語 Oikawa T 1992 Nepenthes gracilis Korth In Muyu kusa Nepenthes 無憂草 Nepenthes The Grief Vanishing Parco Co Japan pp 38 39 Osunkoya O O S D Daud amp F L Wimmer 2008 Longevity lignin content and construction cost of the assimilatory organs of Nepenthes species Annals of Botany 102 5 845 853 doi 10 1093 aob mcn162 Pollard S D 2012 Fishing spiders in the hanging stomachs of Borneo Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 41 1 20 23 印尼文 Puspitaningtyas D M amp H Wawangningrum 2007 Keanekaragaman Nepenthes di Suaka Alam Sulasih Talang Sumatera Barat PDF Nepenthes diversity in Sulasih Talang Nature Reserve West Sumatra 马来文 Rahim S A T Lihan M Baba A Laming Z A Rahman W M R Idris M B Gasim A Hashim S M Yusof amp L H Yin 2008 Pengambilan logam berat oleh Nepenthes gracilis dan N Hookeriana dalam tanih bekas lombong besi dan timah Pelepah Kanan Kota Tinggi Johor Heavy metal uptake by Nepenthes gracilis and N Hookeriana in ex iron and tin mine soil Pelepah Kanan Kota Tinggi Johor Sains Malaysiana 37 1 39 49 Abstract 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Robinson A 1995 1994 95 Plant findings in Malaysia The Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 18 44 47 Rottloff S R Stieber H Maischak F G Turini G Heubl amp A Mithofer 2011 Functional characterization of a class III acid endochitinase from the traps of the carnivorous pitcher plant genus Nepenthes Journal of Experimental Botany 62 13 4639 4647 doi 10 1093 jxb err173 Russell C amp E Ossian 1990 Opportunistic feeding involving the pitcher plants Nepenthes hirsuta Nepenthes gracilis and the epiphytic orchid Schomburgkia tibicinis or natural ant eradication the rube goldberg method The Orchid Digest 54 4 182 184 Shivas R G 1984 Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia amp Singapore Maruzen Asia Kuala Lumpur Siegara A amp Yogiara 2009 Bacterial community profiles in the fluid of four pitcher plant species Nepenthes spp grown in a nursery 永久失效連結 Microbiology Indonesia 3 3 109 114 Slack A 1979 Nepenthes gracilis In Carnivorous Plants Ebury Press London p 86 Sun W F 2008 In vitro induction of polyploidy in Nepenthes gracilis Archive is的存檔 存档日期2013 02 21 M Sc thesis University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 印尼文 Syamsuardi amp R Tamin 1994 Kajian kekerabatan jenis jenis Nepenthes di Sumatera Barat Project report Andalas University Padang Abstract 印尼文 Syamsuardi 1995 Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar Nepenthes di Sumatera Barat Numerical classification of pitcher plants Nepenthes in West Sumatra Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam 4 1 48 57 Abstract Takahashi K S B P Athauda K Matsumoto S Rajapakshe M Kuribayashi M Kojima N Kubomura Yoshida A Iwamatsu C Shibata amp H Inoue 2005 Nepenthesin a unique member of a novel subfamily of aspartic proteinases enzymatic and structural characteristics Current Protein and Peptide Science 6 6 513 525 doi 10 2174 138920305774933259 Takeuchi Y M M Salcher M Ushio R Shimizu Inatsugi M J Kobayashi B Diway C von Mering J Pernthaler amp K K Shimizu 2011 In situ enzyme activity in the dissolved and particulate fraction of the fluid from four pitcher plant species of the genus Nepenthes PLoS ONE 6 9 e25144 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0025144 Tan S 2006 Development of capillary electrophoresis techniques for plant natural products analyses M Sc thesis Nanyang Technological University Singapore Teo L L 2001 Study of natural hybridisation in some tropical plants using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis M Sc thesis Nanyang Technological University Singapore Thorogood C 2010 The Malaysian Nepenthes Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives Nova Science Publishers New York 捷克文 Toufar P 1996 Jeste jednou k Nepenthes gracilis 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Trifid 1996 2 6 7 page 2 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 印尼文 Uji T 2003 Keanekaragaman dan potensi flora di Cagar Alam Muara Kendawangan Kalimantan Barat 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Flora diversity and its potential in Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve West Kalimantan Biodiversitas 4 1 112 117 James Wong and the Malaysian Garden 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 video BBC Two 扩展阅读 编辑食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中小猪笼草的照片 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 nbsp 维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源 小猪笼草 nbsp 維基物種上的相關信息 小猪笼草 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 小猪笼草 amp oldid 78943445, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

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