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莱佛士猪笼草

行進 22, 2023

莱佛士猪笼草[2]:63-64（学名：Nepenthes rafflesiana）得名于斯坦福·莱佛士。其分布极为广泛，包括婆罗洲、苏门答腊、西马来西亚和新加坡。已描述的莱佛士猪笼草的变型和变种是猪笼草属中最多的。仅在婆罗洲就至少有3种不同的变种。莱佛士猪笼草的巨型变型的捕虫笼大小可与马来王猪笼草（N. rajah）相媲美。

莱佛士猪笼草
产自婆罗洲的莱佛士猪笼草
科学分类
界： 植物界 Plantae
演化支： 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支： 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支： 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
目： 石竹目 Caryophyllales
科： 猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae
属： 猪笼草属 Nepenthes
种： 莱佛士猪笼草 N. rafflesiana
二名法
Nepenthes rafflesiana
Jack (1835)
異名[1]

同物异名

  • Nepenthes hookeriana
    Low (1848) nom.nud.
  • Nepenthes kookeriana
    Low ex Becc. (1886) sphalm.typogr.
  • Nepenthes nigropurpurea
    (Mast.) Mast. (1882)
  • Nepenthes raflesea
    Rafarin (1869) sphalm.typogr.
  • Nepenthes sanderi
    Hort. (1908) sphalm.typogr.
  • Nepenthes sanderiana
    Burb. (1904)

异物同名

植物学史

 
 
左：1872年，《园丁纪事与农业公报》中莱佛士猪笼草英国种植植株的插图。
右：1847年，《柯蒂斯植物学杂志》中沃尔特·胡德·菲奇所作的莱佛士猪笼草的插图。


1819年，威廉·杰克博士（Dr. William Jack）发现了莱佛士猪笼。并在《柯蒂斯植物学杂志》上刊登了威廉·杰克博士从新加坡寄来的信，他这样写道：[注 1][3]

在那时，莱佛士猪笼草是当时所知的猪笼草属中体型最大的物种。1850年的《园丁与农夫杂志》（Gardener's and Farmer's Journal）中，对莱佛士猪笼草进行了这样的描述：[注 2][3]

形态特征

 
莱佛士猪笼草下位笼唇的特写照

莱佛士猪笼草为藤本植物。茎可长达15米，直径可达10毫米。节间距最长达20厘米。[4]笼蔓最长可超过110厘米。

莱佛士猪笼草的下位笼呈球状，具发达的笼翼。下位笼的高度很少超过20厘米，但莱佛士猪笼草的巨型变型的高度也可达35厘米，宽至15厘米。上位笼呈漏斗状，唇的前端凸出。这两种捕虫笼都有超过3cm的细长唇颈。

捕虫笼的颜色丰富，可为暗紫色至几乎全白。莱佛士猪笼草典型变型的下位笼为浅绿色且带有紫色斑点，上位笼则为奶油色。

莱佛士猪笼草的花序为总状花序，长16至70厘米。花为红色或紫色。每个花梗通常只带一个朵花，偶尔带两朵。

幼苗具棕色或白色且容易脱落的长毛，成株则仅在花序上具一些稀疏的棕色短毛，但也可能完全无毛。

原生地

 
莱佛士猪笼草的典型原生地

莱佛士猪笼草为分布广泛的低地猪笼草。其常见于婆罗洲和廖内群岛，但在西马来西亚和苏门答腊分布局限。在西马来西亚仅于东南地区分别广泛，特别是在柔佛州相当充裕。而在苏门答腊莱佛士猪笼草仅存在于因陀罗补罗到巴鲁斯（Barus）之间的西部海岸。[4]其也分布于周围一些小型岛屿，包括邦加島、纳闽岛[5]、大納土納島[6]及林加群島。[7]

莱佛士猪笼草一般生长于开阔的砂质潮湿地区中。也曾在巽他荒原森林、次生林、泥炭沼泽森林边缘、石楠林和海边的悬崖发现过莱佛士猪笼草。其海拔分布范围为0至1200米[4]或至1500米的地区。[8]

种下类群

由于莱佛士猪笼草分布广泛，所以莱佛士猪笼草的捕虫笼无论是在形状或颜色方面都存在很大差异。以下为已被描述的莱佛士猪笼草种下类群。其中大部分在现在已被认为是非正式的。原被非正式描述为长莱佛士猪笼草的类群在2011年被描述为巴兰猪笼草（N. baramensis）[9]，现被置于赫姆斯利猪笼草（N. hemsleyana）下[10]。

 
 
 
左、中：赫姆斯利猪笼草的下位笼和上位笼，原被称为长莱佛士猪笼草。
右：莱佛士猪笼草卓越变种的大型下位笼的插图，其具深紫色条纹[3]，来源于1882年的《园丁纪事》。
  •  

    莱佛士猪笼草的下位笼，示其具翼的笼蔓

  •  

    莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型，示其边缘呈波浪状的叶片

  •  

    浅色捕虫笼莱佛士猪笼草变种的下位笼

 
 
 
莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型（从左至右）：高达30厘米的下位笼；长达110厘米的笼蔓；高约45厘米的上位笼

巨型变型

莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型（N. rafflesiana f. gigantea）[2]存在于婆罗洲西北海岸的一些相互分离的地区，及古晋以西110公里的海滨小镇三马丹（Sematan）。[17]该变型典型的原生地茂密的石楠森林，特别是植被边缘的地区。[17]

莱佛士猪笼草巨型的方方面面都比普通的莱佛士猪笼草更大。其茎可攀至15米的高处。叶片长度可达典型变型的2.5倍。下位笼可高达35厘米，宽至15厘米，容积可达到1升。[17]其捕虫笼的颜色多种多样，可为白底红斑至深紫色。上位笼可能为全绿或带斑点。花序也很巨大，可长达1米。花梗可达1.5厘米，具暗红色的花被片。[17]

除了大小之外，莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型的发育中叶片也与典型变型不同，其叶片具 深红棕色光泽。人工种植的莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型也具有这样的特征，所以其并非由特殊的环境因素造成的。[17]

曾记录到野外的莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型捕获老鼠。[2]

相关物种

莱佛士猪笼草与贝卡利猪笼草、长叶猪笼草和苏门答腊猪笼草之间存在着密切的近缘关系。

2001年，查尔斯·克拉克对来自苏门答腊岛和西马来西亚的猪笼草进行了分支系统学分析，共利用了70个形态特征。莱佛士猪笼草被归入“第5分支”。其中苏门答腊猪笼草与莱佛士猪笼草的相关性达58%。[4]贝卡利猪笼草未被包括在该研究中。[4]贝卡利猪笼草未被包含于该研究中。

 
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莱佛士猪笼草

 
 

苏门答腊猪笼草

 
 
 
 
 

莱佛士猪笼草与苏门答腊猪笼草的主要区别在于其下位笼唇的结构不同。苏门答腊猪笼草下位笼的唇齿不明显，而莱佛士猪笼草反之。莱佛士猪笼草具细长的唇颈，而苏门答腊猪笼草则无。苏门答腊猪笼草的下位笼通体为卵形，而莱佛士猪笼草下位笼的上半部为圆柱形。此外，苏门答腊猪笼草的叶片较窄，具棕色短毛。[4]

自然杂交种

注释

  1. ^ 威廉·杰克博士刊登于《柯蒂斯植物学杂志》上信件的原文：[3]
  2. ^ 1850年的《园丁与农夫杂志》中对莱佛士猪笼草描述的原文：[3]

参考文献

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扩展阅读

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  • （法文） Gaume, L. N.d. Piège viscoélastique Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2013-02-13. [videos] UMR AMAP.
  维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：莱佛士猪笼草
  維基物種上的相關信息：莱佛士猪笼草
  英語维基文库中与本条目相关的原始文献：《柯蒂斯植物学杂志》73期4285

行進 22, 2023
莱佛士猪笼草, 学名, nepenthes, rafflesiana, 得名于斯坦福, 莱佛士, 其分布极为广泛, 包括婆罗洲, 苏门答腊, 西马来西亚和新加坡, 已描述的的变型和变种是猪笼草属中最多的, 仅在婆罗洲就至少有3种不同的变种, 的巨型变型的捕虫笼大小可与马来王猪笼草, rajah, 相媲美, 产自婆罗洲的保护状况无危, iucn, 科学分类界, 植物界, plantae演化支, 维管植物, tracheophyta演化支, 被子植物, angiosperms演化支, 真双子叶植物, eudicots目. 莱佛士猪笼草 2 63 64 学名 Nepenthes rafflesiana 得名于斯坦福 莱佛士 其分布极为广泛 包括婆罗洲 苏门答腊 西马来西亚和新加坡 已描述的莱佛士猪笼草的变型和变种是猪笼草属中最多的 仅在婆罗洲就至少有3种不同的变种 莱佛士猪笼草的巨型变型的捕虫笼大小可与马来王猪笼草 N rajah 相媲美 莱佛士猪笼草产自婆罗洲的莱佛士猪笼草保护状况无危 IUCN 2 3 科学分类界 植物界 Plantae演化支 维管植物 Tracheophyta演化支 被子植物 Angiosperms演化支 真双子叶植物 Eudicots目 石竹目 Caryophyllales科 猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae属 猪笼草属 Nepenthes种 莱佛士猪笼草 N rafflesiana二名法Nepenthes rafflesianaJack 1835 異名 1 同物异名 Nepenthes hookerianaLow 1848 nom nud Nepenthes kookerianaLow ex Becc 1886 sphalm typogr Nepenthes nigropurpurea Mast Mast 1882 Nepenthes rafleseaRafarin 1869 sphalm typogr Nepenthes sanderiHort 1908 sphalm typogr Nepenthes sanderianaBurb 1904 异物同名 Nepenthes rafflesianaauct non Jack Low 1848 N hookeriana Nepenthes rafflesianaauct non Jack Hook f 1873 N rafflesiana N hookeriana Nepenthes rafflesianaauct non Jack Haberl 1893 N gymnamphora 目录 1 植物学史 2 形态特征 3 原生地 4 种下类群 4 1 巨型变型 5 相关物种 6 自然杂交种 7 注释 8 参考文献 9 扩展阅读植物学史 编辑 左 1872年 园丁纪事与农业公报 中莱佛士猪笼草英国种植植株的插图 右 1847年 柯蒂斯植物学杂志 中沃尔特 胡德 菲奇所作的莱佛士猪笼草的插图 1819年 威廉 杰克博士 Dr William Jack 发现了莱佛士猪笼 并在 柯蒂斯植物学杂志 上刊登了威廉 杰克博士从新加坡寄来的信 他这样写道 注 1 3 来到位于马六甲海峡附近的群岛上 无法想象还有什么地方能比新加坡更美丽 镜子般的海面上镶嵌着覆盖茂密森林的小岛 它们都沐浴在明媚的阳光下 我恰巧看到了斧头是怎么做成 还获得许多有趣的发现 特别是两种新的猪笼草 莱佛士猪笼草和苹果猪笼草 它们的美丽远超过了其他欧洲已知物种 我对他们进行全面的描述 并画了两张配图 莱佛士爵士十分的着急 他认为我们应该想方设法把我们的发现发表出去 他建议应这些新种寄回国 使得在国内的人也能看到它的美丽 并能引起那边人们对苏门答腊植物的重视 在那时 莱佛士猪笼草是当时所知的猪笼草属中体型最大的物种 1850年的 园丁与农夫杂志 Gardener s and Farmer s Journal 中 对莱佛士猪笼草进行了这样的描述 注 2 3 无论谁看到这个植物都一定会想这肯定是植物王国里最令人惊叹的植物之一 其捕虫笼令人无法忘记 它是猪笼草属中最大最宏伟的物种 远远超过其他欧洲已知的物种 形态特征 编辑 莱佛士猪笼草下位笼唇的特写照 莱佛士猪笼草为藤本植物 茎可长达15米 直径可达10毫米 节间距最长达20厘米 4 笼蔓最长可超过110厘米 莱佛士猪笼草的下位笼呈球状 具发达的笼翼 下位笼的高度很少超过20厘米 但莱佛士猪笼草的巨型变型的高度也可达35厘米 宽至15厘米 上位笼呈漏斗状 唇的前端凸出 这两种捕虫笼都有超过3cm的细长唇颈 捕虫笼的颜色丰富 可为暗紫色至几乎全白 莱佛士猪笼草典型变型的下位笼为浅绿色且带有紫色斑点 上位笼则为奶油色 莱佛士猪笼草的花序为总状花序 长16至70厘米 花为红色或紫色 每个花梗通常只带一个朵花 偶尔带两朵 幼苗具棕色或白色且容易脱落的长毛 成株则仅在花序上具一些稀疏的棕色短毛 但也可能完全无毛 原生地 编辑 莱佛士猪笼草的典型原生地 莱佛士猪笼草为分布广泛的低地猪笼草 其常见于婆罗洲和廖内群岛 但在西马来西亚和苏门答腊分布局限 在西马来西亚仅于东南地区分别广泛 特别是在柔佛州相当充裕 而在苏门答腊莱佛士猪笼草仅存在于因陀罗补罗到巴鲁斯 Barus 之间的西部海岸 4 其也分布于周围一些小型岛屿 包括邦加島 纳闽岛 5 大納土納島 6 及林加群島 7 莱佛士猪笼草一般生长于开阔的砂质潮湿地区中 也曾在巽他荒原森林 次生林 泥炭沼泽森林边缘 石楠林和海边的悬崖发现过莱佛士猪笼草 其海拔分布范围为0至1200米 4 或至1500米的地区 8 种下类群 编辑由于莱佛士猪笼草分布广泛 所以莱佛士猪笼草的捕虫笼无论是在形状或颜色方面都存在很大差异 以下为已被描述的莱佛士猪笼草种下类群 其中大部分在现在已被认为是非正式的 原被非正式描述为长莱佛士猪笼草的类群在2011年被描述为巴兰猪笼草 N baramensis 9 现被置于赫姆斯利猪笼草 N hemsleyana 下 10 左 中 赫姆斯利猪笼草的下位笼和上位笼 原被称为长莱佛士猪笼草 右 莱佛士猪笼草卓越变种的大型下位笼的插图 其具深紫色条纹 3 来源于1882年的 园丁纪事 Nepenthes rafflesiana f alba Hort Westphal 2000 nom nud Nepenthes rafflesiana var alata J H Adam amp Wilcock 1990 Nepenthes rafflesiana var ambigua Beck 1895 11 Nepenthes rafflesiana var elongata Hort Kew ex Dyer 1897 nom nud N hemsleyana 9 10 Nepenthes rafflesiana var excelsior Hort Williams Beck 1895 11 N ampullaria N rafflesiana N rafflesiana Nepenthes rafflesiana var glaberrima Hook f 1873 12 Nepenthes rafflesiana var hookeriana auct non Low Hort Veitch ex Mast Becc 1886 N hookeriana Nepenthes rafflesiana var insignis Mast 1882 Nepenthes rafflesiana var longicirrhosa Tamin amp M Hotta in M Hotta 1986 nom nud N longifolia 4 13 Nepenthes rafflesiana var minor Becc 1886 Nepenthes rafflesiana var nigropurpureaMast 1882 Nepenthes rafflesiana var nivea Hook f 1873 12 Nepenthes rafflesiana var pallida Hort Veitch ex Burb 1883 N khasiana N gracilis N rafflesiana Nepenthes rafflesiana var striata Hort ex Teijsm 1859 14 nom nud Nepenthes rafflesiana var subglandulosa J H Adam amp Hafiza 2006 15 N hemsleyana 10 Nepenthes rafflesiana var typica Beck 1895 11 nom illeg Nepenthes rafflesiana var viridis Hort ex Teijsm 1859 14 nom nud Nepenthes rafflesiana var vittata Lauffenburger 1995 nom nud Nepenthes rafflesiana glaberrima Burb 1880 16 N hemsleyana 10 莱佛士猪笼草的下位笼 示其具翼的笼蔓 莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型 示其边缘呈波浪状的叶片 浅色捕虫笼莱佛士猪笼草变种的下位笼 莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型 从左至右 高达30厘米的下位笼 长达110厘米的笼蔓 高约45厘米的上位笼 巨型变型 编辑 莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型 N rafflesiana f gigantea 2 存在于婆罗洲西北海岸的一些相互分离的地区 及古晋以西110公里的海滨小镇三马丹 Sematan 17 该变型典型的原生地茂密的石楠森林 特别是植被边缘的地区 17 莱佛士猪笼草巨型的方方面面都比普通的莱佛士猪笼草更大 其茎可攀至15米的高处 叶片长度可达典型变型的2 5倍 下位笼可高达35厘米 宽至15厘米 容积可达到1升 17 其捕虫笼的颜色多种多样 可为白底红斑至深紫色 上位笼可能为全绿或带斑点 花序也很巨大 可长达1米 花梗可达1 5厘米 具暗红色的花被片 17 除了大小之外 莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型的发育中叶片也与典型变型不同 其叶片具 深红棕色光泽 人工种植的莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型也具有这样的特征 所以其并非由特殊的环境因素造成的 17 曾记录到野外的莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型捕获老鼠 2 相关物种 编辑莱佛士猪笼草与贝卡利猪笼草 长叶猪笼草和苏门答腊猪笼草之间存在着密切的近缘关系 2001年 查尔斯 克拉克对来自苏门答腊岛和西马来西亚的猪笼草进行了分支系统学分析 共利用了70个形态特征 莱佛士猪笼草被归入 第5分支 其中苏门答腊猪笼草与莱佛士猪笼草的相关性达58 4 贝卡利猪笼草未被包括在该研究中 4 贝卡利猪笼草未被包含于该研究中 69 unnamed 长叶猪笼草 unnamed 58 莱佛士猪笼草 苏门答腊猪笼草 莱佛士猪笼草与苏门答腊猪笼草的主要区别在于其下位笼唇的结构不同 苏门答腊猪笼草下位笼的唇齿不明显 而莱佛士猪笼草反之 莱佛士猪笼草具细长的唇颈 而苏门答腊猪笼草则无 苏门答腊猪笼草的下位笼通体为卵形 而莱佛士猪笼草下位笼的上半部为圆柱形 此外 苏门答腊猪笼草的叶片较窄 具棕色短毛 4 自然杂交种 编辑N albomarginata N rafflesiana 18 19 N ampullaria N rafflesiana N hookeriana 17 20 21 N ampullaria N rafflesiana N mirabilis N hookeriana N mirabilis 18 N bicalcarata N rafflesiana 17 N bicalcarata N rafflesiana N mirabilis var echinostoma 17 N clipeata N rafflesiana 22 N gracilis N rafflesiana 17 23 24 N hemsleyana N rafflesiana 10 N mirabilis N rafflesiana 17 包括N mirabilis var echinostoma N rafflesiana 2 87 22 N ampullaria N rafflesiana N ampullaria N rafflesiana N gracilis N rafflesiana N mirabilis N rafflesiana N mirabilis N rafflesiana N mirabilis var echinostoma N rafflesiana注释 编辑 威廉 杰克博士刊登于 柯蒂斯植物学杂志 上信件的原文 3 It is impossible to conceive anything more beautiful than the approach to Singapore through the Archipelago of islands that lie at the extremity of the Straits of Malacca Seas of glass wind among innumerable islets clothed in all the luxuriance of tropical vegetation and basking in the full brilliance of a tropical sky I have just arrived in time to explore the woods before they yield to the axe and have made many interesting discoveries particularly of two new and splendid species of pitcher plant Nepenthes rafflesiana and Nepenthes ampullaria far surpassing any yet known in Europe I have completed two perfect drawings of them with ample descriptions Sir S Raffles is anxious that we should give publicity to our researches in one way or other and has planned bringing out something at Bencoolen He proposes sending home these pitcher plants that such splendid things may appear under all the advantages of elegant execution by way of attracting attention to the subject of Sumatran botany 1850年的 园丁与农夫杂志 中对莱佛士猪笼草描述的原文 3 Whoever has seen this plant in a living state must undoubted be constrained to consider it as one of the most astonishing productions of the whole vegetable kingdom The resemblance that a portion of it bears to our more familiar domestic utensils leaves a lasting impression on the minds of spectators that is not easily eradicated it is the largest and most magnificent of the genus far surpassing any hitherto known in Europe 参考文献 编辑 Schlauer J N d Nepenthes rafflesiana 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Carnivorous Plant Database 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 夏洛特 食蟲植物觀賞 amp 栽培圖鑑 台北 商周出版 2007 ISBN 978 986 124 850 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 Phillipps A amp A Lamb 1996 Pitcher Plants of Borneo Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 Clarke C M 2001 Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu Burbidge F W 1882 Notes on the new Nepenthes 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Gardeners Chronicle new series 17 420 56 印尼文 Mansur M 2012 Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island Berita Biologi 11 1 33 42 Abstract 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期2013 09 21 Clarke C M 2001 Appendix C Distribution Maps In Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu pp 299 307 Adam J H C C Wilcock amp M D Swaine 1992 The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5 1 13 25 9 0 9 1 Clarke C J A Moran amp C C Lee 2011 Nepenthes baramensis Nepenthaceae a new species from north western Borneo Blumea 56 3 229 233 doi 10 3767 000651911X607121 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 Scharmann M amp T U Grafe 2013 Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana Nepenthaceae an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa Blumea 58 1 8 12 doi 10 3767 000651913X668465 11 0 11 1 11 2 德文 Beck G 1895 Die Gattung Nepenthes Wiener Illustrirte Garten Zeitung 20 3 6 96 107 141 150 182 192 217 229 12 0 12 1 拉丁文 Hooker J D 1873 Ordo CLXXV bis Nepenthaceae In A de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17 90 105 Clarke C M 1997 Another Nice Trip to Sumatra 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26 1 4 10 14 0 14 1 法文 Teysmann M J E 1859 Enumeration des plantes envoyees de Java au jardin botanique de l Universite de Leide 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Annales d horticulture et de botanique ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays Bas et histoire des plantes cultivees les plus interessantes des possessions neerlandaises aux Indes orientales de l Amerique et du Japon 2 133 142 Adam J H amp Hafiza A Hamid 2006 Pitcher plants of Lambir Hill in Miri Sarawak State of Malaysia 失效連結 International Journal of Botany 2 4 340 352 doi 10 3923 ijb 2006 340 352 Burbidge F W 1880 The Gardens of the Sun 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Murray London 17 0 17 1 17 2 17 3 17 4 17 5 17 6 17 7 17 8 17 9 Clarke C M 1997 Nepenthes of Borneo Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu 18 0 18 1 Lowrie A 1983 Sabah Nepenthes Expeditions 1982 amp 1983 PDF 1 25 MiB Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12 4 88 95 McPherson S R 2009 Pitcher Plants of the Old World 2 volumes Redfern Natural History Productions Poole Masters M T 1881 New garden plants Nepenthes Hookeriana 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Gardeners Chronicle new series 16 417 812 813 Yulita K S amp M Mansur 2012 The occurrence of hybrid in Nepenthes hookeriana Lindl from Central Kalimantan can be detected by RAPD and ISSR markers HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 19 1 18 24 doi 10 4308 hjb 19 1 18 22 0 22 1 Phillipps A A Lamb amp C C Lee 2008 Pitcher Plants of Borneo Second Edition Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu Tan W K C L Wong amp C K Frazier 1996 Nepenthes rafflesiana and gracilis Nature Malaysiana 21 82 85 Bednar B L 1985 Nepenthes dominii and var intermedia PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14 4 105 106 Anonymous 1848 New garden plants published in books 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Gardeners Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1848 6 87 Anonymous 1881 Messrs Veitch s Nepenthes house 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Gardeners Chronicle new series 16 410 598 599 Anonymous 1883 Mr A E Ratcliff s Nepenthes 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Gardeners Chronicle 20 497 18 19 Anonymous 1887 Nepenthes culture 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Gardeners Chronicle series 3 2 41 442 443 Adam J H 1997 Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species Nepenthaceae in relation to their habitat PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20 2 3 121 134 Adam J H amp C C Wilcock 1999 Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes Nepenthaceae PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22 1 1 7 Adam J H E M Nurulhuda H Abdul Halim O Abdul Rahim A H Hafiza G K Gopir L M Pilik R Omar M B Qasim J Salimon S Abdul Rahim amp M M Hanafiah 2005 Pitcher plants recorded from BRIS forest in Jambu Bongkok Kuala Trengganu Malaysia 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Wetland Science 3 3 183 189 马来文 Adam J H J N Maisarah A T S Norhafizah A H Hafiza M Y Harun amp O A Rahim et al 2009 Ciri Tanih Pada Habitat Nepenthes Nepenthaceae di Padang Tujuh Taman Negeri Endau Rompin Pahang Soil Properties in Nepenthes Nepenthaceae Habitat at Padang Tujuh Endau Rompin State Park Pahang In J H Adam G M Barzani amp S Zaini eds Bio Kejuruteraan and Kelestarian Ekosistem Bio Engineering and Sustainable Ecosystem Kumpulan Penyelidikan Kesihatan Persekitaran Pusat Penyelidikan Bukit Fraser and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia pp 147 157 Adam J H H A Hamid M A A Juhari S N A Tarmizi amp W M R Idris 2011 Species composition and dispersion pattern of pitcher plants recorded from Rantau Abang in Marang District Terengganu State of Malaysia International Journal of Botany 7 2 162 169 doi 10 3923 ijb 2011 162 169 Adams R M amp G W Smith 1977 An S E M survey of the five carnivorous pitcher plant genera American Journal of Botany 64 3 265 272 doi 10 2307 2441969 Bauer U C Willmes amp W Federle 2009 Effect of pitcher age on trapping efficiency and natural prey capture in carnivorous Nepenthes rafflesiana plants Annals of Botany 103 8 1219 1226 doi 10 1093 aob mcp065 Bauer U C J Clemente T Renner amp W Federle 2012 Form follows function morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25 1 90 102 doi 10 1111 j 1420 9101 2011 02406 x Bauer U B Di Giusto J Skepper T U Grafe amp W Federle 2012 With a flick of the lid a novel trapping mechanism in Nepenthes gracilis pitcher plants PLoS ONE 7 6 e38951 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0038951 Beaman J H amp C Anderson 2004 The Plants of Mount Kinabalu 5 Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu Benz M J E V Gorb amp S N Gorb 2012 Diversity of the slippery zone microstructure in pitchers of nine carnivorous Nepenthes taxa Arthropod Plant Interactions 6 1 147 158 doi 10 1007 s11829 011 9171 2 拉丁文 Blume C L 1852 Ord Nepenthaceae 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 In Museum Botanicum Lugduno Batavum sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio Tom II Nr 1 E J Brill Lugduni Batavorum pp 5 10 Bonhomme V H Pelloux Prayer E Jousselin Y Forterre J J Labat amp L Gaume 2011 Slippery or sticky Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants New Phytologist 191 2 545 554 doi 10 1111 j 1469 8137 2011 03696 x Brearley F Q amp M Mansur 2012 Nutrient stoichiometry of Nepenthes species from a Bornean peat swamp forest Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 41 3 105 108 Cannon J V Lojanapiwatna C Raston W Sinchai amp A White 1980 The Quinones of Nepenthes rafflesiana The Crystal Structure of 2 5 Dihydroxy 3 8 dimethoxy 7 methylnaphtho 1 4 quinone Nepenthone E and a Synthesis of 2 5 Dihydroxy 3 Methoxy 7 methylnaphtho 1 4 quinone Nepenthone C Australian Journal of Chemistry 33 5 1073 1093 doi 10 1071 CH9801073 Clarke et al Nepenthes rafflesiana The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000 12 May 2006 引文格式1维护 显式使用等标签 link Damayanti F M Mansur amp I Roostika 2011 Diversity of Nepenthes spp in West Kalimantan 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 3 13 705 708 Di Giusto B V Grosbois E Fargeas D J Marshall amp L Gaume 2008 Contribution of pitcher fragrance and fluid viscosity to high prey diversity in a Nepenthes carnivorous plant from Borneo Journal of Biosciences 33 1 121 136 doi 10 1007 s12038 008 0028 5 Di Giusto B M Gueroult N Rowe amp L Gaume 2009 Chapter 7 The Waxy Surface in Nepenthes Pitcher Plants Variability Adaptive Significance and Developmental Evolution 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 In S N Gorb ed Functional Surfaces in Biology Adhesion Related Phenomena Volume 2 Springer pp 183 204 Di Giusto B J M Bessiere M Gueroult L B L Lim D J Marshall M Hossaert McKey amp L Gaume 2010 Flower scent mimicry masks a deadly trap in the carnivorous plant Nepenthes rafflesiana Journal of Ecology 98 4 845 856 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2745 2010 01665 x Dixon W E 1889 Nepenthes 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Gardeners Chronicle series 3 6 144 354 Frazier C K 2000 Reproductive isolating mechanisms and fitness among tropical pitcher plants Nepenthes and their hybrids 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 video The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society San Francisco USA Gaume L amp Y Forterre 2007 A viscoelastic deadly fluid in carnivorous pitcher plants PLoS ONE 2 11 e1185 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0001185 Gaume L amp B D Giusto 2009 Adaptive significance and ontogenetic variability of the waxy zone in Nepenthes rafflesiana Annals of Botany 104 7 1281 1291 doi 10 1093 aob mcp238 法文 Gaume L amp Y Forterre 2008 Un piege viscoelastique chez Nepenthes rafflesiana Dionee 71 28 32 印尼文 Handayani T amp Syamsuddin 1998 Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack dan keturunannya Warta Kebun Raya 2 3 1 8 印尼文 Handayani T 1999 Konservasi Nepenthes di kebun raya Indonesia PDF Conservation of Nepenthes in Indonesian botanic gardens In A Mardiastuti I Sudirman K G Wiryawan L I Sudirman M P Tampubolon R Megia amp Y Lestari eds Prosiding II Seminar Hasil Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB Bogor pp 365 372 Handayani T D Latifah amp Dodo 2005 Diversity and growth behaviour of Nepenthes pitcher plants in Tanjung Puting National Park Central Kalimantan Province 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Biodiversitas 6 4 248 252 Cover 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Hansen E 2001 Where rocks sing ants swim and plants eat animals finding members of the Nepenthes carnivorous plant family in Borneo 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Discover 22 10 60 68 Hernawati amp P Akhriadi 2006 A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra PILI NGO Movement Bogor Hooker J D 1859 XXXV On the origin and development of the pitchers of Nepenthes with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 22 4 415 424 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1856 tb00113 x Kitching R L 2000 Food Webs and Container Habitats The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Cambridge University Press Cambridge Korthals P W 1839 Over het geslacht Nepenthes In C J Temminck 1839 1842 Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen Kruidkunde Leiden pp 1 44 t 1 4 13 15 20 22 Kurup R A J Johnson S Sankar A A Hussain C S Kumar amp S Baby 2013 Fluorescent prey traps in carnivorous plants Plant Biology 15 3 611 615 doi 10 1111 j 1438 8677 2012 00709 x Lecoufle M 1990 Nepenthes rafflesiana In Carnivorous Plants Care and Cultivation Blandford London pp 136 137 Lee C C 2000 Recent Nepenthes Discoveries 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 video The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society San Francisco USA Lim S H D C Y Phua amp H T W Tan 2000 Primer design and optimization for RAPD analysis of Nepenthes Biologia Plantarum 43 1 153 155 doi 10 1023 A 1026535920714 Lindley J 1849 Familiar botany The pitcher plant 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Gardeners Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1849 37 580 581 Macfarlane J M 1914 Family XCVI Nepenthaceae 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 pp 279 288 In J S Gamble Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula No 24 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Journal amp Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 75 3 279 391 印尼文 Mansur M 2001 Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias PDF In Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia Bogor pp 244 253 印尼文 Mansur M 2007 Keanekaragaman jenis Nepenthes kantong semar dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah Diversity of lowland Nepenthes kantong semar in Central Kalimantan Berita Biologi 8 5 335 341 Abstract 印尼文 Mansur M 2008 Penelitian ekologi Nepenthes di Laboratorium Alam Hutan Gambut Sabangau Kereng Bangkirai Kalimantan Tengah 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Peat Swamps Forest Natural Laboratory Kereng Bangkirai Sabangau Central Kalimantan Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9 1 67 73 Abstract 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Mansur M amp F Q Brearley 2008 Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Barito Ulu Central Kalimantan Indonesia Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9 3 271 276 Masters M T 1872 The cultivated species of Nepenthes 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Gardeners Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872 16 540 542 McPherson S R amp A Robinson 2012 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo Redfern Natural History Productions Poole McPherson S R amp A Robinson 2012 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina Redfern Natural History Productions Poole McPherson S R amp A Robinson 2012 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java Redfern Natural History Productions Poole Meimberg H A Wistuba P Dittrich amp G Heubl 2001 Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data Plant Biology 3 2 164 175 doi 10 1055 s 2001 12897 德文 Meimberg H 2002 Molekular systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s l PDF Ph D thesis Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Munich Meimberg H amp G Heubl 2006 Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae Plant Biology 8 6 831 840 doi 10 1055 s 2006 924676 Meimberg H S Thalhammer A Brachmann amp G Heubl 2006 Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39 2 478 490 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2005 11 023 Mogi M amp K L Chan 1997 Variation in communities of dipterans in Nepenthes pitchers in Singapore Predators increase prey community diversity Annals of the Entomological Society of America 90 2 177 183 Moore D 1872 On the culture of Nepenthes at Glasnevin 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Gardeners Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872 11 359 360 Moran J A 1991 The role and mechanism of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers as insect traps in Brunei Ph D thesis University of Aberdeen Aberdeen Scotland Moran J A 1993 Visitors to the flowers of the pitcher plant Nepenthes rafflesiana Brunei Museum Journal 8 73 75 Moran J A 1993 Pitcher allocation strategy of the pitcher plant Nepenthes rafflesiana Brunei Museum Journal 8 77 80 Moran J A 1993 The effect of pitcher wing removal on prey capture by the pitcher plant Nepenthes rafflesiana Brunei Museum Journal 8 81 82 Moran J A 1993 Misumenops nepenthicola the top aquatic predator of the Nepenthes food web Brunei Museum Journal 8 83 84 Moran J A 1996 Pitcher dimorphism prey composition and the mechanisms of prey attraction in the pitcher plant Nepenthes rafflesiana in Borneo Journal of Ecology 84 4 515 525 doi 10 2307 2261474 Moran J A amp A J Moran 1998 Foliar Reflectance and Vector Analysis Reveal Nutrient Stress in Prey Deprived Pitcher Plants Nepenthes rafflesiana International Journal of Plant Sciences 159 6 996 1001 doi 10 1086 314086 Moran J A W E Booth amp J K Charles 1999 Aspects of pitcher morphology and spectral characteristics of six Bornean Nepenthes pitcher plant species implications for prey capture PDF Annals of Botany 83 521 528 Moran J A B J Hawkins B E Gowen amp S L Robbins 2010 Ion fluxes across the pitcher walls of three Bornean Nepenthes pitcher plant species flux rates and gland distribution patterns reflect nitrogen sequestration strategies Journal of Experimental Botany 61 5 1365 1374 doi 10 1093 jxb erq004 Mullins J amp M Jebb 2009 Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Nepenthes National Botanic Gardens Glasnevin 印尼文 Murniati Syamswisna amp A Nurdini 2013 Pembuatan flash card dari hasil inventarisasi Nepenthes di hutan adat desa Teluk Bakung 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran 2 1 unpaginated 14 pp Abstract 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 日語 Oikawa T 1992 Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack In Muyu kusa Nepenthes 無憂草 Nepenthes The Grief Vanishing Parco Co Japan pp 52 53 Osunkoya O O S D Daud amp F L Wimmer 2008 Longevity lignin content and construction cost of the assimilatory organs of Nepenthes species Annals of Botany 102 5 845 853 doi 10 1093 aob mcn162 Reiskind J 1978 A crab spider associate of Nepenthes rafflesiana PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 7 3 77 78 Renner T amp C D Specht 2011 A sticky situation assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping International Journal of Plant Sciences 172 7 889 901 doi 10 1086 660882 Rizzacasa M A amp M V Sargent 1987 The structure and synthesis of nepenthone A a naphthoquinone from Nepenthes rafflesiana Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions 1 2017 2022 doi 10 1039 P19870002017 Robinson A 1995 1994 95 Plant findings in Malaysia The Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 18 44 47 Rottloff S R Stieber H Maischak F G Turini G Heubl amp A Mithofer 2011 Functional characterization of a class III acid endochitinase from the traps of the carnivorous pitcher plant genus Nepenthes Journal of Experimental Botany 62 13 4639 4647 doi 10 1093 jxb err173 Ruxton G D amp H M Schaefer 2011 Alternative explanations for apparent mimicry Journal of Ecology 99 4 899 904 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2745 2011 01806 x 德文 Schmid Hollinger R N d Kannendeckel lid 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 bio schmidhol ch Shivas R G 1984 Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia amp Singapore Maruzen Asia Kuala Lumpur Slack A 1979 Nepenthes rafflesiana In Carnivorous Plants Ebury Press London p 82 Smythies B E 1965 The distribution and ecology of pitcher plants Nepenthes in Sarawak UNESCO Humid Tropics Symposium June July 1963 Kuching Sarawak 印尼文 Sukmadijaya D D Dinarti amp Y Isnaini 2010 Pertumbuhan planlet kantong semar Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack pada beberapa media tanam selama tahap aklimatisasi PDF Bogor Agricultural University Bogor 印尼文 Syamsuardi amp R Tamin 1994 Kajian kekerabatan jenis jenis Nepenthes di Sumatera Barat Project report Andalas University Padang Abstract 印尼文 Syamsuardi 1995 Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar Nepenthes di Sumatera Barat Numerical classification of pitcher plants Nepenthes in West Sumatra Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam 4 1 48 57 Abstract Teo L L 2001 Study of natural hybridisation in some tropical plants using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis M Sc thesis Nanyang Technological University Singapore Teo W M S 2010 Photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen metabolism of Nepenthes rafflesiana at two different growth stages in response to inorganic nitrate and organic prey M Sc thesis Nanyang Technological University Singapore Thorogood C 2010 The Malaysian Nepenthes Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives Nova Science Publishers New York Torres Rivera J J 2007 A case of Nepenthes rafflesiana with a lotus like flower Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 36 3 81 82 印尼文 Uji T 2003 Keanekaragaman dan potensi flora di Cagar Alam Muara Kendawangan Kalimantan Barat 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Flora diversity and its potential in Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve West Kalimantan Biodiversitas 4 1 112 117 印尼文 Yogiara 2004 Analisis komunitas bakteri cairan kantung semar Nepenthes spp menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism T RFLP dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis ARDRA PDF M Sc thesis Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Yogiara A Suwanto amp M T Suhartono 2006 A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11 1 9 14 Zulaiha Shireen bte Mohd Salleh 2009 Carbon and nitrogen metabolism and mineral nutrition of carnivorous pitcher plants under greenhouse conditions M Sc thesis Nanyang Technological University Singapore 扩展阅读 编辑食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中莱佛士猪笼草的照片 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中翼状莱佛士猪笼草的照片 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中巨大莱佛士猪笼草的照片 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中白莱佛士猪笼草的照片 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 法文 Gaume L N d Piege viscoelastique Archive is的存檔 存档日期2013 02 13 videos UMR AMAP 维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源 莱佛士猪笼草 維基物種上的相關信息 莱佛士猪笼草 英語维基文库中与本条目相关的原始文献 柯蒂斯植物学杂志 73期4285 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 莱佛士猪笼草 amp oldid 75046323, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

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