土耳其的种族主义和歧视

土耳其种族主义，存在于土耳其社会及其整个历史中，包括制度性种族主义针对非穆斯林和非逊尼派少数群体。 ^[8] 这主要表现为一些人(来自土耳其人)对非土耳其族裔的态度和行为，特别是库尔德人、亚美尼亚人、阿拉伯人、亚述人、希腊人、犹太人，^[9] 以及像罗姆人这样的游牧群体。^[10]

伊斯坦布尔一座亚美尼亚教堂的墙上，有不明人士写下的一句话：“种族主义土耳其万岁”^[11]

近年来，土耳其针对叙利亚难民、阿富汗人、巴基斯坦人和非洲移民等中东国民的种族主义有所增加。^[12][13][14]

参考资料

1. Xypolia, Ilia. Racist Aspects of Modern Turkish Nationalism. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 2016-02-18, 18 (2): 111–124. ISSN 1944-8953. S2CID 147685130. doi:10.1080/19448953.2016.1141580. hdl:2164/9172  . 
2. Björgo, Tore; Witte, Rob (编). Racist violence in Europe. Basingstoke [etc.]: Macmillan Press. 1993. ISBN 9780312124090. 
3. Arat, Zehra F. Kabasakal (编). Human rights in Turkey. Foreword by Richard Falk. Philadelphia, Pa.: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. 2007. ISBN 9780812240009. 
4. Lauren, Fulton. A Muted Controversy: Freedom of Speech in Turkey. Harvard International Review. Spring 2008, 30 (1): 26–29. ISSN 0739-1854. Free speech is now in a state reminiscent of the days before EU accession talks. Journalists or academics who speak out against state institutions are subject to prosecution under the aegis of loophole laws. Such laws are especially objectionable because they lead to a culture in which other, more physically apparent rights abuses become prevalent. Violations of freedom of expression can escalate into other rights abuses, including torture, racism, and other forms of discrimination. Because free speech is suppressed, the stories of these abuses then go unreported in what becomes a vicious cycle. 
5. Gooding, Emily. Armchair Guide to Discrimination: Religious Discrimination in Turkey. BiblioBazaar. 2011. ISBN 9781241797812. 
6. Kenanoğlu, Pinar Dinç. Discrimination and silence: minority foundations in Turkey during the Cyprus conflict of 1974. Nations and Nationalism. 2012, 18 (2): 267–286. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2011.00531.x. Comprehensive reading of the newspaper articles show that the negative attitude towards the non-Muslim minorities in Turkey does not operate in a linear fashion. There are rises and falls, the targets can vary from individuals to institutions, and the agents of discrimination can be politicians, judicial offices, government-operated organisations, press members or simply individuals in society. 
7. Toktas, Sule; Aras, Bulent. The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey. Political Science Quarterly. Winter 2009, 124 (4): 697–0_8. ISSN 0032-3195. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165x.2009.tb00664.x. In the Turkish context, the solution to minority rights is to handle them through improvements in three realms: elimination of discrimination, cultural rights, and religious freedom. However, reforms in these spheres fall short of the spirit generated in the Treaty of Lausanne. 
8. ^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]}
9. 引用错误：没有为名为cirakman的参考文献提供内容
10. https://crd.org/2022/11/03/roma-in-turkey-discrimination-exclusion-deep-poverty-and-deprivation/
11. Khojali: A Pretext to Incite Ethnic Hatred. Armenian Weekly. 22 February 2015. 
12. Halis, Mujgan. Anti-Syrian sentiment on the rise in Turkey. Al-Monitor. 2013-11-13 [2019-08-29] （土耳其语）. 
13. Afghan Migrants in Turkey Worried About Increased Deportations. www.voanews.com. [2022-08-27]. 
14. ANI; ANI. Videos of 'Pakistani perverts' cause outrage on social media in Turkey. ThePrint. 2022-04-22 [2022-08-27] （美国英语）.