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维基百科

駭客行動主義

駭客行動主義(英語:hacktivism),或譯作「駭客激進主義」、「駭客主義」、「激進駭客」,是駭客(英語:hacking)與行動主義(英語:activism)的合成词,指一種網路行動主義;其採取資訊技术、駭客攻击展開公民不服從運動,以期達到推动政治议程或社会变革的目標。 [1] 駭客行動主義,根植於駭客文化和駭客倫理,其目的常為了言论自由人权資訊自由[2]

駭客行動主義活动涉及许多政治理念和議題。 自由網,是對抗审查点对点通信平台,是将政治理念和言论自由主張转化为實際代码的典型例子。駭客攻击,作为行動主義手段,诸如匿名者维基解密之类的激进分子在网络發起,也可以由單一激進分子活動,在不存在領導全體的權威下,为共同目标而相互合作。 [3]

“駭客行動主義”,是歧義術語。这个合成词的诞生,是为了描述电子直接行动,即通过结合程式設計技術和批判性思维来努力实现社会变革。然而,正如駭客,有时也意味着网络犯罪,駭客行動主義,也可能指帶恶意的、破坏性的、破坏網路安全的行动主义。[4] 相较於以往的行动主义形式,駭客行動主義取得了前所未有的成功,而吸引了更多参与者,更多工具的投入,取得更大影响力,能够改变选举结果、引发冲突,甚至摧毁企业。[5]

根据美国《2020-2022年反情报战略》,除了国家对手和跨国犯罪组织外,“駭客行動主義者、泄密行动主义者和公开披露组织等受意识形态驱动的实体构成了重大威胁”。 [6] [7]

無政府主義駭客

起源和定义 编辑

1995年,Jason Sack首次使用了“駭客行動主義”一词,去評論新媒体艺术家鄭淑麗的电影《Fresh Kill》 。 [8][9] 然而,死牛崇拜(cDc) 成员“Omega”多視為首個以現代意義发明該術語的人。1996年,Omega发给组织成員的电子邮件中使用了“駭客行動主義”一词。 [10][11] Omega主張,言論自由人的基本權利;為保障言論自由,需保護所有人自由且平等的近用權,而駭客行動主義(英語:hacktivism)便是達成此目標的手段。[12] 由於該術語的歧義性,有些定义涵蓋网络恐怖主义行動;其他定义則重申使用駭客技术改變社会。[13] [14]

著名的駭客行動主義团体與激進駭客 编辑

维基解密 编辑

2006年,媒体出版商维基解密成立。维基解密是非营利性组织,资金来自捐款[25]和媒体合作。维基解密发表了匿名消息来源提供的机密文件和其他媒体。[26] 维基解密创辦人是澳大利亚编辑、出版商和運動家朱利安·阿桑奇。目前,阿桑奇正因与维基解密的合作,而遭要求引渡到美国。[27] 2018年9月起, 克里斯汀‧拉芬森出任主编[28][29] 从2022年11月开始,维基解密网站上的许多文件无法访问。[30][31][32][33]

 
福克斯面具是匿名者社群常使用的面具。

匿名者 编辑

2003年,匿名者起源於4chan的貼圖區。4chan允許使用者在無政府狀態中相互交流[34][35][36]。匿名者通常習慣帶上福克斯面具隱藏身份[37][38][39]。在早期,成員們通常會在線上社群約定一些無強制力目標,主要是娛樂方面,或一些惡作劇。然而,2008年,匿名者發起「Project Chanology」行動,抗議、惡作劇和駭客攻擊對抗山達基教會,從此聲名大噪。自此,匿名者參與更多與國際問題有關的駭客行動。

DkD[|| 编辑

2003年3月,法国激進駭客DkD[||遭中央打击网络犯罪办公室(OCLCTIC)逮捕。 DkD[|| 破壞超过2千個页面,其中许多是政府和美国军事网站。里尔地区司法警察局的 Eric Voulleminot 稱這名駭客为“法国头号激進駭客”。[40]

出於其政治观点,DkD[|| 在地下世界里是位出名的涂鸦者。對於他的逮捕,Ghost Boys 在许多navy.mil网站塗鴉了“釋放 DkD[||!!” 口号。 [41][42]

LulzSec 编辑

2011年5月,5名匿名者成員組成駭客團LulzSec,因在成立2個月內發起的「反安全小組行動」(英語:Operation AntiSec)而聲名大噪。名稱來自「笑」(英語:lulz)與安全(英語:security)的混生語。 [43] 5名成員為"Sabu"、"Kayla"、"T-Flow"、"Topiary"、"AVUnit"與"Pwnsauce"。[44]

參見 编辑

参考 编辑

註腳 编辑

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  2. ^ . NBC News. [2017-02-27]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-27) (英语).  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  3. ^ Milone, Mark. Hactivism: Securing the National Infrastructure. The Business Lawyer. 2002, 58 (1): 383–413. JSTOR 40688127. 
  4. ^ Peter Krapp, "Noise Channels: Glitch and Error in Digital Culture", University of Minnesota Press 2011. ISBN 978-0-8166-7625-5. 互联网档案馆的,存档日期2013-05-23..
  5. ^ George, Jordana J.; Leidner, Dorothy E. From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism. Information and Organization. 2019-09-01, 29 (3): 100249. ISSN 1471-7727. doi:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2019.04.001. 
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  12. ^ The Hacktivismo FAQ v1.0(CDC) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
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  17. ^ Braccini, Alessio Maria; Federici, Tommaso. New Internet-Based Relationships Between Citizens. Baskerville, Richard; De Marco, Marco; Spagnoletti, Paolo (编). Designing Organizational Systems: An Interdisciplinary Discourse. Berlin: Springer Nature. 2013: 157–179. ISBN 978-3-642-33370-5. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33371-2. Julian Assange had introduced a new term into the lexicon of several generations. This term was 'WikiLeaks' and described an international non-profit organisation, committed to publishing secret information, news leaks, and classified media provided by anonymous sources.  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  18. ^ Hindman, Elizabeth Blanks; Thomas, Ryan J. When Old and New Media Collide: The Case of WikiLeaks. New Media & Society (SAGE Publishing). June 2014, 16 (4): 541–558. S2CID 30711318. doi:10.1177/1461444813489504. WikiLeaks was founded in 2006 as an international non-profit organization specializing in the publication of 'classified, censored or otherwise restricted material of political, diplomatic or ethical significance' obtained via anonymous sources 
  19. ^ Dodds, Klaus J. The WikiLeaks Arctic Cables. Polar Record (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 2012, 48 (2): 199–201. Bibcode:2012PoRec..48..199D. S2CID 129682201. doi:10.1017/S003224741100043X. With a keen sense of timing, given the Greenlandic and Danish governments' hosting of the 7th Arctic Council ministerial meeting, seven 'sensitive' US diplomatic cables were leaked by WikiLeaks, an international non-profit organisation that publishes materials from anonymous sources, news leaks, and whistleblowers 
  20. ^ Benkler, Yochai. A Free Irresponsible Press: Wikileaks and the Battle over the Soul of the Networked Fourth Estate. Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review (Cambridge: Harvard Law School). 2011, 46 (2): 311–397 –通过Harvard Library. Wikileaks is a nonprofit that depends on donations from around the world to fund its operation. A second system that came under attack on a model parallel to the attack on technical infrastructure was the payment system... Like the Sunlight Foundation and similar transparency-focused organizations, Wikileaks is a nonprofit focused on bringing to light direct, documentary evidence about government behavior so that many others, professional and otherwise, can analyze the evidence and search for instances that justify public criticism.  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  21. ^ Fuchs, Christian. WikiLeaks: Can We Make Power Transparent?. Social Media: A Critical Introduction. London/Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publishing. 2014: 210–233. ISBN 978-1-4462-5730-2. WikiLeaks (www.wikileaks.org) is a non-commercial and non-profit Internet whistleblowing platform that has been online since 2006. Julian Assange founded it. It is funded by online donations.  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  22. ^ Beckett, Charlie. Wikileaks: News in the Networked Era. Cambridge: Wiley. 2012: 26. ISBN 978-0-745-65975-6. WikiLeaks is independent of commercial, corporate, government or lobbygroup control or ownership. It is a non-membership, non-profit organisation funded by donations 
  23. ^ Flesher Fominaya, Cristina. Social Movements in a Globalized World Second. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2020: 177. ISBN 9781352009347. As a non-profit organization, Wikileaks is funded by crowdfunding donations, which were subsequently blocked by PayPal, Mastercard, a Swiss Bank and Bank of America in protest over their political acitivity, a troubling example of 'the ability of private infrastructure companies to restrict speech without being bound by the contraints of legality, and the possibility that government actors will take advantage of this affordance in an extra-legal public-private partnership for censorship'.  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  24. ^ Daly, Angela. The Privatization of the Internet, WikiLeaks and Free Expression. International Journal of Communication (Los Angeles: USC Annenberg Press). 2014, 8: 2693–2703. SSRN 2496707  –通过European University Institute. In late 2010, the online nonprofit media organization WikiLeaks published classified documents detailing correspondence between the U.S. State Department and its diplomatic missions around the world, numbering around 250,000 cables.  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  25. ^ [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]
  26. ^ . The New York Times. [17 April 2022]. (原始内容存档于30 January 2016).  Archive.is的存檔,存档日期2012-09-16
  27. ^ McGreal, Chris. . The Guardian (London). 5 April 2010 [15 December 2010]. (原始内容存档于26 June 2011).  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  28. ^ WikiLeaks names one-time spokesman as editor-in-chief. Associated Press. [26 September 2018] (美国英语).  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  29. ^ Bridge, Mark. Loss of internet forces Assange to step down from Wikileaks editor role . The Times. 27 September 2018 [11 April 2019].  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  30. ^ WikiLeaks' Website Is Falling Apart. Gizmodo. 22 November 2022 [24 December 2022] (英语).  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  31. ^ Thalen, Mikael. Millions of documents disappear from WikiLeaks as site completely breaks down. The Daily Dot. 22 November 2022 [24 December 2022] (美国英语).  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  32. ^ Burgess, Matt. Apple Tracks You More Than You Think. Wired. [24 December 2022]. ISSN 1059-1028 (美国英语).  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  33. ^ HDblog.it. WikiLeaks è in grave difficoltà: sito a malapena online, leak ormai assenti. HDblog.it. 22 November 2022 [24 December 2022] (it-it).  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  34. ^ 存档副本. [2016-02-19]. (原始内容于2016-02-14).  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  35. ^ Landers, Chris. . Baltimore City Paper. April 2, 2008 [July 3, 2008]. (原始内容存档于2008年6月8日).  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  36. ^ Oltsik, Jon. Edward Snowden Beyond Data Security. Network World. December 3, 2013 [December 4, 2013]. (原始内容于2014-04-07).  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  37. ^ Waites, Rosie. V for Vendetta masks: Who. BBC News. October 20, 2011 [October 20, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2012-01-21).  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  38. ^ John S. Forrester, Dozens of masked protesters blast Scientology church. Web-based foes guard IDs, assert risk of retribution, The Boston Globe, 11 February 2008 [2016-02-19], (原始内容于2016-03-03)  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  39. ^ Kwek, Glenda. V for vague: Occupy Sydney's faceless leaders. The Sydney Morning Herald Times. October 14, 2011 [2012-07-20]. (原始内容于2012-06-22).  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  40. ^ Antson, Franck. Arrestation du " hacker " le plus recherché de France. leparisien.fr. 2003-07-09 [2021-05-05] (法语).  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  41. ^ DKD[|| Officially stopped. www.zone-h.org. [2019-03-10].  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  42. ^ Arrestation du " hacker " le plus recherché de France.  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  43. ^ Arthur, Charles. LulzSec: what they did, who they were and how they were caught. The Guardian. 2013-05-16 [2016-10-20]. ISSN 0261-3077. (原始内容于2016-10-14) (英国英语).  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  44. ^ Gilbert, David. LulzSec Reunited: Anonymous Hackers Meet for the First Time in Real Life. International Business Times UK. 2014-09-30 [2016-10-21]. (原始内容于2016-09-24).  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

延伸阅读 编辑

  • Menn, Joseph. They're watching. And they can bring you down. Financial Times. September 23, 2011 [2012-09-01]. (原始内容 存档于2022-12-10).  互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期[日期錯誤] (2)[日期不符],.
  • Olson, Parmy. (05-14-2013). We Are Anonymous: Inside the Hacker World of LulzSec, Anonymous, and the Global Cyber Insurgency. ISBN 0316213527ISBN 0316213527.
  • Coleman, Gabriella. (2014-11-4). Hacker, Hoaxer, Whistleblower, Spy: The Many Faces of Anonymous. Verso Books. ISBN 1781685835ISBN 1781685835.
  • Shantz, Jeff; Tomblin, Jordon (2014-11-28). Cyber Disobedience: Re://Presenting Online Anarchy. John Hunt Publishing. ISBN 9781782795551ISBN 9781782795551.
  • Firer-Blaess, Sylvain. The Collective Identity of Anonymous: Web of Meanings in a Digitally Enabled Movement (PDF). Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. 2016: 220 [October 5, 2016]. ISBN 978-91-554-9602-9.  (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Deseriis, Marco (2017). Hacktivism: On the Use of Botnets in Cyberattacks (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Theory, Culture & Society 34(4): 131–152.

外部链接 编辑

  • History, types of activity and cases studies
  •   YouTube上的The Hacktivist, Award Winning Short Film Documentary

駭客行動主義, 英語, hacktivism, 或譯作, 駭客激進主義, 駭客主義, 激進駭客, 是駭客, 英語, hacking, 與行動主義, 英語, activism, 的合成词, 指一種網路行動主義, 其採取資訊技术, 駭客攻击展開公民不服從運動, 以期達到推动政治议程或社会变革的目標, 根植於駭客文化和駭客倫理, 其目的常為了言论自由, 人权或資訊自由, 活动涉及许多政治理念和議題, 自由網, 是對抗审查的点对点通信平台, 是将政治理念和言论自由主張转化为實際代码的典型例子, 駭客攻击, 作为行動主義手段. 駭客行動主義 英語 hacktivism 或譯作 駭客激進主義 駭客主義 激進駭客 是駭客 英語 hacking 與行動主義 英語 activism 的合成词 指一種網路行動主義 其採取資訊技术 駭客攻击展開公民不服從運動 以期達到推动政治议程或社会变革的目標 1 駭客行動主義 根植於駭客文化和駭客倫理 其目的常為了言论自由 人权或資訊自由 2 駭客行動主義活动涉及许多政治理念和議題 自由網 是對抗审查的点对点通信平台 是将政治理念和言论自由主張转化为實際代码的典型例子 駭客攻击 作为行動主義手段 诸如匿名者和维基解密之类的激进分子在网络發起 也可以由單一激進分子活動 在不存在領導全體的權威下 为共同目标而相互合作 3 駭客行動主義 是歧義術語 这个合成词的诞生 是为了描述电子直接行动 即通过结合程式設計技術和批判性思维来努力实现社会变革 然而 正如駭客 有时也意味着网络犯罪 駭客行動主義 也可能指帶恶意的 破坏性的 破坏網路安全的行动主义 4 相较於以往的行动主义形式 駭客行動主義取得了前所未有的成功 而吸引了更多参与者 更多工具的投入 取得更大影响力 能够改变选举结果 引发冲突 甚至摧毁企业 5 根据美国 2020 2022年反情报战略 除了国家对手和跨国犯罪组织外 駭客行動主義者 泄密行动主义者和公开披露组织等受意识形态驱动的实体构成了重大威胁 6 7 無政府主義駭客 目录 1 起源和定义 2 著名的駭客行動主義团体與激進駭客 2 1 维基解密 2 2 匿名者 2 3 DkD 2 4 LulzSec 3 參見 4 参考 4 1 註腳 4 2 延伸阅读 5 外部链接起源和定义 编辑1995年 Jason Sack首次使用了 駭客行動主義 一词 去評論新媒体艺术家鄭淑麗的电影 Fresh Kill 8 9 然而 死牛崇拜 cDc 成员 Omega 多視為首個以現代意義发明該術語的人 1996年 Omega发给组织成員的电子邮件中使用了 駭客行動主義 一词 10 11 Omega主張 言論自由乃人的基本權利 為保障言論自由 需保護所有人自由且平等的近用權 而駭客行動主義 英語 hacktivism 便是達成此目標的手段 12 由於該術語的歧義性 有些定义涵蓋网络恐怖主义行動 其他定义則重申使用駭客技术改變社会 13 14 著名的駭客行動主義团体與激進駭客 编辑维基解密 编辑 主条目 维基解密2006年 媒体和出版商维基解密成立 维基解密是非营利性组织 资金来自捐款 25 和媒体合作 维基解密发表了匿名消息来源提供的机密文件和其他媒体 26 维基解密创辦人是澳大利亚编辑 出版商和運動家朱利安 阿桑奇 目前 阿桑奇正因与维基解密的合作 而遭要求引渡到美国 27 2018年9月起 克里斯汀 拉芬森出任主编 28 29 从2022年11月开始 维基解密网站上的许多文件无法访问 30 31 32 33 nbsp 福克斯面具是匿名者社群常使用的面具 匿名者 编辑 主条目 匿名者 黑客組織 2003年 匿名者起源於4chan的貼圖區 4chan允許使用者在無政府狀態中相互交流 34 35 36 匿名者通常習慣帶上福克斯面具隱藏身份 37 38 39 在早期 成員們通常會在線上社群約定一些無強制力目標 主要是娛樂方面 或一些惡作劇 然而 2008年 匿名者發起 Project Chanology 行動 抗議 惡作劇和駭客攻擊對抗山達基教會 從此聲名大噪 自此 匿名者參與更多與國際問題有關的駭客行動 DkD 编辑 2003年3月 法国激進駭客DkD 遭中央打击网络犯罪办公室 OCLCTIC 逮捕 DkD 破壞超过2千個页面 其中许多是政府和美国军事网站 里尔地区司法警察局的 Eric Voulleminot 稱這名駭客为 法国头号激進駭客 40 出於其政治观点 DkD 在地下世界里是位出名的涂鸦者 對於他的逮捕 Ghost Boys 在许多navy mil 网站塗鴉了 釋放 DkD 口号 41 42 LulzSec 编辑 主条目 LulzSec 2011年5月 5名匿名者成員組成駭客團LulzSec 因在成立2個月內發起的 反安全小組行動 英語 Operation AntiSec 而聲名大噪 名稱來自 笑 英語 lulz 與安全 英語 security 的混生語 43 5名成員為 Sabu Kayla T Flow Topiary AVUnit 與 Pwnsauce 44 參見 编辑加密無政府主義 網路恐怖主義 網路自警行為 數位民主 開源治理 英语 Open source governance 電馭叛客 混沌電腦俱乐部 公民实验室 蟬3301 網路之子 駭客軍團参考 编辑註腳 编辑 THE ANONYMOUS MOVEMENT HACKTIVISM AS AN EMERGING FORM OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION PDF 2017 07 05 原始内容存档 PDF 于2017 10 19 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Hackers take down thousands of dark web sites post private data NBC News 2017 02 27 原始内容存档于2017 02 27 英语 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Milone Mark Hactivism Securing the National Infrastructure The Business Lawyer 2002 58 1 383 413 JSTOR 40688127 Peter Krapp Noise Channels Glitch and Error in Digital Culture University of Minnesota Press 2011 ISBN 978 0 8166 7625 5 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期2013 05 23 George Jordana J Leidner Dorothy E From clicktivism to hacktivism Understanding digital activism Information and Organization 2019 09 01 29 3 100249 ISSN 1471 7727 doi 10 1016 j infoandorg 2019 04 001 Menn Joseph New wave of hacktivism adds twist to cybersecurity woes Reuters March 25 2021 原始内容存档于Jul 9 2023 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 National Counterintelligence Strategy of the United States of America 2020 2022 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Director of National Intelligence Logan Jason Take the Skinheads Bowling InfoNation Minneapolis November 1995 3 June 2019 原始内容存档于7 February 1997 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Webber Craig Yip Michael The Rise of Chinese Cyber Warriors Towards a Theoretical Model of Online Hacktivism PDF International Journal of Cyber Criminology June 2018 12 1 230 2020 07 13 原始内容 PDF 存档于2022 06 21 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Shantz Jeff Tomblin Jordon Cyber Disobedience Re Presenting Online Anarchy John Hunt Publishing 2014 11 28 ISBN 9781782795551 原始内容存档于2015 11 16 Mills Elinor Old time hacktivists Anonymous you ve crossed the line CNet 30 March 2012 3 June 2019 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Hacktivismo FAQ v1 0 CDC 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Peter Ludlow What is a Hacktivist 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期2013 05 21 The New York Times January 2013 Jordon Tomblin The Rehearsal and Performance of Lawful Access curve carleton ca 2015 01 01 2016 01 16 原始内容存档于2016 02 03 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Cardoso Gustavo Jacobetty Pedro Surfing the Crisis Cultures of Belonging and Networked Social Change Castells Manuel Caraca Joao Cardoso Gustavo 编 Aftermath The Cultures of the Economic Crisis Oxford Oxford University Press 2012 177 209 ISBN 9780199658411 WikiLeaks is also based on an openness culture as it is a crowd sourced crowd funded non profit organization operating internationally Pogrebna Ganna Skilton Mark Navigating New Cyber Risks How Businesses Can Plan Build and Manage Safe Spaces in the Digital Age Cham Switzerland Palgrave MacMillan 2019 2 ISBN 9783030135270 S2CID 197966404 doi 10 1007 978 3 030 13527 0 WikiLeaks is an international non profit organization that receives and subsequently shares on its website confidential documents from large organizations or governments 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Braccini Alessio Maria Federici Tommaso New Internet Based Relationships Between Citizens Baskerville Richard De Marco Marco Spagnoletti Paolo 编 Designing Organizational Systems An Interdisciplinary Discourse Berlin Springer Nature 2013 157 179 ISBN 978 3 642 33370 5 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 33371 2 Julian Assange had introduced a new term into the lexicon of several generations This term was WikiLeaks and described an international non profit organisation committed to publishing secret information news leaks and classified media provided by anonymous sources 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Hindman Elizabeth Blanks Thomas Ryan J When Old and New Media Collide The Case of WikiLeaks New Media amp Society SAGE Publishing June 2014 16 4 541 558 S2CID 30711318 doi 10 1177 1461444813489504 WikiLeaks was founded in 2006 as an international non profit organization specializing in the publication of classified censored or otherwise restricted material of political diplomatic or ethical significance obtained via anonymous sources Dodds Klaus J The WikiLeaks Arctic Cables Polar Record Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2012 48 2 199 201 Bibcode 2012PoRec 48 199D S2CID 129682201 doi 10 1017 S003224741100043X With a keen sense of timing given the Greenlandic and Danish governments hosting of the 7th Arctic Council ministerial meeting seven sensitive US diplomatic cables were leaked by WikiLeaks an international non profit organisation that publishes materials from anonymous sources news leaks and whistleblowers Benkler Yochai A Free Irresponsible Press Wikileaks and the Battle over the Soul of the Networked Fourth Estate Harvard Civil Rights Civil Liberties Law Review Cambridge Harvard Law School 2011 46 2 311 397 通过Harvard Library Wikileaks is a nonprofit that depends on donations from around the world to fund its operation A second system that came under attack on a model parallel to the attack on technical infrastructure was the payment system Like the Sunlight Foundation and similar transparency focused organizations Wikileaks is a nonprofit focused on bringing to light direct documentary evidence about government behavior so that many others professional and otherwise can analyze the evidence and search for instances that justify public criticism 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Fuchs Christian WikiLeaks Can We Make Power Transparent Social Media A Critical Introduction London Thousand Oaks SAGE Publishing 2014 210 233 ISBN 978 1 4462 5730 2 WikiLeaks www wikileaks org is a non commercial and non profit Internet whistleblowing platform that has been online since 2006 Julian Assange founded it It is funded by online donations 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Beckett Charlie Wikileaks News in the Networked Era Cambridge Wiley 2012 26 ISBN 978 0 745 65975 6 WikiLeaks is independent of commercial corporate government or lobbygroup control or ownership It is a non membership non profit organisation funded by donations Flesher Fominaya Cristina Social Movements in a Globalized World Second London Bloomsbury Publishing 2020 177 ISBN 9781352009347 As a non profit organization Wikileaks is funded by crowdfunding donations which were subsequently blocked by PayPal Mastercard a Swiss Bank and Bank of America in protest over their political acitivity a troubling example of the ability of private infrastructure companies to restrict speech without being bound by the contraints of legality and the possibility that government actors will take advantage of this affordance in an extra legal public private partnership for censorship 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Daly Angela The Privatization of the Internet WikiLeaks and Free Expression International Journal of Communication Los Angeles USC Annenberg Press 2014 8 2693 2703 SSRN 2496707 nbsp 通过European University Institute In late 2010 the online nonprofit media organization WikiLeaks published classified documents detailing correspondence between the U S State Department and its diplomatic missions around the world numbering around 250 000 cables 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 WikiLeaks The New York Times 17 April 2022 原始内容存档于30 January 2016 Archive is的存檔 存档日期2012 09 16 McGreal Chris Wikileaks reveals video showing US air crew shooting down Iraqi civilians The Guardian London 5 April 2010 15 December 2010 原始内容存档于26 June 2011 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 WikiLeaks names one time spokesman as editor in chief Associated Press 26 September 2018 美国英语 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Bridge Mark Loss of internet forces Assange to step down from Wikileaks editor role nbsp The Times 27 September 2018 11 April 2019 含有連結內容需訂閱查看的頁面 link 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 WikiLeaks Website Is Falling Apart Gizmodo 22 November 2022 24 December 2022 英语 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Thalen Mikael Millions of documents disappear from WikiLeaks as site completely breaks down The Daily Dot 22 November 2022 24 December 2022 美国英语 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Burgess Matt Apple Tracks You More Than You Think Wired 24 December 2022 ISSN 1059 1028 美国英语 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 HDblog it WikiLeaks e in grave difficolta sito a malapena online leak ormai assenti HDblog it 22 November 2022 24 December 2022 it it 引文格式1维护 未识别语文类型 link 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 存档副本 2016 02 19 原始内容存档于2016 02 14 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Landers Chris Serious Business Anonymous Takes On Scientology and Doesn t Afraid of Anything Baltimore City Paper April 2 2008 July 3 2008 原始内容存档于2008年6月8日 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Oltsik Jon Edward Snowden Beyond Data Security Network World December 3 2013 December 4 2013 原始内容存档于2014 04 07 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Waites Rosie V for Vendetta masks Who BBC News October 20 2011 October 20 2011 原始内容存档于2012 01 21 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 John S Forrester Dozens of masked protesters blast Scientology church Web based foes guard IDs assert risk of retribution The Boston Globe 11 February 2008 2016 02 19 原始内容存档于2016 03 03 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Kwek Glenda V for vague Occupy Sydney s faceless leaders The Sydney Morning Herald Times October 14 2011 2012 07 20 原始内容存档于2012 06 22 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Antson Franck Arrestation du hacker le plus recherche de France leparisien fr 2003 07 09 2021 05 05 法语 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 DKD Officially stopped www zone h org 2019 03 10 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Arrestation du hacker le plus recherche de France 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Arthur Charles LulzSec what they did who they were and how they were caught The Guardian 2013 05 16 2016 10 20 ISSN 0261 3077 原始内容存档于2016 10 14 英国英语 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Gilbert David LulzSec Reunited Anonymous Hackers Meet for the First Time in Real Life International Business Times UK 2014 09 30 2016 10 21 原始内容存档于2016 09 24 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 延伸阅读 编辑 Menn Joseph They re watching And they can bring you down Financial Times September 23 2011 2012 09 01 原始内容 nbsp 存档于2022 12 10 含有連結內容需訂閱查看的頁面 link 互联网档案馆的存檔 存档日期 日期錯誤 2 日期不符 Olson Parmy 05 14 2013 We Are Anonymous Inside the Hacker World of LulzSec Anonymous and the Global Cyber Insurgency ISBN 0316213527ISBN 0316213527 Coleman Gabriella 2014 11 4 Hacker Hoaxer Whistleblower Spy The Many Faces of Anonymous Verso Books ISBN 1781685835ISBN 1781685835 Shantz Jeff Tomblin Jordon 2014 11 28 Cyber Disobedience Re Presenting Online Anarchy John Hunt Publishing ISBN 9781782795551ISBN 9781782795551 Firer Blaess Sylvain The Collective Identity of Anonymous Web of Meanings in a Digitally Enabled Movement PDF Uppsala Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 2016 220 October 5 2016 ISBN 978 91 554 9602 9 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Deseriis Marco 2017 Hacktivism On the Use of Botnets in Cyberattacks 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Theory Culture amp Society 34 4 131 152 外部链接 编辑Hacktivism and Politically Motivated Computer Crime History types of activity and cases studies nbsp YouTube上的The Hacktivist Award Winning Short Film Documentary 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 駭客行動主義 amp oldid 82531964, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

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