维基百科
非官方补丁
| 此條目翻譯自其他語言維基百科，需要相關領域的編者協助校對翻譯。 |
非官方补丁（unofficial patch）是由用户社区而非原始开发者为一款软件创作的非商业修補程式。与普通的官方补丁一样，非官方补丁一般也是为修复软件缺陷或劣势制作，而通常不会改变软件的预期用法，这不同于第三方的软件适配（例如遊戲模組或破解补丁）。
动机 编辑
创建非官方补丁的一个常见原因是缺少软件原作者或提供者的技术支持。一些潜在的原因是：
类型 编辑
在电脑游戏领域中，非官方补丁最为常见，它们有时也被称为爱好者补丁（Fan patches），尤其是如果为一人独自完成。社区中多名作者共同完成则一般称为社区补丁（Community Patch）。这些补丁着眼典型程序流程中的关键错误，进行崩溃和兼容性方面的修复，例如适配新版操作系统、增加分辨率等。
虽然非官方补丁常见于PC平台，但在主机游戏中也有它们的存在，例如仿真社区中的交流。[6]
- 翻译
另一种非官方补丁是爱好者翻译（中国称汉化补丁）。爱好者将日本角色扮演游戏翻译为英语很是常见，因为这些游戏通常不会为西方市场进行本地化。[7][8]
还有一种非官方补丁是补丁集，是将官方的零散补丁汇总整合，以便安装使用。
方法 编辑
最常见的情况是没有软件的源代码和原开发工具。因此，可能只得在執行期以逆向工程和调试方法分析缺陷软件的二进制文件，找到问题所在后再设法进行修复。有时解决问题只需修改配置文件或注册表，而有时则需对二进制文件或可执行文件进行修改才能解决文件。如果有软件开发工具包（例如Mod系统）可用，修复补丁的制作可能会更为容易，否则就需要自己使用工具（例如NSIS、Innosetup）打包给用户使用的修补程序。
如果可以获得源代码，则或许能更有效地解决缺陷。有时源代码已获公开发布，而有时是从源代码泄露[9][10][11]或失误[12]得来，例如《Thief》系列游戏引擎的泄露事件。[13][14]有时游戏粉丝甚至对原始程序进行完全的反向工程。[15]
法律 编辑
虽然直接涉及非官方补丁的法庭案件不常见，但历史上有过类似的案件[16]。
已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與翻譯。
Galoob v. Nintendo found that it was not 盗版 by a user to apply an unauthorized patch to a system (while the scope was very specific to the Game Genie). On the other hand, the case Micro Star v. FormGen Inc. found that user-generated maps were 衍生作品s of the original game. In Sega v. Accolade, the 美国联邦第九巡回上诉法院 held that making copies in the course of 逆向工程 is a fair use, when it is the only way to get access to the "ideas and functional elements" in the copyrighted code, and when "there is a legitimate reason for seeking such access". According to 美国版权法 17 U.S. Code § 117, the owner of a copy of a program can modify it as necessary for "Maintenance or Repair",[17] without permission from the copyright holder; an argumentation also raised by Daniel J. Bernstein professor at the 伊利諾大學芝加哥分校.[18] Similar user rights are given also according to European copyright laws. The question if and which copyright holder unauthorized changes of lawfully obtained software are fair and beneficial, is a long-standing debate among academic scholars.[19] An article of Helbraun law firm remarks in the context of fan translations that redistributing complete games with adaptions most likely does not fall under fair use, but in patch form it might fall under fair use, while this was never tested in court.[20]
反响 编辑
对非官方补丁的存在各方褒贬不一，很多版权持有人对此十分矛盾。[21][22]对于非官方补丁和粉丝翻译的项目，很少出现停止并终止的要求。[23][24]
有时版权持有者还会主动支持软件社区的补丁和修复工作，少数情况下甚至可以以某个软件许可证发布源代码来允许软件社区继续进行软件支持工作。[25][26][27][28][29]
1980年代出现的自由及开放源代码软件运动有助解决非官方补丁的根本问题，避免用户因缺少源代码而无法对仅二进制分发的软件进行自行支持。自由及开放源代码软件对源代码可用性的要求能防止对专有软件的二进制文件打补丁时可能遇到的技术和法律问题。
电子游戏中的例子 编辑
| 游戏 | 类型 |
|---|---|
| Anachronox | 缺陷修复补丁[30] |
| Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura | 缺陷修复补丁[31]、爱好者翻译 |
| 終極戰區II：戰鬥指揮官 | 缺陷修复补丁[32][33][34] |
| 文明IV | 修复缺陷及扩展[35]（有SDK源代码[36][37]，可访问XML配置及Python文件）[38] |
| 时空之轮 | 爱好者翻译、缺陷修复补丁[39] |
| 終極動員令 (1995年遊戲) | 缺陷修复补丁、分辨率修复，添加语言包支持[40][41][42] |
| 上古卷轴II：匕首雨 | 缺陷修复补丁[43]、爱好者翻译 |
| 黑暗靈魂II | 修复缺陷[44] |
| Deadly Premonition: The Director's Cut | 分辨率修复[45] |
| Ecco the Dolphin | 修复缺陷，为新版系统移植[46][47] |
| E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial | 修复缺陷[48][49] |
| 辐射2 | 缺陷修复补丁[50] 、分辨率修复 |
| 辐射4 | 缺陷修复补丁[51][52][53] |
| 自由枪骑兵 | 缺陷修复补丁[54] |
| Galactic Civilizations II | 脚本更正，数据库错误更正，引擎修复[55] |
| Gothic 3 | 缺陷修复补丁[56][28][57] |
| BioWare（博德之门系列，冰风谷等） | 缺陷修复补丁、分辨率修复[58] |
| Jagged Alliance 2（现为JA2-Stracciatella） | 缺陷修复补丁, 分辨率修复，移植[59][60][61][62][63][64] |
| Legacy of Kain系列 | 缺陷修复补丁[65][66][67] |
| LucasArts冒险游戏（猴島小英雄系列、聖戰奇兵等） | 爱好者翻译[68] |
| Master of Magic | 爱好者补丁[69][70][71] |
| Master of Orion 3 | 爱好者翻译[72]、修复缺陷 |
| 我的世界 | 爱好者修复被采纳到最新补丁[73][74][75] |
| MVP Baseball 2005 | 修复，继续支持[76][77][78] |
| Nuclear Throne | 合作模式修复与增强[79][80] |
| The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim | 缺陷修复补丁[81][82]、翻译修正[83] |
| Rollcage | 缺陷修复补丁[84] |
| Silent Hunter II / 驱逐舰指挥官 | 缺陷修复补丁（Ubisoft源代码协助）[85][86][87][88] |
| 星海遊俠系列 | 爱好者翻译[7] |
| Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II – The Sith Lords | 修复缺陷[89][90]、恢复内容、[91]支持宽屏[92] |
| 最高指揮官 | 缺陷修复、多用户客户端及替代服务器（私人伺服器）[93][94][95][96] |
| Dark Engine (神偷：暗黑计划、神偷II：金属时代、System Shock 2) | 缺陷修复补丁[13][14][97] |
| 泰坦之旅 | 缺陷修复补丁[98][99] |
| Ultima series | 缺陷修复补丁[100]、爱好者翻译 |
| 创世纪IV：圣者传奇 | 缺陷修复补丁、易主[101][102] |
| Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines | 缺陷修复补丁，恢复内容，宽屏和现代操作系统支持[103][104][105] |
| Xenonauts | 缺陷修复补丁和继续支持[106][107] |
普通软件中的例子 编辑
| 软件 | 类型 |
|---|---|
| 3dfx Interactive驱动程序 | 驱动程序修复，继续支持[108][109] |
| Adobe Acrobat | 快速安全修复[110] |
| Socket 7 主板的Award BIOS | 支持超过32GB的硬盘、支持AMD K6-2/3+[111][112][113] |
| Java | 快速安全修复[114] |
| Windows 7、Windows 8 | 解锁硬件支持[115] |
| Windows 98 | Slipstream补丁、缺陷修复补丁[116][117]、支持超过137GB的硬盘、[118]支持2k API[119][120][121] |
| Windows XP | 更新包[122][123] |
| Internet Explorer | 快速安全修复[124] |
| 英伟达 NVIDIA nForce 芯片组 驱动程序 | 在较新Windows操作系统上支持旧款芯片组[125][126][127] |
| Palm Pre | 功能扩展[128] |
| WMF格式 | 快速安全修复[3][4][5] |
| Windows URI问题 | 快速安全修复[129] |
| MacOS 10.3 | 夏时制补丁[130] |
参考资料 编辑
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There’s no excuse for the durability bug to be part of Scholar of the First Sin. It’s not limited to the PC version, either. The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions run at 60 frames-per-second. From Software and Bandai Namco have not yet responded to my request for comment. You might not be surprised to learn that fans have decided to rescue the game again, however. DS2fix removes the durability bug from the game, in addition to addressing a few other issues.
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a new Gothic 3 Enhanced Edition v1.75 Update Pack (International)
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Jagged Alliance 2 [...] and maintains both a tutorial for getting GOG games to run on Mac OS X, and a list of games he has personally tested to work on Mac OS X through CrossOver, Wineskin, and open source ports.
- ^ Mac Friendly GOG Games （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Jagged Alliance 2 [...] Source ports available at: http://ja2.monkeyphysics.com/home/osx （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, and at https://bitbucket.org/gennady/ja2-stracciatella/downloads （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. [2017-11-25]. 原始内容存档于2021-01-24.
- ^ . [2017-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-06）.
- ^ JA2 Stracciatella Feedback » Jagged Alliance 2 Android Stracciatella Port RC2 Release - please test 互联网档案馆的，存档日期2012-10-23. on the Bear's Pit Forum, October 3, 2011
- ^ ja2-stracciatella （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） on bitbucket.org
- ^ Gennady. . www.ja-galaxy-forum.com. 2013-03-04 [2013-03-22]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-06）.
Update 2013-03-13: Added support for high video resolutions. For example, game can be started in 1024x768 mode like this: ja2.exe -res 1024x768. Any reasonable resolution should work. Some bugfixes from this forum have been integrated. [...]
- ^ . pcgames.de. 2004-02-12 [2011-07-17]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-10） （德语）.
- ^ Raul, Cuban. . comcast.net. 2009-11-29 [2011-07-17]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-04）.
- ^ wrace. . nosgothica.org. 2010-12-03 [2011-07-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-08）.
[…]now you can play in BO1 under Windows-7 without any problems with video.
- ^ Gantner, Michael. . la-patches.gandimann.de. 2010-12-23 [2011-05-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-07） （德语）.
- ^ Robert Stiehl. . gamersglobal.de. June 8, 2010 [2016-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-31）.
- ^ kyrub. . realmsbeyond.net. 2011-10-24 [2012-07-14]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-11）.
What the Insecticide patch is all about? to make the MoM game as bug-free and as AI-challenging and as user-friendly as possible without modifying the content. The patch now features more than 200 bug-fixes, AI improvements and interface changes.
- ^ New year, New Master of Magic! v1.5 fan patch （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） on realmsbeyond.net
- ^ Wiesner, Thorsten. . golem.de. 2003-09-10 [2011-04-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-18） （德语）.
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- ^ Nine Years Later, Latin America's Leagues Keep MVP Baseball Alive （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） on Kotaku by Owen Good (12/22/13)
- ^ Lindbergh, Ben. . Grantland.com. April 14, 2015 [2017-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-21）.
Another factor in MVP’s favor: The game allows greater access to its innards than most titles. [...] 2K’s failure to match MVP’s approval rating despite several years of running unopposed on the PC market, made MVP the go-to game for modders even as it lost its looks relative to 2K and The Show. The community’s support peaked from 2005 through the first PC edition of 2K in 2009, tailed off for a time, and then ramped up again once Take-Two abandoned the PC market in 2013 and canceled 2K entirely last year. A decade of EA development made MVP the best baseball game on the PC market in 2005, and a decade of amateur development has helped it keep that title in 2015.
- ^ Open-Source-Breathes-New-Life-Into-MVP-Baseball-2005-Video-Game （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） on protecode.com by Sara Purdon (on Sep 15, 2015)
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- ^ Fenlon, Wes. . PC Gamer. 2016-06-27 [2017-01-05]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-20）.
- ^ Sharkey, Mike. Unofficial Skyrim Patch Fixes Myriad Skyrim Bugs - Fan created uber patch designed to fix Skyrim's many problems.. gamespy.com. 2012-03-14 [2012-12-22]. （原始内容于2012-11-19）.
- ^ Quarn and Kivan. . nexumods.com. 2013-08-20 [2013-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-07）.
[...]the goal of the Unofficial Skyrim Patch (aka USKP) is to eventually fix every bug with Skyrim not officially resolved by the developers [...]Hundreds of gameplay, quest, NPC, object, item, text and placement bugs fixed already
- ^ . scharesoft.de. [2012-12-22]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-13） （德语）.
Die Erweiterung Skyrim - Director's Cut hat es sich zum Ziel gemacht, die deutsche Version von The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim so gut es geht zu verbessern. Vorrangig geht es darum, fehlende Übersetzungen nachzuholen und Texte und Begriffe so anzupassen, dass sie auch zu den vorherigen Teilen der Reihe passen. Mit dem beiliegenden inoffiziellen Skyrim-Patch werden zudem eine Vielzahl Fehler des eigentlichen Spiels, die die offiziellen Patches noch nicht korrigiert haben, behoben. Mit der Erweiterung könnt ihr außerdem alle englischsprachigen Texturen nun in deutscher Sprache vorfinden.
- ^ Luke Reilly. . ign.com. 2015-11-30 [2017-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-27）.
former Attention to Detail programmer Robert Baker, who also still had a candle burning for Rollcage. Baker had been contacted by hardcore Rollcage fans asking for his help to keep Rollcage running on drastically newer PC hardware, 15 years down the track. “I can’t speak for other developers, but for myself, I’ve worked on a dozen games and Rollcage is the only game that I’ve personally supported after release,” says Baker. “I don’t hold the source code to many games as that belongs to the company that develops these games of course, but Rollcage was a bit different.”
- ^ Trotter, William. Submarine marries Destroyer: The long vaunted union of SSI naval-sims is complete - thanks to fans.. PC Gamer. May 1, 2003 [2017-05-06]. （原始内容于2016-06-10）.
gave source code to subsim.com [...] a fund raising drive netted more than $7000 to jump-start Project Messerwetzer [...] Skilled volunteers and playtesters rallied to the call [...] a free 5MB to 6MB patch that will be finally polished and playtested. The original crippling flaw, multiplayer instability, has been dramatically minimized
- ^ Scott Parrino. . The Wargamer. 24 May 2003 [2017-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2005年11月30日）.
Subsim Review served as the gathering place for Projekt Messerwetzer, the project that brought Silent Hunter II - Destroyer Command computability to full fruition
- ^ Projekt Messerwetzer （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "Silent Hunter II/Destroyer Command DirectPlay, Conversion and Multiplayer Upgrade, THIS UNOFFICIAL PATCH IS AUTHORIZED BY UBISOFT, HOWEVER, UBISOFT OFFERS NO SUPPORT." on subsim.com
- ^ PM_Readme （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） on subsim
- ^ Thompson, Michael. Fan-restored KOTOR II content creates refined, expanded game KOTOR II wasn't the most complete Star Wars title ever released, due to an …. Ars Technica. 2009-10-06 [2013-09-05]. （原始内容于2012-04-22）.
After years of development, the cut content has been finally restored and the most of the bugs have been fixed, thanks to a project known as known as the "Restored Content Mod.
- ^ Grayson, Nathan. . Rock, Paper, Shotgun. 2012-08-24 [2013-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2012-08-25）.
On top of that, the mod fixes “over 500″ bugs, because Obsidian, basically.
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- ^ GPGNet Services Update 2 (GPGnet has been shutdown) 互联网档案馆的，存档日期2014-12-19. on gaspowered.com
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- ^ Hafer, T.J. Community-made Forged Alliance Forever keeps Supreme Commander multiplayer alive. PC Gamer. 2012-11-19 [2014-08-28]. （原始内容于2014-09-03）.
The official multiplayer servers for Supreme Commander: Forged Alliance have been decommissioned for a while now, but fortunately [...] the community-driven Forged Alliance Forever has emerged. The self-patching multiplayer client allows players of the epic real-time strategy title to continue blowing things up in massive quantities. It even adds new units, a new faction, and some game modes that weren't available on the official servers, such as 6v6.
- ^ You're in charge! - From vital patches to game cancellations, players are often intimately involved. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Christian Donlan on Eurogamer "The same thing happened at the end of last year, actually, when Supreme Commander fans released Forged Alliance Forever and gave the game the online client it could otherwise only dream of. I haven't played it much, but I still got a tear in my eye when I read about the extents these coders had gone to. There's nothing quite so wonderful to witness as love, and this is surely love of the very purest order." (2013-11-02)
- ^ fans-rework-homeworld-2-system-shock-and-thief-2 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） on Eurogamer (2012-09-26)
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- ^ Voyager. Ultima The Reconstruction - Fanpatches. reconstruction.voyd.net. 2007-04-08 [2011-05-28]. （原始内容于2013-05-11）.
- ^ Ultima IV Remastered v2.2.1 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Per Olofsson (29 May 2015)
- ^ u4remastered （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） on GitHub
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- ^ Meer, Alec. Undying: Vampire Bloodlines Patched Anew. rockpapershotgun.com. 2011-07-15 [2011-08-02]. （原始内容于2014-07-12）.
Bloodlines […] was essentially abandoned by its publisher after its developer closed a few months after release, but the fans have just kept on going, fixing things, improving things, digging up locked away extra content […]
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- ^ Treiber-Quellcode von 3dfx im Netz aufgetaucht - Von Nvidia offenbar geduldet （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Christian Klaß on Golem.de (7 May 2003, in German)
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- ^ Leyden, John. . The Register. 2009-02-24 [2013-07-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-22）.
Updated Security researchers have developed an unofficial patch for a zero-day Adobe Acrobat and Reader vulnerability that's become the subject of hacker attacks. Adobe acknowledged the vulnerability last week but said an official patch wouldn't be available until 11 March.
- ^ These BIOSes are fixed to support HDDs over 32GB (up to 64GB) or over 64GB (up to 128GB) and are tested to work. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Ondrej Zary on rainbow-software.org
- ^ Award BIOS Modifications （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Petr Soucek on ryston.cz
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- ^ DLL patch unlocks Windows 7, 8.1 updates on Ryzen, Kaby Lake （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Gareth Halfacree on bit-tech.com (19th April 2017)
- ^ Dirscherl, Hans-Christian. Nicht tot zu kriegen: Win 98 Service Pack 2.1. PCWelt.de. 2005-11-29 [2011-04-06]. （原始内容于2013-10-12） （德语）.
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- ^ 48-bit LBA Tools & Drivers. fryeware.com. 2005 [2011-04-06]. （原始内容于2011-06-09）.
Win98: Enable 48-bit LBA patch for Windows 98 posted on MSFN.ORG - Implements 48-bit LBA support into Windows 98's default IDE driver to support hard drives larger than 137GB.
- ^ Turner, Neil. . Neil Turner's blog. 2010-05-17 [2011-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-30）.
- ^ KernelEx by xeno86 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） SourceForge.net
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This is a fascinating project from a technical standpoint. They are implementing missing API calls used by newer applications that are missing from Windows 98 and Windows ME.
- ^ Vahldiek, Axel. Microsoft geht gegen unautorisierte Update-Packs vor. heise online. 2007-03-20 [2011-04-06] （德语）.
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- ^ . Computer Weekly. 2006-03-30 [2013-07-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-02）.
Another unofficial patch has been released to counter a critical flaw in Microsoft’s Internet Explorer browser.
- ^ Abazovic, Fuad. . www.theinquirer.net. 2006-11-17 [2011-05-28]. （原始内容存档于2009-09-18）.
- ^ Fernando. . 2011-02-07 [2011-05-28]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-23）.
Many users with an nForce chipset mainboard, who are running or going to install Windows XP (32/64bit), are searching for actual nForce chipset drivers, which are suitable for their special chipset and will give them the best possible performance and stability of their system. NVIDIA itself doesn't offer them.
- ^ AdvModDev. . 2008-01-13 [2011-05-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-21）.
- ^ Unofficial patch lets you hang up Palm Pre calls by closing the slider （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） on Engadget by Donald Melanson (10.19.09)
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- ^ Kennedy, Erik. . Ars Technica. 2007-01-28 [2012-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-01）.