fbpx
维基百科

美國憲法第二修正案

一月 01, 2024

《美利堅合眾國憲法》第二修正案（英語：Second Amendment to the United States Constitution）簡稱「第二修正案」（Amendment II），是美国权利法案之一，於1791年12月15日正式通過。它保障了美国持枪权（英语：Right to keep and bear arms in the United States），亦即公民享有正當防衛的公民權利[1][2][3][4]。

歷史 编辑

第一批乘坐「五月花號」到達北美大陸的歐洲移民正是依靠槍械等武器才得以在這片土地上落地生根，在猛獸和印第安人的包圍中，武器成為每個人安身立命的工具。此後，北美十三州逐漸成形，因為沒有常備的官兵，移民們只能以槍械自衛，州政府也逐漸介入到武器管理中，部分州政府甚至會對沒有武器的居民進行處罰。隨著獨立戰爭的打響，民兵的影響力進一步擴大，正是這些擁有武器的民兵和英軍作戰8年，並成功贏得獨立戰爭。建國後，當1789年美國憲法的「權利法案」由國會議員提出時，「持有和攜帶武器」的權利被自然而然的寫入其中，並於1791年被批准正式生效。為了限制強勢的專制政府，防止政府權力膨脹進而侵犯公民權力，賦予公民反抗的武器，也是這條法案重要內在精神，俗謂「槍權天授」。

內容 编辑

  • 译文：紀律良好的民兵隊伍，對於一個自由國家的安全實屬必要；人民持有和攜帶武器的權利，不得予以侵犯[5]
 
美國憲法第二修正案手寫複本，裁切自1789年美国权利法案

時任美国国务卿的托马斯·杰斐逊認可的內容如下，與原文相比，字句相同但是斷句與部分文字大小寫不同：[6]

本条修正案的争议在于人民（the people）是指前文的民兵（Militia），还是指所有人，也就是对只有民兵有拥枪权还是所有人都有拥枪权有疑问。据联邦宪法法院的判例，是指后者。

法院裁決 编辑

在2008年及2010年，美國聯邦最高法院分別做出了兩個與本修正案有關的指標性判決。在哥倫比亞特區訴黑勒案（英语：District of Columbia v. Heller）（District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008)）中，聯邦最高法院判決認為，第二修正案保障個人擁有槍枝的權利，不論該人是否屬於民兵皆然，[7][8]並且可以基於合法的目的使用該等武器，諸如在屋內自我防衛。在麥克唐納訴芝加哥案（McDonald v. Chicago, 561 U.S. 3025 (2010)）中，法院判決第二修正案不僅能約束聯邦政府，對於州政府和地方政府同樣具有拘束力[9]。

參閲 编辑

參考 编辑

  1. ^ . Casenotes. [2018-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-14）. 
  2. ^ Jilson, Cal. . [2018-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-13）. 
  3. ^ Shaman, Jeffrey. . Santa Clara Law Review. [2014-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-28）. 
  4. ^ . [2014-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-10）. 
  5. ^ . [2018-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-17）. 
  6. ^ . memory.loc.gov. [2014-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-28）. 
  7. ^ "The court held that the second amendment recognized an individual right to possess and carry a firearm unconnected with militia service." Pollock, Earl. The Supreme Court and American Democracy: Case Studies on Judicial Review and Public Policy. Greenwood. 2008: 423. ISBN 978-0-313-36525-6. 
  8. ^ "held that the second amendment protects an individual's right to bear arms," Scaros, Constantinos E. Understanding the Constitution. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2010: 484. ISBN 978-0-7637-5811-0. 
  9. ^ Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5-to-4 Ruling （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.

延伸阅读 编辑

  • Adams, Les. The Second Amendment Primer: A Citizen's Guidebook to the History, Sources, and Authorities for the Constitutional Guarantee of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms. Birmingham, Alabama: Paladium Press. 1996. 
  • Adamson, Barry. Freedom of Religion, the First Amendment, and the Supreme Court. Pelican Publishing. 2008. ISBN 1-58980-520-8. 
  • Anderson, Casey; Horwitz, Joshua. Guns, Democracy, and the Insurrectionist Idea. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 2009. ISBN 0-472-03370-0. 
  • Barnett, Hilaire. Constitutional & Administrative Law. Routledge Cavendish. 2004. ISBN 1-85941-927-5. 
  • Bickford, Charlene; et al (编). Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America, March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1791: Correspondence: First Session, September–November 1789 17. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8018-7162-7. 
  • Bogus, Carl T. The Second Amendment in Law and History: Historians and Constitutional Scholars on the Right to Bear Arms. New York: The New Press. 2001. ISBN 1-56584-699-0. 
  • Boynton, Lindsay Oliver J. The Elizabethan Militia 1558–1638. David & Charles. 1971. ISBN 0-7153-5244-X. OCLC 8605166. 
  • Carter, Gregg Lee. Guns in American Society. ABC-CLIO. 2002. 
  • Charles, Patrick J. The Second Amendment: The Intent and Its Interpretation by the States and the Supreme Court. McFarland. 2009. ISBN 978-0-7864-4270-6. 
  • Cooke, Edward Francis. A Detailed Analysis of the Constitution. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2002. ISBN 0-7425-2238-5. 
  • Cornell, Saul. A Well-Regulated Militia  – The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-514786-5. 
  • Cottrol, Robert. Gun Control and the Constitution: Sources and Explorations on the Second Amendment. Taylor & Francis. 1994. 
  • Cramer, Clayton E.; Olson, Joseph. What Did "Bear Arms" Mean in the Second Amendment?. Geo. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y. 2008, 6 (2). SSRN 1086176  . 
  • Crooker, Constance Emerson. Gun Control and Gun Rights. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2003. ISBN 978-0-313-32174-0. 
  • Denson, John V. The Costs of War: America's Pyrrhic Victories 2. Transaction Publishers. 1999. ISBN 978-0-7658-0487-7. 
  • Doherty, Brian. Gun Control on Trial: Inside the Supreme Court Battle Over the Second Amendment. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute. 2008. ISBN 1-933995-25-4. 
  • Dulaney, W. Marvin. Black Police in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1996. ISBN 0-253-21040-2. 
  • Ely, James W.; Bodenhamer, David J. The Bill of Rights in Modern America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2008. ISBN 0-253-21991-4. 
  • Foner, Eric; Garraty, John Arthur. The Reader's Companion to American History. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1991. ISBN 0-395-51372-3. 
  • Frey, Raymond; Wellman, Christopher. A Companion to Applied Ethics. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 2003. ISBN 1-55786-594-9. 
  • Halbrook, Stephen P. A Right to Bear Arms: State and Federal Bills of Rights and Constitutional Guarantees. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1989. 
  • Halbrook, Stephen P. That Every Man Be Armed: The Evolution of a Constitutional Right (Independent Studies in Political Economy). Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute. 1994. ISBN 0-945999-38-0. 
  • Hemenway, David. Private Guns, Public Health. University of Michigan Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-472-03162-7. 
  • Kruschke, Earl R. Gun Control: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 1995. ISBN 0-87436-695-X. 
  • Levy, Leonard W. Origins of the Bill of Rights. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 1999. ISBN 0-300-07802-1. 
  • Madison, James. The Writings of James Madison: 1787–1790. Nabu Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1-144-58273-7. 
  • Malcolm, Joyce Lee. To Keep and Bear Arms: The Origins of an Anglo-American Right. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1996. ISBN 0-674-89307-7. 
  • Merkel, William G.; Uviller, H. Richard. . Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 2002 [2013-02-14]. ISBN 0-8223-3017-2. （原始内容存档于2020-02-22）. 
  • Millis, Walter. Arms and Men. Rutgers University Press. 1981. 
  • Mulloy, D. American Extremism. Routledge. 2004. 
  • Pepper, John; Petrie, Carol; Wellford, Charles F. . Washington, DC: National Academies Press. 2005 [2019-11-17]. ISBN 0-309-09124-1. （原始内容存档于2014-10-15）. 
  • Pole, J. R.; Greene, Jack P. A Companion to the American Revolution (Blackwell Companions to American History). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. 2003. ISBN 1-4051-1674-9. 
  • Renehan, Edward J. The Secret Six: The True Tale of the Men Who Conspired With John Brown. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. 1997. ISBN 1-57003-181-9. 
  • Schmidt, Steffen; Bardes, Barbara A.; Shelley, Mack C. American Government and Politics Today: The Essentials. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing. 2008. ISBN 0-495-57170-9. 
  • Shapiro, Ilya. Cato Supreme Court Review 2007–2008. Washington, D.C: Cato Institute. 2008. ISBN 1-933995-17-3. 
  • Smith, Rich. The Bill of Rights: Defining Our Freedoms. ABDO Group. 2007. ISBN 978-1-59928-913-7. 
  • Spitzer, Robert J. The Right to Bear Arms: Rights and Liberties under the Law. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2001. ISBN 1-57607-347-5. 
  • Szatmary, David P. Shays' Rebellion: the Making of an Agrarian Insurrection . Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. 1980. ISBN 0-87023-295-9. 
  • Tucker, St. George; Blackstone, William. Blackstone's Commentaries: With Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws, of the Federal Government of the United States, and of the Commonwealth of Virginia: In Five Volumes. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. 1996. ISBN 978-1-886363-15-1. 
  • Tushnet, Mark V. Out of Range: Why the Constitution Can't End the Battle Over Guns. Oxford University Press. 2007: xv. ISBN 978-0-19-530424-4. 
  • Rabban, David. Free Speech in its Forgotten Years. Cambridge University Press. 1999. 
  • Rawle, William. A View of the Constitution of the United States of America 2. P.H. Nicklin. 1829. 
  • Spooner, Lysander. . 1852 [2013-07-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-22）. 
  • Vile, John R. The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding (2 Volume Set). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2005. ISBN 1-85109-669-8. 
  • Williams, David H. The Mythic Meanings of the Second Amendment: Taming Political Violence in a Constitutional Republic. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-300-09562-7. 
  • Wills, Garry. Saul, Cornell , 编. Whose Right to Bear Arms did the Second Amendment Protect?. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. 2000. ISBN 0-312-24060-0. 
  • Wills, Garry. A Necessary Evil: A History of American Distrust of Government. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2002: 256–57. ISBN 0-684-87026-6. 
  • Winterer, Caroline. The Culture of Classicism: Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life, 1780–1910. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2002. 
  • Young, David E. The Origin of the Second Amendment: A Documentary History of the Bill of Rights 1787–1792 2. Golden Oak Books. 2001. ISBN 0-9623664-3-9. 

外部連結 编辑

维基语录上的Second Amendment to the United States Constitution语录
维基文库中相关的原始文献：United States Bill of Rights
  • . [2022-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2008-07-02）. 
  • . October 30, 2015 [2022-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-04）. 
  • 短片 Big Picture: To Keep and Bear Arms 可在互联网档案馆自由下载
  • Volokh, Eugene (编). . UCLA School of Law. [April 3, 2020]. （原始内容存档于March 5, 2020）. .

一月 01, 2024
美國憲法第二修正案, 此條目需要补充更多来源, 2013年9月10日, 请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目, 无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除, 致使用者, 请搜索一下条目的标题, 来源搜索, 网页, 新闻, 书籍, 学术, 图像, 以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源, 判定指引, 此條目可参照德語維基百科相應條目来扩充, 若您熟悉来源语言和主题, 请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目, 请勿直接提交机械翻译, 也不要翻译不可靠, 低品质内容, 依版权协议, 译文需在编辑摘要注明来源, 或于讨论页顶部标. 此條目需要补充更多来源 2013年9月10日 请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目 无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除 致使用者 请搜索一下条目的标题 来源搜索 美國憲法第二修正案 网页 新闻 书籍 学术 图像 以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源 判定指引 此條目可参照德語維基百科相應條目来扩充 若您熟悉来源语言和主题 请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目 请勿直接提交机械翻译 也不要翻译不可靠 低品质内容 依版权协议 译文需在编辑摘要注明来源 或于讨论页顶部标记 a href Template Translated page html title Template Translated page Translated page a 标签 美利堅合眾國憲法 第二修正案 英語 Second Amendment to the United States Constitution 簡稱 第二修正案 Amendment II 是美国权利法案之一 於1791年12月15日正式通過 它保障了美国持枪权 英语 Right to keep and bear arms in the United States 亦即公民享有正當防衛的公民權利 1 2 3 4 目录 1 歷史 2 內容 3 法院裁決 4 參閲 5 參考 6 延伸阅读 7 外部連結歷史 编辑第一批乘坐 五月花號 到達北美大陸的歐洲移民正是依靠槍械等武器才得以在這片土地上落地生根 在猛獸和印第安人的包圍中 武器成為每個人安身立命的工具 此後 北美十三州逐漸成形 因為沒有常備的官兵 移民們只能以槍械自衛 州政府也逐漸介入到武器管理中 部分州政府甚至會對沒有武器的居民進行處罰 隨著獨立戰爭的打響 民兵的影響力進一步擴大 正是這些擁有武器的民兵和英軍作戰8年 並成功贏得獨立戰爭 建國後 當1789年美國憲法的 權利法案 由國會議員提出時 持有和攜帶武器 的權利被自然而然的寫入其中 並於1791年被批准正式生效 為了限制強勢的專制政府 防止政府權力膨脹進而侵犯公民權力 賦予公民反抗的武器 也是這條法案重要內在精神 俗謂 槍權天授 內容 编辑 A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed 译文 紀律良好的民兵隊伍 對於一個自由國家的安全實屬必要 人民持有和攜帶武器的權利 不得予以侵犯 5 nbsp 美國憲法第二修正案手寫複本 裁切自1789年美国权利法案 時任美国国务卿的托马斯 杰斐逊認可的內容如下 與原文相比 字句相同但是斷句與部分文字大小寫不同 6 A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed 本条修正案的争议在于人民 the people 是指前文的民兵 Militia 还是指所有人 也就是对只有民兵有拥枪权还是所有人都有拥枪权有疑问 据联邦宪法法院的判例 是指后者 法院裁決 编辑在2008年及2010年 美國聯邦最高法院分別做出了兩個與本修正案有關的指標性判決 在哥倫比亞特區訴黑勒案 英语 District of Columbia v Heller District of Columbia v Heller 554 U S 570 2008 中 聯邦最高法院判決認為 第二修正案保障個人擁有槍枝的權利 不論該人是否屬於民兵皆然 7 8 並且可以基於合法的目的使用該等武器 諸如在屋內自我防衛 在麥克唐納訴芝加哥案 McDonald v Chicago 561 U S 3025 2010 中 法院判決第二修正案不僅能約束聯邦政府 對於州政府和地方政府同樣具有拘束力 9 參閲 编辑持槍權 美國槍支政策 美國醫院協會訴貝塞拉案 美國勞工部職業安全暨衛生署 英语 Occupational Safety and Health Administration 參考 编辑 Constitutional Law Casenotes 2018 02 19 原始内容存档于2021 04 14 Jilson Cal American Government Political Development and Institutional Change 2018 02 19 原始内容存档于2021 04 13 Shaman Jeffrey After Heller What Now for the Second Amendment Santa Clara Law Review 2014 01 30 原始内容存档于2015 04 28 US Senate Annotated Constitution 2014 01 30 原始内容存档于2014 02 10 美國在台協會 權利法案 美國憲法修正案第一至第十條 2018 02 18 原始内容存档于2021 02 17 A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation U S Congressional Documents and Debates 1774 1875 memory loc gov 2014 09 23 原始内容存档于2015 04 28 The court held that the second amendment recognized an individual right to possess and carry a firearm unconnected with militia service Pollock Earl The Supreme Court and American Democracy Case Studies on Judicial Review and Public Policy Greenwood 2008 423 ISBN 978 0 313 36525 6 held that the second amendment protects an individual s right to bear arms Scaros Constantinos E Understanding the Constitution Jones amp Bartlett Publishers 2010 484 ISBN 978 0 7637 5811 0 Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5 to 4 Ruling 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 延伸阅读 编辑Adams Les The Second Amendment Primer A Citizen s Guidebook to the History Sources and Authorities for the Constitutional Guarantee of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Birmingham Alabama Paladium Press 1996 Adamson Barry Freedom of Religion the First Amendment and the Supreme Court Pelican Publishing 2008 ISBN 1 58980 520 8 Anderson Casey Horwitz Joshua Guns Democracy and the Insurrectionist Idea Ann Arbor MI University of Michigan Press 2009 ISBN 0 472 03370 0 Barnett Hilaire Constitutional amp Administrative Law Routledge Cavendish 2004 ISBN 1 85941 927 5 Bickford Charlene et al 编 Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America March 4 1789 March 3 1791 Correspondence First Session September November 1789 17 The Johns Hopkins University Press 2004 ISBN 978 0 8018 7162 7 Bogus Carl T The Second Amendment in Law and History Historians and Constitutional Scholars on the Right to Bear Arms New York The New Press 2001 ISBN 1 56584 699 0 Boynton Lindsay Oliver J The Elizabethan Militia 1558 1638 David amp Charles 1971 ISBN 0 7153 5244 X OCLC 8605166 Carter Gregg Lee Guns in American Society ABC CLIO 2002 Charles Patrick J The Second Amendment The Intent and Its Interpretation by the States and the Supreme Court McFarland 2009 ISBN 978 0 7864 4270 6 Cooke Edward Francis A Detailed Analysis of the Constitution Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers 2002 ISBN 0 7425 2238 5 Cornell Saul A Well Regulated Militia The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America New York New York Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 978 0 19 514786 5 Cottrol Robert Gun Control and the Constitution Sources and Explorations on the Second Amendment Taylor amp Francis 1994 Cramer Clayton E Olson Joseph What Did Bear Arms Mean in the Second Amendment Geo J L amp Pub Pol y 2008 6 2 SSRN 1086176 nbsp Crooker Constance Emerson Gun Control and Gun Rights Greenwood Publishing Group 2003 ISBN 978 0 313 32174 0 Denson John V The Costs of War America s Pyrrhic Victories 2 Transaction Publishers 1999 ISBN 978 0 7658 0487 7 Doherty Brian Gun Control on Trial Inside the Supreme Court Battle Over the Second Amendment Washington D C Cato Institute 2008 ISBN 1 933995 25 4 Dulaney W Marvin Black Police in America Bloomington Indiana University Press 1996 ISBN 0 253 21040 2 Ely James W Bodenhamer David J The Bill of Rights in Modern America Bloomington Indiana University Press 2008 ISBN 0 253 21991 4 Foner Eric Garraty John Arthur The Reader s Companion to American History Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 1991 ISBN 0 395 51372 3 Frey Raymond Wellman Christopher A Companion to Applied Ethics Cambridge MA Blackwell Publishing 2003 ISBN 1 55786 594 9 Halbrook Stephen P A Right to Bear Arms State and Federal Bills of Rights and Constitutional Guarantees Greenwood Publishing Group 1989 Halbrook Stephen P That Every Man Be Armed The Evolution of a Constitutional Right Independent Studies in Political Economy Oakland CA The Independent Institute 1994 ISBN 0 945999 38 0 Hemenway David Private Guns Public Health University of Michigan Press 2007 ISBN 978 0 472 03162 7 Kruschke Earl R Gun Control A Reference Handbook Santa Barbara CA ABC CLIO 1995 ISBN 0 87436 695 X Levy Leonard W Origins of the Bill of Rights New Haven CT Yale University Press 1999 ISBN 0 300 07802 1 Madison James The Writings of James Madison 1787 1790 Nabu Press 2010 ISBN 978 1 144 58273 7 Malcolm Joyce Lee To Keep and Bear Arms The Origins of an Anglo American Right Cambridge Harvard University Press 1996 ISBN 0 674 89307 7 Merkel William G Uviller H Richard The Militia and the Right to Arms Or How the Second Amendment Fell Silent Durham NC Duke University Press 2002 2013 02 14 ISBN 0 8223 3017 2 原始内容存档于2020 02 22 Millis Walter Arms and Men Rutgers University Press 1981 Mulloy D American Extremism Routledge 2004 Pepper John Petrie Carol Wellford Charles F Firearms and Violence A Critical Review Washington DC National Academies Press 2005 2019 11 17 ISBN 0 309 09124 1 原始内容存档于2014 10 15 Pole J R Greene Jack P A Companion to the American Revolution Blackwell Companions to American History Cambridge MA Blackwell Publishers 2003 ISBN 1 4051 1674 9 Renehan Edward J The Secret Six The True Tale of the Men Who Conspired With John Brown Columbia SC University of South Carolina Press 1997 ISBN 1 57003 181 9 Schmidt Steffen Bardes Barbara A Shelley Mack C American Government and Politics Today The Essentials Belmont CA Wadsworth Publishing 2008 ISBN 0 495 57170 9 Shapiro Ilya Cato Supreme Court Review 2007 2008 Washington D C Cato Institute 2008 ISBN 1 933995 17 3 Smith Rich The Bill of Rights Defining Our Freedoms ABDO Group 2007 ISBN 978 1 59928 913 7 Spitzer Robert J The Right to Bear Arms Rights and Liberties under the Law Santa Barbara CA ABC CLIO 2001 ISBN 1 57607 347 5 Szatmary David P Shays Rebellion the Making of an Agrarian Insurrection nbsp Amherst University of Massachusetts Press 1980 ISBN 0 87023 295 9 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 link Tucker St George Blackstone William Blackstone s Commentaries With Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws of the Federal Government of the United States and of the Commonwealth of Virginia In Five Volumes The Lawbook Exchange Ltd 1996 ISBN 978 1 886363 15 1 Tushnet Mark V Out of Range Why the Constitution Can t End the Battle Over Guns Oxford University Press 2007 xv ISBN 978 0 19 530424 4 Rabban David Free Speech in its Forgotten Years Cambridge University Press 1999 Rawle William A View of the Constitution of the United States of America 2 P H Nicklin 1829 Spooner Lysander An Essay on the Trial by Jury 1852 2013 07 06 原始内容存档于2020 02 22 Vile John R The Constitutional Convention of 1787 A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America s Founding 2 Volume Set Santa Barbara CA ABC CLIO 2005 ISBN 1 85109 669 8 Williams David H The Mythic Meanings of the Second Amendment Taming Political Violence in a Constitutional Republic New Haven CT Yale University Press 2003 ISBN 0 300 09562 7 Wills Garry Saul Cornell 编 Whose Right to Bear Arms did the Second Amendment Protect Boston Bedford St Martin s 2000 ISBN 0 312 24060 0 Wills Garry A Necessary Evil A History of American Distrust of Government New York Simon amp Schuster 2002 256 57 ISBN 0 684 87026 6 Winterer Caroline The Culture of Classicism Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life 1780 1910 Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press 2002 Young David E The Origin of the Second Amendment A Documentary History of the Bill of Rights 1787 1792 2 Golden Oak Books 2001 ISBN 0 9623664 3 9 外部連結 编辑维基语录上的Second Amendment to the United States Constitution语录维基文库中相关的原始文献 United States Bill of RightsDistrict of Columbia v Heller 2022 01 03 原始内容存档于2008 07 02 National Archives Scanned Image of the Bill of Rights including the Second Amendment October 30 2015 2022 01 03 原始内容存档于2013 04 04 短片 Big Picture To Keep and Bear Arms 可在互联网档案馆自由下载 Volokh Eugene 编 State Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms Provisions UCLA School of Law April 3 2020 原始内容存档于March 5 2020 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 美國憲法第二修正案 amp oldid 80037885, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

文章

，阅读，下载，免费，免费下载，mp3，视频，mp4，3gp， jpg，jpeg，gif，png，图片，音乐，歌曲，电影，书籍，游戏，游戏。