纤毛虫 是纤毛虫门 （學名：Ciliophora ）生物的通称，是一类较复杂的原生动物 ，主要特点是以纤毛 作为运动器，细胞核 一般分化出大核（营养）、小核（生殖）、摄食胞器等，无性生殖 为横二分裂，有性生殖 为接合生殖，生活在淡水或海水中，也有寄生 的。[1] [2] 草履虫 ，小瓜虫等。
纤毛虫在分类上比较复杂，尚无统一的定论。按传统的分类，原生动物作为动物界中的一个门 ，纤毛虫为其中的“纤毛纲”（Ciliata），有时也将其列为原生动物门的纤毛亚门，或将原生动物看作动物界的一个亚界，纤毛虫划为一个门 ——纤毛门。[2] 汤玛斯·卡弗利尔-史密斯 提出的分类系统则属于囊泡藻界 的“纤毛虫门”（Ciliophora）。
细胞结构 编辑 Cell 纤毛虫细胞结构: 1-收缩泡, 2-食物泡, 3-大核, 4-小核 , 5-胞肛, 6-胞咽, 7-胞口, 8-纤毛 . 细胞核 编辑 与其他大部分真核生物 不同,纤毛虫有两种大小不同的核 ，一种是二倍体 的小核 ，负责基因重组 ；另一种是多倍体 的大核，负责一般细胞调控。
细胞质 编辑 食物通过胞吞作用 ，经过胞口胞咽进入食物泡，通过溶酶体 分解使其颗粒变小，能通过膜扩散 入细胞质中，残留在食物泡中的物质在胞肛处以胞吐作用 排出。 大多数纤毛虫也具有一个或多个突出的收缩泡，收集和排出水以维持细胞内渗透压 ，以及维持离子平衡。在某些属中（如草履虫 ），收缩泡有着明显的星状造型，每个星芒都是一个收集管。
繁殖 编辑 纤毛虫都可以进行无性繁殖和有性繁殖。无性繁殖二分裂 方式进行，小核发生有丝分裂 ,大核伸长并分为两半，然后该细胞一分为二。两个新细胞各获得一个大核和一个小核。 与此相反，有性繁殖涉及两个不同交配型（类似性别 ，但也存在两个以上的交配型）个体之间的结合和遗传物质的交换，这往往发生在食物短缺的时候。
分类 编辑 “纤毛虫门”分为两个亚门[3]
Postciliodesmatophora亚门 编辑 核残迹纲 Corliss，1974 异毛纲 Heterotrichea Stein，1859 內大核亞門 编辑 Oxytricha trifallax 瓶纤纲 Armophorea Cariacotrichea 叶口纲 Litostomatea Small & Lynn, 1981 屬於叶口纲 Vestibuliferida目小袋蟲科 小袋蟲屬 成員的大腸纖毛蟲（Balantidium coli ）的活動體 的圖像。 Subclass Haptoria (e.g. Didinium ) 毛口亚纲 Trichostomatia Butschli, 1889 Subclass Rhynchostomatia Muranotrichea Odontostomatea Parablepharismea Protocruziea 旋毛纲 Spirotrichea Butschli, 1889 [4] 环毛亚纲 Small & Lynn, 1985 （如丁丁蟲 Tintinnidium ）寡毛亚纲 Halteria [5] 排毛亚纲 Stylonychia )少毛亚纲 Hypotrichia (e.g. Euplotes ) Infraphylum Ventrata [6] 腎形蟲綱 Colpodea Small & Lynn, 1981 [7] [8] 篮口虫纲 Nassophorea Butschli, 1889 寡膜綱 Oligohymenophorea de Puytorac et al., 1974 隔口亞綱（Apostomatia） 無口亞綱 Astomatia 膜口亚纲 Delage & Herouard, 1896 （如四膜虫 Tetrahymena ）[9] [10] 咽膜亚纲 Corliss, 1956 （如草履虫 Paramecium ）缘毛亚纲 Peritrichia Stein, 1859 ：亦作周毛亞綱：例如：Vorticella Scuticociliatia 叶咽纲 Phyllopharyngea de Puytorac et al., 1974 叶咽亚纲 Chilodonella uncinata Subclass Rhynchodia Subclass Chonotrich ia 吸管亚纲 Podophrya )Plagiopylea Small & Lynn, 1985 前口纲 Prostomatea [11] 未归类 编辑 Genus Cryptocaryon （但WoRMS 認為屬於前口綱 前管蟲目 裸口蟲科[12] Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951 一個物種[13]
纲和目的地位未定 的科： 纲、目和科的地位未定 的属： Akidodes Lom, 1959 Allantoxena Yankovskii, 1978 Allomeron Yankovskii, 1967 Amoebapium Banina, 1984 Ampullacula Hsiung, 1930 Amylophorus Pereira & Almeida, 1942 Anacharon Ito & Imai, 2000 Ancistrella Chejsin, 1930 Andreula Kahl, 1934 Anglasia Delphy, 1936 Anisarcon Jankowski, 1981 Anthochloe Joseph, 1882 Anthostrombidium Yankovskij, 1980 Anthurceolaria Jankowski, 1980 Antipia Lepsi, 1927 Arcacineta Jankowski, 1981 Arcodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Armiacineta Yankovskij, 1982 Asellacineta Jankowski, 1981 Australana Jankowski, 1986 Azerella Alekperov, 1985 Baculiapium Banina, 1984 Baikalaster Jankowski, 1986 Baikalonis Yankovskij, 1982 Baikalotheca Jankowski, 1985 Baikalothigma Yankovskij, 1982 Basitokophrya Yankovskij, 1982 Batiola Koshevoj, 1987 Baznosanuia Tucolesco, 1962 Beckmania Yankovskij, 1982 Beersena Yankovsky, 1989 Berghophrya Foissner, 2003 Berounkella Koshevoj, 1987 Bertolinella Carpano, 1941 Biconvexellina Konenkova, 1999 Bignotella Willems, 1975 Bipalmatum Bitricha Cameron, O'Donoghue & Adlard, 2000 Bizone Lepsi, 1926 Bizonula Corliss, 1960 Blepharocodon Bundle, 1895 Blepharomonas Kopperi, 1937 Blepharoplanum Kopperi, 1937 Blepharosphaera Bundle, 1895 Blepharozoum Gassovsky, 1919 Borzaiella Makar'eva, 1979 Bozasella Buisson, 1923 Buchneriella Heidenreich, 1935 Buissonella da Cunha & Muniz, 1925 Buitkampia Foissner, 1985 Buschiella Corliss, 1960 Cadosinopsis Calix Fraipont, 1878 Caloscolex Dogiel, 1926 Calospira Chatton & Lwoff, 1935 Campanuliapium Banina, 1984 Campylodinium Cardiostomatilla Corliss, 1960 Carinoposthium Yankovskij, 1980 Caspionella Yankovskij, 1980 Caudalina Madhava Rao, 1928 Causella Aescht, 2001 Celeritia Tucolesco, 1962 Cepedella Poyarkoff, 1909 Cephalospatula Foissner, 2003 Chanostoma Daday, 1884 Chattonia Debaisieux, 1957 Cheissinia Chatton & Lwoff, 1949 Cheissiniophrya Chervurtskella Koshevoj, 1987 Chilenophrys Jankowski, 1986 Chlamydonyx Deroux, 1976 Cinetozona Olmo, Tellez & Esteban, 1998 Claretinella Keij, 1974 Claudotricha Gajewskaja, 1925 Clausophrya Naidenova & Zaika, 1969 Cochleatina Assejeva, 1983 Cochliodomus Raabe, 1971 Colomiellia Compactum Hirshfield, Isquith & Bhandary, 1965 Conchophrys Chatton, 1911 Conchoscutum Raabe, 1947 Coniapium Banina, 1984 Conocladium Corlissetta Jankowski, 1986 Corlissiella Puytorac, 1960 Coronodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Coronothigma Yankovskij, 1980 Corynacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Cotensicoma Yankovskij, 1982 Cotensita Yankovskij, 1982 Craspedomyoschiston Jankowski, 1985 Crassichona Yankovskii, 1973 Crevicometes Jankowski, 1981 Cricundella Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 Crossacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Cryptacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Cryptochona Yankovskii, 1973 Cryptostomina Fedele, 1938 Ctenochona Yankovskii, 1973 Cucumophrya Kunz, 1936 Cunhaia Hasselmann, 1925 Cunhamunizia Ito & Imai, 2000 Curviperistomatus Amaro & Sena, 1967 Cyathopercularia Yankovskij, 1980 Cylindrapium Banina, 1984 Cypreostoma Jankowski, 1969 Cyrtostromhidium Daturellina Radoicic, 1959 Daurotheca Jankowski, 1986 Delamurea Najdenova, 1978 Deltacineta Jankowski, 1981 Dentacinetides Batisse, 1992 Desicaryon Yankovskii, 1979 Dicloeopella Eicher, 1965 Dimaspidisca Yankovskij, 1979 Dimorphocothurnia Yankovskij, 1980 Diplogmus Mansfeld, 1923 Discacineta Jankowski, 1981 Discephelota Jankowski, 1981 Discocyathus Jankowski, 1981 Discomorpha Discophryson Discophyson Jankowski, 1985 Discotheca Yankovskii, 1967 Ditoxum Gassovsky, 1919 Dolioliapium Banina, 1984 Drilocineta Raabe, 1972 Durandella Dragastan, 1972 Durchoniella Puytorac, 1954 Echinomeron Yankovskij, 1980 Echinostrombidium Yankovskij, 1978 Eilymophrys Corliss, 1979 Elatodiscophrya Yankovskii, 1978 Elephantophilus Kofoid, 1935 Elitarcon Jankowski, 1981 Elliptothigma Elytroplastron Kofoid & MacLennan, 1932 Eminothigma Corliss, 1979 Endoralium Eloff & van Hoven, 1980 Enerthecoma Jarocki, 1935 Enterophrya Hasselmann, 1918 Entodiscoides Song, Warren & Wilbert, 1996 Eodinium Kofoid & MacLennan, 1932 Epicranella Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 Epidiophrys Yankovskij, 1979 Epidiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Eriocharon Ito & Imai, 2000 Estuaricola Yankovskij, 1979 Eudrilophrya de Puytorac, 1971 Eurychilum André, 1910 Extensiscopula Banina, 1984 Falconyctus Yankovskij, 1978 Faltacineta Jankowski, 1981 Ferodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Filiformis Hirshfield, Isquith & Bhandary, 1965 Fiorentinus Jankowski, 1986 Fitonacineta Jankowski, 1981 Foissnerella Jankowski, 1986 Foliacella Makar'eva, 1979 Fundenia Vuxanovici, 1962 Furssenkoiella Makar'eva, 1979 Gajewskiella Obolkina, 1989 Gassovskiella Grain, 1994 Geimania Albaret, 1975 Georgevitchiella Gigantothrix Foissner, 1999 Grainis Jankowski, 1997 Gruberella Halteroides Hirshfield, Isquith & Bhandary, 1965 Hastarcon Jankowski, 1981 Helianter Jankowski, 1969 Helicozoster Heliotheca Yankovskii, 1978 Hemiprorodon Strelkow, 1939 Herpetophrya Siedlecki, 1902 Herpinella Puytorac, 1954 Holophryoides Gasskovsky, 1919 Holophryozoon Horocontus Deroux, 1976 Hovasseiella Hydrochoerella da Cunha & Muniz, 1925 Hyloplotes Hypophyra López-Ochoterena, 1964 Hypotrichina Hysterophrya de Puytorac, Grolière & Grain, 1979 Ichthyonyctus Yankovskii, 1974 Indonyctus Yankovskij, 1978 Inermichona Jankowski, 1971 Inferostoma Ki, 1971 Isopodarcon Jankowski, 1981 Jankowskia Alekperov, 1984 Jirovecella Lom, 1957 Kahlophrya Foissner, 2003 Kejvia Koshevoj, 1987 Kellicotta Curds, 1985 Kindella Yankovskii, 1967 Kofoidella Cépède, 1910 Kopperia Corliss, 1960 Krassnigia Kryoprorodon Alekperov & Mamaeva, 1992 Kudoella Earl, 1972 Lacifer Yankovskij, 1979 Ladinosphaera Oberhauser, 1960 Lagynurus Mansfeld, 1923 Latteuria Timoshenko & Imai, 1997 Laurosticha Yankovskij, 1979 Lavierella Buisson, 1923 Levanderella Kopperi, 1937 Limnoricus Jankowski, 1981 Lissacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Lissostrombidium Yankovskij, 1978 Listarcon Yankovskij, 1982 Litacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Litosolenius Loxocineta Yankovskij, 1979 Luxiella Lecal, 1953 Luxophrya Yankovskii, 1978 Marinecta Megadinium Membranicola Foissner, Berger & Schaumburg, 1999 Mesodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Mesogymnus Berger, 1964 Metaclevelandella Metacollinia Yankovskij, 1980 Metadinium Averintzeff & Mutafova, 1914 Metaphrya Ikeda, 1917 Metastomum Georgévitch, 1941 Microcetella Aescht, 2001 Micromidas Delphy, 1938 Micronyctus Yankovskij, 1978 Micruncus Delphy, 1938 Mideuplotes Yankovskij, 1978 Mimeticus Small & Lynn, 1985 Miniapium Banina, 1984 Miracineta Jankowski, 1981 Misacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Mistarcon Mixtophrya de Puytorac, 1969 Monilidiophrys Yankovskij, 1979 Monintranstylum Monodontophrya Veidovsky, 1892 Monomastix Roux, 1899 Monurceolaria Yankovskij, 1980 Muscophrya Yankovskii, 1978 Myoscyphidia Jankowski, 1985 Nematacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Nemertodendron Yankovskii, 1978 Netaspidisca Yankovskij, 1978 Neteuplotes Yankovskij, 1978 Nipponarcon Jankowski, 1981 Noracineta Yankovskii, 1978 Nuchterleinella Matthes, 1990 Nucleocorbula Santhakumari & Balakrishnan Nair, 1970 Nucleocorbula adherens [14] Ogimotoa Ito & Imai, 2000 Ogimotopsis Ito & Imai, 2000 Oldesleria Foissner, 1983 Olgella Koshevoj, 1987 Oligoisotricha Imai, 1981 Ollella Aescht, 2001 Oncosonderia Yankovskij, 1980 Ophiodiscus Yankovskii, 1976 Ophiuraespira Ophiurephelota Jankowski, 1981 Ophryocephalus Wailes, 1925 Oraveczisphaera Kozur, 1986 Oreoctoma Yankovskij, 1980 Orsomia Baer, 1952 Orthurceolaria Yankovskij, 1980 Parablaste Parabundleia Imai & Ogimoto, 1983 Paraclevelandia Kidder, 1937 Paracollinia Yankovskij, 1980 Paractedectoma Paracunhamunizia Ito & Imai, 2000 Paracycloposthium Grain, 1994 Paradectoma Small & Lynn, 1985 Paradentacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Paradiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Parafavelloides Paraglaucoma Kahl, 1926 Paraheliophrya Yankovskii, 1978 Paraisotrichopsis Gasskovsky, 1919 Paraloricophrya Yankovskii, 1978 Paranoplophrya Paranyctotherus Ngassam, 1983 Paraoxychona Yankovskii, 1973 Paraplagiopyla Thurston & Grain, 1971 Parapyxicola Jankowski, 1985 Parasphaerophrya Jankowski, 1981 Parastylonchia Dragesco, 1963 Parastylophrya Yankovskii, 1978 Paratrochilia Kahl, 1933 Paravauchomia Raabe, 1963 Parducia Parendosphaera Jankowski, 1981 Parentodinium Thurston & Noirot-Timothee, 1973 Parhypocoma Chatton & Lwoff, 1939 Patschia Small & Lynn, 1985 Peltacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Perezella Cépède, 1910 Peristrombidium Yankovskij, 1978 Perseia Rossolimo, 1926 Phagoon Foissner, Agatha & Berger, 2002 Phyllacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Piesika Warren, 1988 Pinchatia Shibuya, 1931 Pingius Hsiung, 1932 Planitrichidium Yankovskij, 1979 Pleurophryodendron Yankovskii, 1978 Podopyrya Poljanskina Raabe, 1963 Polydiniella Corliss, 1960 Polydiophrys Yankovskij, 1979 Pompholyxia Fabre-Domergue, 1886 Poteriapium Banina, 1984 Pottsia Chatton & Lwoff, 1927 Pottsiodes Corliss, 1960 Proamphorella Kofoid & Campbell, 1939 Proclausilocola Lom, 1959 Proluxophrya Yankovskii, 1978 Prorodonopsis Gasskovsky, 1919 Prostelidiella Kofoid & Campbell, 1939 Protanoplophrya Protocaviella Kopperi, 1937 Protohallia Cunha & Muniz, 1927 Protoisotricha Kopperi, 1937 Protolutzia Cunha & Muniz, 1925 Protophryopsis Protoradiophryopsis Georgévitch, 1949 Protospirella Aescht, 2001 Prototravassosia Pseudarcella Pseudobalanion Foissner, Oleksiv & Müller, 1990 Pseudocinetochilum Timoshkin, 1995 Pseudocristigera Horvath, 1956 Pseudoentodinium Wolska, 1986 Pseudonyctotherus Earl, 1970 Pterochona Jankowski, 1973 Pterodiniella Aescht, 2001 Radiophryopsis Georgévitch, 1941 Rattulus Rectiperistomatus Amaro & Sena, 1968 Recurviperistomatus Amaro & Sena, 1967 Rhabdothoracella Aescht, 2001 Rhinodisculus Mansfeld, 1923 Rhizobranchium Jankowski, 1981 Rhizocaryum Caullery & Mesnil, 1907 Rhizotricha Wolska, 1964 Rhynchodinium Cunha & Penido, 1927 Riboscyphidia Yankovskij, 1980 Riftus Jankowski, 1981 Riftus Yankovskij, 1982 Rimacineta Jankowski, 1981 Rondacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Rondosomides Jankowski, 1981 Roquea Jankowski, 1967 Rossielella Aescht, 2001 Rossonophrys Jankowski, 1989 Rugaecaulis Lom & de Puytorac, 1994 Sannemannisphaera Kozur, 1986 Saragassephelota Sargassephelota Jankowski, 1981 Savroniella Bielokrys, 1995 Scalpratella Makar'eva, 1979 Schedotrochilia Deroux, 1976 Schizactinia Sciurula Corliss, 1960 Scopulata Viljoen & van As, 1985 Scythiana Haas, Tóthne Makk, Oraveczne Scheffer & Csalagovits, 1986 Semiacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Seravinella Alekperov & Mamaeva, 1992 Sertumia Tucolesco, 1962 Setarcon Jankowski, 1981 Setodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Severonis Jankowski, 1981 Shellephelota Jankowski, 1981 Sibiracineta Yankovskij, 1982 Sigmaperistomatus Amaro & Sena, 1968 Sigmocineta Jankowski, 1967 Sigmophrya de Puytorac, 1971 Silenella Fenchel, 1965 Sincothurnia Jankowski, 1985 Soracineta Yankovskii, 1978 Sparsacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Speleoscyphidia Yankovskij, 1980 Spherasuctans Puytorac, 1952 Spinarcella Spinarcon Jankowski, 1981 Spinivorticella Jankowski, 1993 Spinophenia Szczechura, 1969 Spirocystomellites Spirogonella Yankovskij, 1978 Spiroperistomatus Amaro & Sena, 1968 Spiroxystonella Kofoid & Campbell, 1939 Spiroxystonellites Knauer, 1969 Spongiarcon Yankovskij, 1980 Spongiocirrhus Yankovskij, 1979 Spongiophrya Yankovskii, 1978 Stemacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Stenophaga Jankowski, 1981 Stentofollicullina Stentoropsis Dogiel & Bychowsky, 1934 Stylarcon Jankowski, 1981 Stylogemma Jankowski, 1981 Stylophryodendron Yankovskii, 1978 Sulcoarcus Hsiung, 1935 Sulfonecta Yankovskij, 1978 Syllarcon Jankowski, 1981 Syncilancistrumina Knight & Thorne, 1982 Synophrya Chatton & Lwoff, 1926 Taeniocineta Raabe, 1972 Talitrochilodon Yankovskij, 1980 Talizona Jankowski, 1981 Tauriella Naidenova, 1985 Telamodinium Teratodinium Teremanticola Yankovskij, 1980 Teretrichodina Yankovskij, 1980 Ternacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Tesnotheca Jankowski, 1986 Testudinicola Yankovskii, 1978 Tetratoxum Gasskovsky, 1919 Thalassacineta Jankowski, 1981 Thalassicineta Thalassiomastix Busch, 1923 Thalassochona Yankovskii, 1971 Thaumatophrya Collin, 1912 Thigmostrombidium Yankovskij, 1978 Thigmozoon Santhakumari & Balakrishnan Nair, 1973 Thisarcon Thoracodinium Latteur, 1960 Tokophryona Yankovskij, 1982 Tomodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Toxodinium da Cunha, 1938 Toxopercularia Yankovskii, 1980 Triacola Weitschat & Guhl, 1994 Tricaudalia Buisson, 1923 Trinacineta Jankowski, 1981 Tripalmaria Gasskovsky, 1919 Tucolesca Lom, 1979 Tundrella Koshevoj, 1987 Tytthocorys Tappan & Loeblich, 1968 Uropogon Ito & Imai, 2000 Uvelinus Jankowski, 1985 Vasacineta Jankowski, 1981 Vautrinella Cuvillier, 1957 Velavella Koshevoj, 1987 Velistoma Yankovskij, 1980 Venodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Veracineta Yankovskii, 1978 Vesonyctus Vestonyctus Yankovskij, 1978 Vinarcon Jankowski, 1981 Vostonica Jankowski, 1994 Wailesia Kofoid & Campbell, 1939 Wichtermania Earl, 1972 Yvonniellina Tappan & Loeblich, 1968 Zonotrichium Meunier, 1910 参考资料 编辑 ^ 蓝色动物学：纤毛纲. [2012-02-20 ] . （原始内容于2020-03-26）. ^ 2.0 2.1 刘凌云 郑光美. 《普通动物学》 (M) 4. 北京: 高等教育出版社. 2009. ISBN 978-7-04-026713-6 . ^ Ciliophora. WoRMS ^ . 中国生物物种名录 2013版. 2013 [2013-11-15 ] . （原始内容存档于2016-04-11） （中文（简体）） . ^ . 2013-01-07 [2013-11-15 ] . （原始内容存档于2015-06-10） （中文（简体）） . ^ Gordon, Dennis. Ventrata. WoRMS [2023-10-30 ] . ^ Kihara, Terue Cristina; Warren, Alan; Gordon, Dennis. Colpodea. WoRMS [2023-10-30 ] –通过WoRMS ^ 腎形蟲綱 Colpodea | 纖毛門 Ciliophora | 色素界 Chromista | 物種資料庫 Species Database. 香港生物多樣性資料庫（HKBIS）. [2023-10-30 ] . （原始内容于2023-10-31） （中文（繁體）） . ^ Warren, Alan; Kihara, Terue Cristina; Braeckman, Ulrike. Hymenostomatia. WoRMS [2020-08-16 ] –通过WoRMS ^ Parker, S.P. (编). Synopsis and classification of living organisms. New York , NY (USA ): McGraw Hill Book Company. 1982. ISBN 0-07-079031-0（英语） . ^ Kim JS, Jeong HJ, Lynn DH, Park JY, Lim YW, Shin W. Balanion masanensis n. sp. (Ciliophora: Prostomatea) from the coastal waters of Korea: morphology and small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2007, 54 (6): 482–94. PMID 18070326 . doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2007.00290.x . ^ Cryptocaryon Brown, 1951. WoRMS [2013-11-15 ] . ^ Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951. WoRMS [2013-11-15 ] . ^ V. Santhakumari & N. Balakrishnan Nair (1970) Nucleocorbula adherens gen. & sp. nov. (Ciliata, Thigmotrichida) from shipworms, Ophelia, 7:2, 139-144, DOI: 10.1080/00785236.1970.10419294
纤毛虫, 是门, 學名, ciliophora, 生物的通称, 是一类较复杂的原生动物, 主要特点是以纤毛作为运动器, 细胞核一般分化出大核, 营养, 小核, 生殖, 摄食胞器等, 无性生殖为横二分裂, 有性生殖为接合生殖, 生活在淡水或海水中, 也有寄生的, 代表生物有草履虫, 小瓜虫等, 化石时期, 埃迪卡拉纪至今, preЄ, n恩斯特, 海克尔所著的, 自然界的艺术形态, 中纤毛纲动物图片科学分类域, 真核域, eukaryota演化支, 多貌生物, diaphoretickes演化支, tsar, 超类群. 纤毛虫是纤毛虫门 學名 Ciliophora 生物的通称 是一类较复杂的原生动物 主要特点是以纤毛作为运动器 细胞核一般分化出大核 营养 小核 生殖 摄食胞器等 无性生殖为横二分裂 有性生殖为接合生殖 生活在淡水或海水中 也有寄生的 1 2 代表生物有草履虫 小瓜虫等 纤毛虫门 化石时期 埃迪卡拉纪至今 PreYe Ye O S D C P T J K Pg N恩斯特 海克尔所著的 自然界的艺术形态 中纤毛纲动物图片科学分类域 真核域 Eukaryota演化支 多貌生物 Diaphoretickes演化支 TSAR 超类群 TSAR演化支 SAR 超类群 SAR演化支 囊泡虫类 Alveolata门 纤毛虫门 Ciliophora Doflein 1901纤毛虫在分类上比较复杂 尚无统一的定论 按传统的分类 原生动物作为动物界中的一个门 纤毛虫为其中的 纤毛纲 Ciliata 有时也将其列为原生动物门的纤毛亚门 或将原生动物看作动物界的一个亚界 纤毛虫划为一个门 纤毛门 2 按照汤玛斯 卡弗利尔 史密斯提出的分类系统则属于囊泡藻界的 纤毛虫门 Ciliophora 目录 1 细胞结构 1 1 细胞核 1 2 细胞质 2 繁殖 3 分类 3 1 Postciliodesmatophora亚门 3 2 內大核亞門 3 3 未归类 4 参考资料细胞结构 编辑 nbsp Cell 纤毛虫细胞结构 1 收缩泡 2 食物泡 3 大核 4 小核 5 胞肛 6 胞咽 7 胞口 8 纤毛 细胞核 编辑 与其他大部分真核生物不同 纤毛虫有两种大小不同的核 一种是二倍体的小核 负责基因重组 另一种是多倍体的大核 负责一般细胞调控 细胞质 编辑 食物通过胞吞作用 经过胞口胞咽进入食物泡 通过溶酶体分解使其颗粒变小 能通过膜扩散入细胞质中 残留在食物泡中的物质在胞肛处以胞吐作用排出 大多数纤毛虫也具有一个或多个突出的收缩泡 收集和排出水以维持细胞内渗透压 以及维持离子平衡 在某些属中 如草履虫 收缩泡有着明显的星状造型 每个星芒都是一个收集管 繁殖 编辑纤毛虫都可以进行无性繁殖和有性繁殖 无性繁殖二分裂方式进行 小核发生有丝分裂 大核伸长并分为两半 然后该细胞一分为二 两个新细胞各获得一个大核和一个小核 与此相反 有性繁殖涉及两个不同交配型 类似性别 但也存在两个以上的交配型 个体之间的结合和遗传物质的交换 这往往发生在食物短缺的时候 分类 编辑 纤毛虫门 分为两个亚门 3 Postciliodesmatophora亚门 编辑 核残迹纲 英语 Karyorelictea Karyorelictea Corliss 1974 异毛纲 Heterotrichea Stein 1859內大核亞門 编辑 主条目 內大核亞門 nbsp Oxytricha trifallax瓶纤纲 英语 Armophorea Armophorea 英语 Armophorea Cariacotrichea 英语 Cariacotrichea 叶口纲 Litostomatea Small amp Lynn 1981 nbsp 屬於叶口纲Vestibuliferida目小袋蟲科小袋蟲屬成員的大腸纖毛蟲 Balantidium coli 的活動體的圖像 Subclass Haptoria e g Didinium 毛口亚纲 Trichostomatia Butschli 1889 Subclass Rhynchostomatia Muranotrichea 英语 Muranotrichea Odontostomatea Parablepharismea 英语 Parablepharismea Protocruziea 英语 Protocruziea 旋毛纲 Spirotrichea Butschli 1889 4 环毛亚纲 英语 Choreotrich Choreotrich Small amp Lynn 1985 如丁丁蟲 Tintinnidium 寡毛亚纲 Oligotrichia e g Halteria 5 排毛亚纲 英语 Stichotrich Stichotrichia e g Stylonychia 少毛亚纲 Hypotrichia e g Euplotes Infraphylum Ventrata 英语 Ventrata 6 腎形蟲綱 英语 Colpodea Colpodea 英语 Colpodea Small amp Lynn 1981 7 8 篮口虫纲 Nassophorea Butschli 1889 寡膜綱 Oligohymenophorea de Puytorac et al 1974 隔口亞綱 Apostomatia 無口亞綱 英语 Astomatia Astomatia 英语 Astomatia 膜口亚纲 英语 Hymenostome Hymenostomatia Delage amp Herouard 1896 如四膜虫Tetrahymena 9 10 咽膜亚纲 英语 Peniculid Peniculia Corliss 1956 如草履虫 Paramecium 缘毛亚纲 英语 Peritrichia Peritrichia 英语 Peritrichia Stein 1859 亦作周毛亞綱 例如 Vorticella 英语 Vorticella Scuticociliatia 英语 Scuticociliatia 叶咽纲 Phyllopharyngea de Puytorac et al 1974 叶咽亚纲 英语 Phyllopharyngia Phyllopharyngia e g Chilodonella uncinata Subclass Rhynchodia Subclass Chonotrichia 吸管亚纲 英语 Suctoria Suctoria e g Podophrya Plagiopylea 英语 Plagiopylid Small amp Lynn 1985 前口纲 Prostomatea 11 未归类 编辑 Genus Cryptocaryon 但WoRMS認為屬於前口綱前管蟲目裸口蟲科 12 只有 Cryptocaryon irritans Brown 1951一個物種 13 纲和目的地位未定的科 Cariacotrichidae纲 目和科的地位未定的属 Akidodes Lom 1959Allantoxena Yankovskii 1978Allomeron Yankovskii 1967Amoebapium Banina 1984Ampullacula Hsiung 1930Amylophorus Pereira amp Almeida 1942Anacharon Ito amp Imai 2000Ancistrella Chejsin 1930Andreula Kahl 1934Anglasia Delphy 1936Anisarcon Jankowski 1981Anthochloe Joseph 1882Anthostrombidium Yankovskij 1980Anthurceolaria Jankowski 1980Antipia Lepsi 1927Arcacineta Jankowski 1981Arcodiscophrya Jankowski 1981Armiacineta Yankovskij 1982Asellacineta Jankowski 1981Australana Jankowski 1986Azerella Alekperov 1985Baculiapium Banina 1984Baikalaster Jankowski 1986Baikalonis Yankovskij 1982Baikalotheca Jankowski 1985Baikalothigma Yankovskij 1982Basitokophrya Yankovskij 1982Batiola Koshevoj 1987Baznosanuia Tucolesco 1962Beckmania Yankovskij 1982Beersena Yankovsky 1989Berghophrya Foissner 2003Berounkella Koshevoj 1987Bertolinella Carpano 1941Biconvexellina Konenkova 1999Bignotella Willems 1975BipalmatumBitricha Cameron O Donoghue amp Adlard 2000Bizone Lepsi 1926Bizonula Corliss 1960Blepharocodon Bundle 1895Blepharomonas Kopperi 1937Blepharoplanum Kopperi 1937Blepharosphaera Bundle 1895Blepharozoum Gassovsky 1919Borzaiella Makar eva 1979Bozasella Buisson 1923Buchneriella Heidenreich 1935Buissonella da Cunha amp Muniz 1925Buitkampia Foissner 1985Buschiella Corliss 1960CadosinopsisCalix Fraipont 1878Caloscolex Dogiel 1926Calospira Chatton amp Lwoff 1935Campanuliapium Banina 1984CampylodiniumCardiostomatilla Corliss 1960Carinoposthium Yankovskij 1980Caspionella Yankovskij 1980Caudalina Madhava Rao 1928Causella Aescht 2001Celeritia Tucolesco 1962Cepedella Poyarkoff 1909Cephalospatula Foissner 2003Chanostoma Daday 1884Chattonia Debaisieux 1957Cheissinia Chatton amp Lwoff 1949CheissiniophryaChervurtskella Koshevoj 1987Chilenophrys Jankowski 1986Chlamydonyx Deroux 1976Cinetozona Olmo Tellez amp Esteban 1998Claretinella Keij 1974Claudotricha Gajewskaja 1925Clausophrya Naidenova amp Zaika 1969Cochleatina Assejeva 1983Cochliodomus Raabe 1971ColomielliaCompactum Hirshfield Isquith amp Bhandary 1965Conchophrys Chatton 1911Conchoscutum Raabe 1947Coniapium Banina 1984ConocladiumCorlissetta Jankowski 1986Corlissiella Puytorac 1960Coronodiscophrya Jankowski 1981Coronothigma Yankovskij 1980Corynacineta Yankovskii 1978Cotensicoma Yankovskij 1982Cotensita Yankovskij 1982Craspedomyoschiston Jankowski 1985Crassichona Yankovskii 1973Crevicometes Jankowski 1981Cricundella Kofoid amp Campbell 1929Crossacineta Yankovskii 1978Cryptacineta Yankovskii 1978Cryptochona Yankovskii 1973Cryptostomina Fedele 1938Ctenochona Yankovskii 1973Cucumophrya Kunz 1936Cunhaia Hasselmann 1925Cunhamunizia Ito amp Imai 2000Curviperistomatus Amaro amp Sena 1967Cyathopercularia Yankovskij 1980Cylindrapium Banina 1984Cypreostoma Jankowski 1969CyrtostromhidiumDaturellina Radoicic 1959Daurotheca Jankowski 1986Delamurea Najdenova 1978Deltacineta Jankowski 1981Dentacinetides Batisse 1992Desicaryon Yankovskii 1979Dicloeopella Eicher 1965Dimaspidisca Yankovskij 1979Dimorphocothurnia Yankovskij 1980Diplogmus Mansfeld 1923Discacineta Jankowski 1981Discephelota Jankowski 1981Discocyathus Jankowski 1981DiscomorphaDiscophrysonDiscophyson Jankowski 1985Discotheca Yankovskii 1967Ditoxum Gassovsky 1919Dolioliapium Banina 1984Drilocineta Raabe 1972Durandella Dragastan 1972Durchoniella Puytorac 1954Echinomeron Yankovskij 1980Echinostrombidium Yankovskij 1978Eilymophrys Corliss 1979Elatodiscophrya Yankovskii 1978Elephantophilus Kofoid 1935Elitarcon Jankowski 1981ElliptothigmaElytroplastron Kofoid amp MacLennan 1932Eminothigma Corliss 1979Endoralium Eloff amp van Hoven 1980Enerthecoma Jarocki 1935Enterophrya Hasselmann 1918Entodiscoides Song Warren amp Wilbert 1996Eodinium Kofoid amp MacLennan 1932Epicranella Kofoid amp Campbell 1929Epidiophrys Yankovskij 1979Epidiscophrya Jankowski 1981Eriocharon Ito amp Imai 2000Estuaricola Yankovskij 1979Eudrilophrya de Puytorac 1971Eurychilum Andre 1910Extensiscopula Banina 1984Falconyctus Yankovskij 1978Faltacineta Jankowski 1981Ferodiscophrya Jankowski 1981Filiformis Hirshfield Isquith amp Bhandary 1965Fiorentinus Jankowski 1986Fitonacineta Jankowski 1981Foissnerella Jankowski 1986Foliacella Makar eva 1979Fundenia Vuxanovici 1962Furssenkoiella Makar eva 1979Gajewskiella Obolkina 1989Gassovskiella Grain 1994Geimania Albaret 1975GeorgevitchiellaGigantothrix Foissner 1999Grainis Jankowski 1997GruberellaHalteroides Hirshfield Isquith amp Bhandary 1965Hastarcon Jankowski 1981Helianter Jankowski 1969HelicozosterHeliotheca Yankovskii 1978Hemiprorodon Strelkow 1939Herpetophrya Siedlecki 1902Herpinella Puytorac 1954Holophryoides Gasskovsky 1919HolophryozoonHorocontus Deroux 1976HovasseiellaHydrochoerella da Cunha amp Muniz 1925HyloplotesHypophyra Lopez Ochoterena 1964HypotrichinaHysterophrya de Puytorac Groliere amp Grain 1979Ichthyonyctus Yankovskii 1974Indonyctus Yankovskij 1978Inermichona Jankowski 1971Inferostoma Ki 1971Isopodarcon Jankowski 1981Jankowskia Alekperov 1984Jirovecella Lom 1957Kahlophrya Foissner 2003Kejvia Koshevoj 1987Kellicotta Curds 1985Kindella Yankovskii 1967Kofoidella Cepede 1910Kopperia Corliss 1960KrassnigiaKryoprorodon Alekperov amp Mamaeva 1992Kudoella Earl 1972Lacifer Yankovskij 1979Ladinosphaera Oberhauser 1960Lagynurus Mansfeld 1923Latteuria Timoshenko amp Imai 1997Laurosticha Yankovskij 1979Lavierella Buisson 1923Levanderella Kopperi 1937Limnoricus Jankowski 1981Lissacineta Yankovskii 1978Lissostrombidium Yankovskij 1978Listarcon Yankovskij 1982Litacineta Yankovskii 1978LitosoleniusLoxocineta Yankovskij 1979Luxiella Lecal 1953Luxophrya Yankovskii 1978MarinectaMegadiniumMembranicola Foissner Berger amp Schaumburg 1999Mesodiscophrya Jankowski 1981Mesogymnus Berger 1964MetaclevelandellaMetacollinia Yankovskij 1980Metadinium Averintzeff amp Mutafova 1914Metaphrya Ikeda 1917Metastomum Georgevitch 1941Microcetella Aescht 2001Micromidas Delphy 1938Micronyctus Yankovskij 1978Micruncus Delphy 1938Mideuplotes Yankovskij 1978Mimeticus Small amp Lynn 1985Miniapium Banina 1984Miracineta Jankowski 1981Misacineta Yankovskii 1978MistarconMixtophrya de Puytorac 1969Monilidiophrys Yankovskij 1979MonintranstylumMonodontophrya Veidovsky 1892Monomastix Roux 1899Monurceolaria Yankovskij 1980Muscophrya Yankovskii 1978Myoscyphidia Jankowski 1985Nematacineta Yankovskii 1978Nemertodendron Yankovskii 1978Netaspidisca Yankovskij 1978Neteuplotes Yankovskij 1978Nipponarcon Jankowski 1981Noracineta Yankovskii 1978Nuchterleinella Matthes 1990Nucleocorbula Santhakumari amp Balakrishnan Nair 1970 Nucleocorbula adherens 14 Ogimotoa Ito amp Imai 2000Ogimotopsis Ito amp Imai 2000Oldesleria Foissner 1983Olgella Koshevoj 1987Oligoisotricha Imai 1981Ollella Aescht 2001Oncosonderia Yankovskij 1980Ophiodiscus Yankovskii 1976OphiuraespiraOphiurephelota Jankowski 1981Ophryocephalus Wailes 1925Oraveczisphaera Kozur 1986Oreoctoma Yankovskij 1980Orsomia Baer 1952Orthurceolaria Yankovskij 1980ParablasteParabundleia Imai amp Ogimoto 1983Paraclevelandia Kidder 1937Paracollinia Yankovskij 1980ParactedectomaParacunhamunizia Ito amp Imai 2000Paracycloposthium Grain 1994Paradectoma Small amp Lynn 1985Paradentacineta Yankovskii 1978Paradiscophrya Jankowski 1981ParafavelloidesParaglaucoma Kahl 1926Paraheliophrya Yankovskii 1978Paraisotrichopsis Gasskovsky 1919Paraloricophrya Yankovskii 1978ParanoplophryaParanyctotherus Ngassam 1983Paraoxychona Yankovskii 1973Paraplagiopyla Thurston amp Grain 1971Parapyxicola Jankowski 1985Parasphaerophrya Jankowski 1981Parastylonchia Dragesco 1963Parastylophrya Yankovskii 1978Paratrochilia Kahl 1933Paravauchomia Raabe 1963ParduciaParendosphaera Jankowski 1981Parentodinium Thurston amp Noirot Timothee 1973Parhypocoma Chatton amp Lwoff 1939Patschia Small amp Lynn 1985Peltacineta Yankovskii 1978Perezella Cepede 1910Peristrombidium Yankovskij 1978Perseia Rossolimo 1926Phagoon Foissner Agatha amp Berger 2002Phyllacineta Yankovskii 1978Piesika Warren 1988Pinchatia Shibuya 1931Pingius Hsiung 1932Planitrichidium Yankovskij 1979Pleurophryodendron Yankovskii 1978PodopyryaPoljanskina Raabe 1963Polydiniella Corliss 1960Polydiophrys Yankovskij 1979Pompholyxia Fabre Domergue 1886Poteriapium Banina 1984Pottsia Chatton amp Lwoff 1927Pottsiodes Corliss 1960Proamphorella Kofoid amp Campbell 1939Proclausilocola Lom 1959Proluxophrya Yankovskii 1978Prorodonopsis Gasskovsky 1919Prostelidiella Kofoid amp Campbell 1939ProtanoplophryaProtocaviella Kopperi 1937Protohallia Cunha amp Muniz 1927Protoisotricha Kopperi 1937Protolutzia Cunha amp Muniz 1925ProtophryopsisProtoradiophryopsis Georgevitch 1949Protospirella Aescht 2001PrototravassosiaPseudarcellaPseudobalanion Foissner Oleksiv amp Muller 1990Pseudocinetochilum Timoshkin 1995Pseudocristigera Horvath 1956Pseudoentodinium Wolska 1986Pseudonyctotherus Earl 1970Pterochona Jankowski 1973Pterodiniella Aescht 2001Radiophryopsis Georgevitch 1941RattulusRectiperistomatus Amaro amp Sena 1968Recurviperistomatus Amaro amp Sena 1967Rhabdothoracella Aescht 2001Rhinodisculus Mansfeld 1923Rhizobranchium Jankowski 1981Rhizocaryum Caullery amp Mesnil 1907Rhizotricha Wolska 1964Rhynchodinium Cunha amp Penido 1927Riboscyphidia Yankovskij 1980Riftus Jankowski 1981Riftus Yankovskij 1982Rimacineta Jankowski 1981Rondacineta Yankovskii 1978Rondosomides Jankowski 1981Roquea Jankowski 1967Rossielella Aescht 2001Rossonophrys Jankowski 1989Rugaecaulis Lom amp de Puytorac 1994Sannemannisphaera Kozur 1986SaragassephelotaSargassephelota Jankowski 1981Savroniella Bielokrys 1995Scalpratella Makar eva 1979Schedotrochilia Deroux 1976SchizactiniaSciurula Corliss 1960Scopulata Viljoen amp van As 1985Scythiana Haas Tothne Makk Oraveczne Scheffer amp Csalagovits 1986Semiacineta Yankovskii 1978Seravinella Alekperov amp Mamaeva 1992Sertumia Tucolesco 1962Setarcon Jankowski 1981Setodiscophrya Jankowski 1981Severonis Jankowski 1981Shellephelota Jankowski 1981Sibiracineta Yankovskij 1982Sigmaperistomatus Amaro amp Sena 1968Sigmocineta Jankowski 1967Sigmophrya de Puytorac 1971Silenella Fenchel 1965Sincothurnia Jankowski 1985Soracineta Yankovskii 1978Sparsacineta Yankovskii 1978Speleoscyphidia Yankovskij 1980Spherasuctans Puytorac 1952SpinarcellaSpinarcon Jankowski 1981Spinivorticella Jankowski 1993Spinophenia Szczechura 1969SpirocystomellitesSpirogonella Yankovskij 1978Spiroperistomatus Amaro amp Sena 1968Spiroxystonella Kofoid amp Campbell 1939Spiroxystonellites Knauer 1969Spongiarcon Yankovskij 1980Spongiocirrhus Yankovskij 1979Spongiophrya Yankovskii 1978Stemacineta Yankovskii 1978Stenophaga Jankowski 1981StentofollicullinaStentoropsis Dogiel amp Bychowsky 1934Stylarcon Jankowski 1981Stylogemma Jankowski 1981Stylophryodendron Yankovskii 1978Sulcoarcus Hsiung 1935Sulfonecta Yankovskij 1978Syllarcon Jankowski 1981Syncilancistrumina Knight amp Thorne 1982Synophrya Chatton amp Lwoff 1926Taeniocineta Raabe 1972Talitrochilodon Yankovskij 1980Talizona Jankowski 1981Tauriella Naidenova 1985TelamodiniumTeratodiniumTeremanticola Yankovskij 1980Teretrichodina Yankovskij 1980Ternacineta Yankovskii 1978Tesnotheca Jankowski 1986Testudinicola Yankovskii 1978Tetratoxum Gasskovsky 1919Thalassacineta Jankowski 1981ThalassicinetaThalassiomastix Busch 1923Thalassochona Yankovskii 1971Thaumatophrya Collin 1912Thigmostrombidium Yankovskij 1978Thigmozoon Santhakumari amp Balakrishnan Nair 1973ThisarconThoracodinium Latteur 1960Tokophryona Yankovskij 1982Tomodiscophrya Jankowski 1981Toxodinium da Cunha 1938Toxopercularia Yankovskii 1980Triacola Weitschat amp Guhl 1994Tricaudalia Buisson 1923Trinacineta Jankowski 1981Tripalmaria Gasskovsky 1919Tucolesca Lom 1979Tundrella Koshevoj 1987Tytthocorys Tappan amp Loeblich 1968Uropogon Ito amp Imai 2000Uvelinus Jankowski 1985Vasacineta Jankowski 1981Vautrinella Cuvillier 1957Velavella Koshevoj 1987Velistoma Yankovskij 1980Venodiscophrya Jankowski 1981Veracineta Yankovskii 1978VesonyctusVestonyctus Yankovskij 1978Vinarcon Jankowski 1981Vostonica Jankowski 1994Wailesia Kofoid amp Campbell 1939Wichtermania Earl 1972Yvonniellina Tappan amp Loeblich 1968Zonotrichium Meunier 1910参考资料 编辑 蓝色动物学 纤毛纲 2012 02 20 原始内容存档于2020 03 26 2 0 2 1 刘凌云 郑光美 普通动物学 M 使用 format 需要含有 url 帮助 4 北京 高等教育出版社 2009 ISBN 978 7 04 026713 6 Ciliophora WoRMS 存档副本 中国生物物种名录 2013版 2013 2013 11 15 原始内容存档于2016 04 11 中文 简体 原生动物学研究室本年度基金申请获丰收 2013 01 07 2013 11 15 原始内容存档于2015 06 10 中文 简体 Gordon Dennis Ventrata WoRMS 2011 10 17 2023 10 30 Kihara Terue Cristina Warren Alan Gordon Dennis Colpodea WoRMS 2011 10 17 2023 10 30 通过WoRMS 腎形蟲綱 Colpodea 纖毛門 Ciliophora 色素界 Chromista 物種資料庫 Species Database 香港生物多樣性資料庫 HKBIS 2023 10 30 原始内容存档于2023 10 31 中文 繁體 Warren Alan Kihara Terue Cristina Braeckman Ulrike Hymenostomatia WoRMS 2009 11 16 2020 08 16 通过WoRMS Parker S P 编 Synopsis and classification of living organisms New York NY USA McGraw Hill Book Company 1982 ISBN 0 07 079031 0 英语 Kim JS Jeong HJ Lynn DH Park JY Lim YW Shin W Balanion masanensis n sp Ciliophora Prostomatea from the coastal waters of Korea morphology and small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 2007 54 6 482 94 PMID 18070326 doi 10 1111 j 1550 7408 2007 00290 x Cryptocaryon Brown 1951 WoRMS 2013 11 15 Cryptocaryon irritans Brown 1951 WoRMS 2013 11 15 V Santhakumari amp N Balakrishnan Nair 1970 Nucleocorbula adherens gen amp sp nov Ciliata Thigmotrichida from shipworms Ophelia 7 2 139 144 DOI 10 1080 00785236 1970 10419294 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 纤毛虫 amp oldid 81848626, 维基百科，wiki ，书籍，书籍，图书馆，
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