第二语言学习者在讲话中所犯的一些错误源于他们的母语。例如，说西班牙语的人在学习英语时可能会说“Is raining”（省略了句子的主语）而不是“It Is raining”。第一语言对第二语言的这种影响被称为负向语言移转。然而，说法语的人在学习英语时，通常不会犯同样的错误（在“it is raining”中省略“it”）。这是因为在西班牙语中主语可以被省略，而在法语中则不能。以法语为母语的人在说英语时知道要使用代词句子主语，这是一个正向语言移转的例子。需要注意的是，错误的方式不尽相同；即使两个具有相同母语的人学习相同的第二语言，他们仍然有潜在可能利用母语的不同部分。同样地，这两个人可能在不同形式的语法上发展出近乎母语的流利度。
^Krashen (1982) made a sharp distinction between learning and acquisition, using learning to refer to the conscious aspects of the language learning process and acquisition to refer to the subconscious aspects. This strict separation of learning and acquisition is widely regarded as an oversimplification by researchers today, but his hypotheses were very influential and the name has stuck.
Gass, Susan M; Selinker, Larry. . New York: Routledge/Taylor and Francis Group. 2008 [2021-09-03]. ISBN 978-0-8058-5497-8. OCLC 155756544. （原始内容存档于2021-09-03） （英语）.
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外部連結
Center for Applied Linguistics （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） homepage
. A lecture series in SLA by Timothy Mason, run from 1993 to 2002 at the Université of Versailles St. Quentin.
: information on SLA, applied linguistics and language teaching research, including a large bibliography.
四月 25, 2023
第二語言習得, 第二语言习得, 英語, second, language, acquisition, 又译, 第二语言获得, 二语习得, 指人们学习第二语言的过程, 第二语言获得, 常缩写为sla, 同时亦指研究这一过程的科学学科, 第二语言是指一个人除了第一语言之外, 另外学习掌握的第二种语言, 虽然这个概念名为第二语言获得, 也可以包括第三, 第四或以后的语言学习, 目录, 背景, 发展阶段, 和第一语言习得的比较, 語音的發展, 語法的發展, 詞彙的發展, 參見, 註釋, 参考资料, 參考文獻, 延伸閱讀, . 第二语言习得 英語 Second language acquisition 又译 第二语言获得 二语习得 指人们学习第二语言的过程 第二语言获得 常缩写为SLA 同时亦指研究这一过程的科学学科 第二语言是指一个人除了第一语言之外 另外学习掌握的第二种语言 虽然这个概念名为第二语言获得 也可以包括第三 第四或以后的语言学习 目录 1 背景 2 发展阶段 3 和第一语言习得的比较 4 語音的發展 5 語法的發展 6 詞彙的發展 7 參見 8 註釋 9 参考资料 10 參考文獻 11 延伸閱讀 12 外部連結背景 编辑第二语言习得是应用语言学下的一个子学科 研究范围广泛而且相对年轻 和语言学其他的分支一样 第二语言习得和心理学 认知心理学及教育学关系密切 第二语言习得是一个交叉学科 比较难以确定创始日期 1 但是有两篇论文被认为对于现代第二语言习得理论的发展至关重要 即Pit Corder在1967年撰写的 学习者错误的重要性 和Larry Selinker在1972年撰写的 中介语 2 随后 该领域在数十年中取得了长足的发展 1 20世纪80年代 人们从多个学科角度和理论维度研究了第二语言习得 现在 该学科的主要理论流派包括 系统功能性语言学 社会文化理论 认知语言学 诺姆 乔姆斯基的普遍语法和联结主义等 習得 acquisition 這個詞最早用以強調無意識 不自覺學習的過程 3 但後來 學習 learning 與 習得 acquisition 已經幾乎變成了同義詞 第二语言习得可以包含对传统语言的学习 4 但是通常不包含多语制学习 大多数第二语言习得的研究人员认为多语制学习是语言习得的最终结果 而不是过程本身 并且这一结果被视为语言流利程度的衡量标准 然而 教育和心理学等领域的作家经常使用双语来指代所有形式的多种语言 5 第二语言习得也不能与外语的习得过程形成对比 与此相反 第二语言的学习和外语学习在不同的情况下涉及相同的基本过程 6 关于 语言到底是怎样被学会的 这个问题尚有许多争论 虽然第二语言习得理论很多 但是尚没有能够为所有研究者接受的完整解释 因为该领域是跨学科的 所以这种大一统理论应不会在近期产生 发展阶段 编辑第二语言获得指的是学习者的行为 而不是语言教学的实践 虽然教学会影响到语言获得 和第一语言习得的比较 编辑学习第二语言的成年人与学习第一语言的儿童至少在三个方面不同 儿童仍在发展他们的大脑 而成年人思想已成熟 成年人至少有一门引导他们思考和说话的第一语言 虽然一些成年的第二语言学习者达到了非常高的水平 某些发音还是会与母语者有所不同 成人语言学习者不擅长母语发音可以用 关键期假说 来解释 当一个学习者的口语表达能力发展抵达瓶颈期时 我们称之为僵化 fossilization 第二语言学习者在讲话中所犯的一些错误源于他们的母语 例如 说西班牙语的人在学习英语时可能会说 Is raining 省略了句子的主语 而不是 It Is raining 第一语言对第二语言的这种影响被称为负向语言移转 然而 说法语的人在学习英语时 通常不会犯同样的错误 在 it is raining 中省略 it 这是因为在西班牙语中主语可以被省略 而在法语中则不能 以法语为母语的人在说英语时知道要使用代词句子主语 这是一个正向语言移转的例子 需要注意的是 错误的方式不尽相同 即使两个具有相同母语的人学习相同的第二语言 他们仍然有潜在可能利用母语的不同部分 同样地 这两个人可能在不同形式的语法上发展出近乎母语的流利度 而且 当人们学习第二语言时 他们说第一语言的方式也会发生微妙的变化 这些变化可以发生在语言的任何方面 比如发音和语法 学习者的手势和他们可能注意到的语言特征 例如 以英语为第二语言的法语使用者在法语中发 t 音的方式与仅操法语的人发音不同 甚至在第二语言习得之初就发现了这种发音上的变化 例如 说英语的人在开始学习韩语后 他们的英语发音和英语元音都有所改变 第二语言对第一语言的这些影响促使Vivian Cook提出了multi competence的想法 她认为一个人所说的不同语言并不是各自独立的系统 而是其头脑中的一个相关系统 語音的發展 编辑此章节尚無任何内容 語法的發展 编辑此章节尚無任何内容 詞彙的發展 编辑此章节尚無任何内容 參見 编辑输入假说 社会语言学 心理语言学 语言习得 国际辅助语 關鍵期假說 輸出假說 英语 Comprehensible output 三明治教学技巧註釋 编辑 1 0 1 1 Gass amp Selinker 2008 第1頁 sfn error multiple targets 2 CITEREFGassSelinker2008 help VanPatten amp Benati 2010 第2 5頁 Krashen 1982 made a sharp distinction between learning and acquisition using learning to refer to the conscious aspects of the language learning process and acquisition to refer to the subconscious aspects This strict separation of learning and acquisition is widely regarded as an oversimplification by researchers today but his hypotheses were very influential and the name has stuck Gass amp Selinker 2008 第21 24頁 sfn error multiple targets 2 CITEREFGassSelinker2008 help Gass amp Selinker 2008 第24 25頁 sfn error multiple targets 2 CITEREFGassSelinker2008 help Ellis 1997 第3頁 参考资料 编辑Gass Susan M Selinker Larry Second language acquisition an introductory course New York Routledge Taylor and Francis Group 2008 2021 09 03 ISBN 978 0 8058 5497 8 OCLC 155756544 原始内容存档于2021 09 03 英语 參考文獻 编辑Allwright Dick Hanks Judith The Developing Language Learning An Introduction to Exploratory Practice Basingstoke Palgrave MacMillan 2009 ISBN 978 1 4039 8531 6 Anderson John R Automaticity and the ACT Theory The American Journal of Psychology 22 1992 105 2 165 2021 11 19 JSTOR 1423026 PMID 1621879 doi 10 2307 1423026 原始内容存档于2022 05 06 请检查 date 中的日期值 帮助 Nathalie Bailey Carolyn Madden Stephen D Krashen IS THERE A NATURAL SEQUENCE IN ADULT SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING Language Learning 1974 12 01 24 2 235 243 2018 04 02 ISSN 1467 9922 doi 10 1111 j 1467 1770 1974 tb00505 x 英语 Elizabeth Bates Brian MacWhinney SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION FROM A FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE PRAGMATIC SEMANTIC AND PERCEPTUAL STRATEGIES Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1981 12 01 379 1 Native Langua 190 214 2018 04 02 ISSN 1749 6632 doi 10 1111 j 1749 6632 1981 tb42009 x 英语 Brown Roger A First Language Cambridge Harvard University Press 1973 ISBN 978 0 674 30325 6 Canale M THEORETICAL BASES OF COMMUNICATIVE APPROACHES TO SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHING AND TESTING Applied Linguistics 1980 03 01 1 1 1 47 ISSN 0142 6001 doi 10 1093 applin 1 1 1 英语 Chang Charles B Rapid and multifaceted effects of second language learning on first language speech production Journal of Phonetics 2012 03 40 2 249 268 2021 09 03 doi 10 1016 j wocn 2011 10 007 原始内容存档于2022 05 29 英语 Cook Vivian Second Language Learning and Language Teaching London Arnold 2008 ISBN 978 0 340 95876 6 DeKeyser Robert Beyond focus on form Cognitive perspectives on learning and practicing second language grammar Doughty Catherine Williams Jessica 编 Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition New York Cambridge University Press 1998 42 63 ISBN 978 0 521 62390 2 Doughty Catherine Williams Jessica 编 Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1998 ISBN 978 0 521 62390 2 Heidi C Dulay Marina K Burt SHOULD WE TEACH CHILDREN SYNTAX Language Learning 1973 12 01 23 2 245 258 2018 04 02 ISSN 1467 9922 doi 10 1111 j 1467 1770 1973 tb00659 x 英语 Dulay Heidi Burt Marina Natural sequences in child second language acquisition Language Learning 1974 24 37 53 doi 10 1111 j 1467 1770 1974 tb00234 x Dulay Heidi Burt Marina You can t learn without goofing Richards Jack 编 Error Analysis New York Longman 1974 95 123 ISBN 978 0 582 55044 5 Dulay Heidi Burt Marina Creative construction in second language learning and teaching Dulay Heidi Burt Marina 编 On TESOL 75 New Directions in Second Language Learning Teaching and Bilingual Education Selected Papers from the Ninth Annual TESOL Convention Los Angeles California March 4 9 1975 Washington DC Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages 1975 21 32 OCLC 1980255 Warwick B Elley Acquiring Literacy in a Second Language The Effect of Book Based Programs Language Learning 1991 09 01 41 3 375 411 2018 04 02 ISSN 1467 9922 doi 10 1111 j 1467 1770 1991 tb00611 x 英语 Nick C Ellis Emergentism Connectionism and Language Learning Language Learning 1998 12 01 48 4 631 664 2018 04 02 ISSN 1467 9922 doi 10 1111 0023 8333 00063 英语 Ellis Rod Second language acquisition and the structural syllabus TESOL Quarterly 1993 27 1 91 113 JSTOR 3586953 doi 10 2307 3586953 Ellis Rod The Study of Second Language Acquisition Oxford Oxfordshire Oxford University Press 1994 ISBN 0 19 437189 1 Ellis Rod Second Language Acquisition Oxford Introductions to Language Study Oxford New York Oxford University Press 1997 ISBN 978 0 19 437212 1 Ellis Rod Does form focused instruction affect the acquisition of implicit knowledge Studies in Second Language Acquisition 2002 24 2 223 236 doi 10 1017 s0272263102002073 Ellis Rod Barkhuizen Patrick Analysing Learner Language Oxford Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978 0 19 431634 7 Ellis Rod The Study of Second Language Acquisition Oxford UK Oxford University Press 2008 ISBN 978 0 19 442257 4 Flege James Emil The production of new and similar phones in a foreign language evidence for the effect of equivalence classification PDF Journal of Phonetics 1987 15 47 65 2011 02 09 原始内容 PDF 存档于2019 10 24 Gass Susan Selinker Larry Second Language Acquisition An Introductory Course New York NY Routledge 2008 ISBN 978 0 8058 5497 8 使用 accessdate 需要含有 url 帮助 Birgit Harley Functional Grammar in French Immersion A Classroom Experiment1 Applied Linguistics 1989 09 01 10 3 331 360 2018 04 02 ISSN 0142 6001 doi 10 1093 applin 10 3 331 原始内容存档于2019 11 20 英语 Haynes Judie Getting Started With English Language Learners How Educators Can Meet the Challenge Alexandria VA Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development 2007 ISBN 978 1 4166 0519 5 Krashen Stephen Some issues relating to the monitor model Brown H Yorio Carlos Crymes Ruth 编 Teaching and learning English as a Second Language Trends in Research and Practice On TESOL 77 Selected Papers from the Eleventh Annual Convention of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages Miami Florida April 26 May 1 1977 Washington DC Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages 1977 144 158 OCLC 4037133 Krashen Stephen Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning New York Pergamon Press 1981 2011 02 28 ISBN 0 08 025338 5 原始内容存档于2011 07 16 Krashen Stephen The fundamental pedagogical principle in second language teaching PDF Studia Linguistica 1981 35 50 70 2011 03 24 doi 10 1111 j 1467 9582 1981 tb00701 x Krashen Stephen Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition Pergamon Press 1982 2010 11 25 ISBN 0 08 028628 3 原始内容存档于2011 07 16 Krashen Stephen The input hypothesis and its rivals Ellis Nick 编 Implicit and Explicit Learning of Languages London Academic Press 1994 45 77 ISBN 978 0 12 237475 3 Krashen Stephen The Power of Reading Second Edition Littleton Libraries Unlimited 2004 ISBN 978 1 59158 169 7 Lenneberg Eric Biological Foundations of Language New York Wiley 1967 ISBN 0 89874 700 7 Lightbown Patsy Chapter 6 Process product research on second language learning in classrooms Harley Birgit 编 The Development of Second Language Proficiency Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press 1990 82 92 ISBN 978 0 521 38410 0 Lightbown Patsy M Spada Nina Focus on Form and Corrective Feedback in Communicative Language Teaching Effects on Second Language Learning Studies in Second Language Acquisition 1990 12 12 4 429 448 ISSN 0272 2631 doi 10 1017 S0272263100009517 英语 Lightbown Patsy M Spada Nina How Languages Are Learned 3rd Oxford New York Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 978 0 19 442224 6 Long M The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition Ritchie William Bhatia Tej 编 Handbook of Second Language Acquisition San Diego Academic Press 1996 413 468 ISBN 978 0 12 589042 7 Lyster R Ranta L Corrective feedback and learner uptake Negotiation of form in communicative classrooms Studies in Second Language Acquisition 1997 19 37 66 doi 10 1017 s0272263197001034 Lyster R Mori H Interactional feedback and instructional counterbalance Studies in Second Language Acquisition 2006 28 269 300 doi 10 1017 s0272263106060128 MacWhinney Brian Applying the Competition Model to bilingualism PDF Applied Psycholinguistics 1987 8 4 315 327 2011 03 02 doi 10 1017 S0142716400000357 原始内容 PDF 存档于2011 07 21 Brian MacWhinney Extending the Competition Model International Journal of Bilingualism 69 84 2018 04 02 doi 10 1177 13670069050090010501 原始内容存档于2019 11 11 Paradis M Neurolinguistic aspects of implicit and explicit memory Implications for bilingualism and SLA Ellis Nick 编 Implicit and Explicit Learning of Languages London Academic Press 1994 393 420 ISBN 978 0 12 237475 3 Penfield Wilder Roberts Lamar Speech and Brain Mechanisms Princeton Princeton University Press 1959 ISBN 0 691 08039 9 Prabhu N Second Language Pedagogy Oxford Oxford University Press 1987 ISBN 978 0 19 437084 4 Rounds P L Kanagy R Acquiring linguistic cues to identify AGENT Evidence from children learning Japanese as a second language Studies in Second Language Acquisition 1998 20 4 509 542 doi 10 1017 s0272263198004033 Schmidt R Attention Robinson Peter 编 Cognition and Second Language Instruction Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2001 1 32 ISBN 978 0 521 80288 8 Selinker L Interlanguage International Review of Applied Linguistics 1972 10 209 241 doi 10 1515 iral 1972 10 1 4 209 Siegel Jeff Social Context Doughty Catherine Long Michael 编 The handbook of second language acquisition Malden MA Blackwell 2003 ISBN 978 0 631 21754 1 Skehan Peter A Cognitive Approach to Language Learning Oxford Oxford University Press 1998 ISBN 978 0 19 437217 6 Swain Merrill French immersion and its offshoots Getting two for one Freed Barbara 编 Foreign language acquisition research and the classroom Lexington MA Heath 1991 91 103 ISBN 978 0 669 24263 8 Swain Merrill Three functions of output in second language learning Cook Guy 编 Principle amp Practice in Applied Linguistics Studies in Honour of H G Widdowson Oxford Oxford University Press 1995 125 144 ISBN 978 0 19 442147 8 Tarone Elaine Bigelow Martha Hansen Kit Literacy and Second Language Oracy Oxford Oxford University Press 2009 ISBN 978 0 19 442300 7 Tarone Elaine Swierzbin Bonnie Exploring Learner Language Oxford Oxford University Press 2009 ISBN 978 0 19 442291 8 VanPatten Bill Benati Alessandro G Key Terms in Second Language Acquisition London Continuum 2010 ISBN 978 0 8264 9914 1 Watson Gegeo Karen Ann Nielsen Sarah Language Socialization in SLA Doughty Catherine Long Michael 编 The handbook of second language acquisition Malden MA Blackwell 2003 ISBN 978 0 631 21754 1 Fangyuan Yuan Rod Ellis The Effects of Pre Task Planning and On Line Planning on Fluency Complexity and Accuracy in L2 Monologic Oral Production Applied Linguistics 2003 03 01 24 1 1 27 2018 04 02 ISSN 0142 6001 doi 10 1093 applin 24 1 1 英语 延伸閱讀 编辑Cook V and Singleton D 2014 Key Topics in Second Language Acquisition Bristol Multilingual Matters Ellis Rod 2007 Educational Settings and Second Language Learning Volume 9 Asian EFL Journal 1 Ellis Rod 2005 Principles of Instructed Language Learning 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Volume 7 Asian EFL Journal Lightbown P and Spada N 2006 How Languages are Learned Oxford Oxford University Press 2nd edition ISBN 0 19 442224 0 Lin G H C 2008 Lin G H C 2008 Pedagogies proving Krashen s theory of affective filter Hwa Kang Journal of English Language amp Literature Vol 14 pp 113 131 ERIC Collection as ED503681 2 Ellis Rod The Interaction Hypothesis A critical evaluation 37 1991 2015 05 26 原始内容存档于2020 04 28 on Michael H Long s Interaction Hypothesis Mangubhai F 2006 What do we know about learning and teaching second languages Implications for teaching Asian EFL Journal Vol 8 2006 3 McKay Sharon Schaetzel Kirsten Facilitating Adult Learner Interactions to Build Listening and Speaking Skills 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 CAELA Network Briefs CAELA and Center for Applied Linguistics Mitchell R and Myles F 2004 Second Language Learning Theories 2nd ed London Hodder Arnold Norris J M amp Ortega L 2006 Eds Synthesizing research on language learning and teaching John Benjamins Amsterdam Philadelphia Ortega L 2009 Understanding Second Language Acquisition London Hodder Arnold Ortega L 2010 Second language acquisition Critical concepts in linguistics London Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 45020 1 Oxford R amp Lee K 2008 Understanding EFL Learners Strategy Use and Strategy Awareness 4 Robertson P amp Nunn R 2007 The Study of Second Language Acquisition in the Asian Context 5 Tarone E amp Swierzbin B 2009 Exploring Learner Language Oxford Oxford University Press Thomas M 2009 Handbook of Research on Web 2 0 and Second Language Learning IGI Global Sippnet White L 2003 Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar Cambridge Cambridge University Press 外部連結 编辑Center for Applied Linguistics 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 homepage Didactics of English A lecture series in SLA by Timothy Mason run from 1993 to 2002 at the Universite of Versailles St Quentin Second Language Acquisition Topics by Vivian Cook information on SLA applied linguistics and language teaching research including a large bibliography 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 第二語言習得 amp oldid 73738428, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，
