关键期假设（英文：critical period hypothesis）是一个长期存在争论的假说，关于人是否存在一个语言学习的关键年龄段。 该假说一般认为，存在一个理想时期更容易受语言环境影响从而比其他时间更容易学习一门语言。关键期假设认为，生命的最初几年是关键时期，在足够的刺激下，人都能习得第一语言。如果超过这个时期，语言的学习将会非常困难，特别是在语法方面。然而事實上這種說法目前在學界仍然只是一種假說，各方學者對此仍有許多批評爭議，未有定論。
參考文獻
Bongaerts, T.; Planken, B.; Schils, E. Can late learners attain a native accent in a foreign language? A test of the Critical Period Hypothesis. Singleton, D.; Lengyel, Z. (编). The Age Factor in Second Language Acquisition. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. 1995: 30–50..
Castro-Caldas, A.; Petersson, A.; Reis, S.; Ingvar, M.; Ingvar, M. The illiterate brain: Learning to read and write during childhood influences the functional organization of the adult brain. Brain. 1998, 121: 1053–63. PMID 9648541. doi:10.1093/brain/121.6.1053.
L. M. Espinosa, "Second language acquisition in early childhood." In R. New and M. Cochran, eds, Early Childhood Education (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group).
Espinosa, L. M. Second language acquisition in early childhood. Rebecca Staples, New; Cochran, Moncrieff (编). Early Childhood Education: An International Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. 2007. ISBN 978-0-313-33100-8.
Flege, James Emil; Mackay, Ian R. A.; Piske, Thorsten. Assessing bilingual dominance. Applied Psycholinguistics. 2002, 23 (4): 567–598. doi:10.1017/S0142716402004046.
Harley, Birgit. Age in second language acquisition. College-Hill Press. 1986 [2015-05-25]. ISBN 978-0-88744-269-8. （原始内容于2020-03-26）.
Lenneberg, E.H. Biological Foundations of Language. Wiley. 1967. ISBN 0-89874-700-7.
Moyer, A. Ultimate attainment in L2 phonology: the critical factors of age, motivation, and instruction. Studies in Second Language Acquisition. 1999, 21 (1): 81–108. doi:10.1017/S0272263199001035..
Oyama, S. A sensitive period for the acquisition of a nonnative phonological system. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 1976, 5: 261–285. doi:10.1007/BF01067377.
Penfield, W.; Roberts, L. Speech and Brain Mechanisms. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1959.
Pinker, S. The Language Instinct. New York: Morrow. 1994. ISBN 84-206-6732-3.
Ramscar, M.; Gitcho, N. Developmental change and the nature of learning in childhood. Trends in Cognitive Science. 2007, 11 (7): 274–279. PMID 17560161. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.05.007.
Reis, A.; Castro-Caldas, A. Illiteracy: A case for biased cognitive development. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 1997, 3 (5): 444–450. PMID 9322403.
Robertson, P. . Asian EFL Journal. 2002. （原始内容存档于2006-12-11）.
Scherag, A; Demuth, L; Rösler, F; Neville, HJ; Röder, B. The effects of late acquisition of L2 and the consequences of immigration on L1 for semantic and morpho-syntactic language aspects. Cognition. October 2004, 93 (3): B97–108. PMID 15178380. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2004.02.003.
Sebastián-Gallés, Núria; Echeverría, Sagrario; Bosch, Laura. The influence of initial exposure on lexical representation: Comparing early and simultaneous bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language. 2005, 52 (2): 240–255. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2004.11.001.
Singleton, David, and Lengyel, Zsolt. (1995). The Age Factor in Second Language Acquisition. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. See also
Tarone, Elaine; Bigelow, Martha; Hansen, Kit. Literacy and Second Language Oracy. Oxford University Press. 2009 [2015-05-25]. ISBN 978-0-19-442300-7. （原始内容于2020-03-26）.
Thompson-Schill, S.; Ramscar, M.; Chrysikou, M. (PDF). Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2009, 18 (5): 259–263. PMC 2855545. PMID 20401341. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01648.x. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-03-07）.
Weber-Fox, Christine M.; Neville, Helen J. Maturational constraints on functional specializations for language processing: Erp and behavioral evidence in bilingual speakers. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1996, 8 (3): 231–256. doi:10.1162/jocn.1996.8.3.231.
Young-Scholten, M. Orthographic input in L2 phonological development. Burmeister, P.; Piske, T.; Rohde, A. (编). An integrated View of Language Development: Papers in Honor of Henning Wode. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier. 2002: 263–279..
延伸閱讀
Cook, V. Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. London: Hodder Arnold. 2001.
Johnson, J.S.; Newport, E.L. Critical period effects in second language learning: the influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cognitive Psychology. 1989, 21 (1): 60–99. PMID 2920538. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(89)90003-0.
Lamendella, J.T. General principles of Neurofunctional organization and their manifestation in primary and non-primary language acquisition. Language Learning. 1977, 27: 155–9. doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1977.tb00298.x. [introduces the phrase 'sensitive period'.]
Lightbown, P.; Spada, N. How Languages are Learned 2nd. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-19-442224-0.
Marshall, Brad. Is there a 'child advantage' in learning foreign languages?. Education Week. 2000, 19 (22): 39–41.
Mitchell, R.; Myles, F. Second Language Learning Theories 2nd. London: Hodder Arnold. 2006.
Newport, E.L. Maturational constraints on language learning. Cognitive Science. 1990, 14: 11–28. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1401_2.
White, L. (2003). Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zhao, A.H.; Morgan, C. . Asian EFL Journal. 2005, 6 (4). （原始内容存档于2006-12-08）.
一月 08, 2023
關鍵期假說, 此條目需要擴充, 2015年4月4日, 请協助改善这篇條目, 更進一步的信息可能會在討論頁或扩充请求中找到, 请在擴充條目後將此模板移除, 关键期假设, 英文, critical, period, hypothesis, 是一个长期存在争论的假说, 关于人是否存在一个语言学习的关键年龄段, 该假说一般认为, 存在一个理想时期更容易受语言环境影响从而比其他时间更容易学习一门语言, 关键期假设认为, 生命的最初几年是关键时期, 在足够的刺激下, 人都能习得第一语言, 如果超过这个时期, 语言的学习将会非常. 此條目需要擴充 2015年4月4日 请協助改善这篇條目 更進一步的信息可能會在討論頁或扩充请求中找到 请在擴充條目後將此模板移除 关键期假设 英文 critical period hypothesis 是一个长期存在争论的假说 关于人是否存在一个语言学习的关键年龄段 该假说一般认为 存在一个理想时期更容易受语言环境影响从而比其他时间更容易学习一门语言 关键期假设认为 生命的最初几年是关键时期 在足够的刺激下 人都能习得第一语言 如果超过这个时期 语言的学习将会非常困难 特别是在语法方面 然而事實上這種說法目前在學界仍然只是一種假說 各方學者對此仍有許多批評爭議 未有定論 參考文獻 编辑Bongaerts T Planken B Schils E Can late learners attain a native accent in a foreign language A test of the Critical Period Hypothesis Singleton D Lengyel Z 编 The Age Factor in Second Language Acquisition Clevedon Multilingual Matters 1995 30 50 Castro Caldas A Petersson A Reis S Ingvar M Ingvar M The illiterate brain Learning to read and write during childhood influences the functional organization of the adult brain Brain 1998 121 1053 63 PMID 9648541 doi 10 1093 brain 121 6 1053 L M Espinosa Second language acquisition in early childhood In R New and M Cochran eds Early Childhood Education Westport CT Greenwood Publishing Group Espinosa L M Second language acquisition in early childhood Rebecca Staples New Cochran Moncrieff 编 Early Childhood Education An International Encyclopedia Westport CT Praeger Publishers 2007 ISBN 978 0 313 33100 8 Flege James Emil Mackay Ian R A Piske Thorsten Assessing bilingual dominance Applied Psycholinguistics 2002 23 4 567 598 doi 10 1017 S0142716402004046 Harley Birgit Age in second language acquisition College Hill Press 1986 2015 05 25 ISBN 978 0 88744 269 8 原始内容存档于2020 03 26 Lenneberg E H Biological Foundations of Language Wiley 1967 ISBN 0 89874 700 7 Moyer A Ultimate attainment in L2 phonology the critical factors of age motivation and instruction Studies in Second Language Acquisition 1999 21 1 81 108 doi 10 1017 S0272263199001035 Oyama S A sensitive period for the acquisition of a nonnative phonological system Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 1976 5 261 285 doi 10 1007 BF01067377 Penfield W Roberts L Speech and Brain Mechanisms Princeton Princeton University Press 1959 Pinker S The Language Instinct New York Morrow 1994 ISBN 84 206 6732 3 Ramscar M Gitcho N Developmental change and the nature of learning in childhood Trends in Cognitive Science 2007 11 7 274 279 PMID 17560161 doi 10 1016 j tics 2007 05 007 Reis A Castro Caldas A Illiteracy A case for biased cognitive development Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 1997 3 5 444 450 PMID 9322403 Robertson P The Critical Age Hypothesis Asian EFL Journal 2002 原始内容存档于2006 12 11 Scherag A Demuth L Rosler F Neville HJ Roder B The effects of late acquisition of L2 and the consequences of immigration on L1 for semantic and morpho syntactic language aspects Cognition October 2004 93 3 B97 108 PMID 15178380 doi 10 1016 j cognition 2004 02 003 Sebastian Galles Nuria Echeverria Sagrario Bosch Laura The influence of initial exposure on lexical representation Comparing early and simultaneous bilinguals Journal of Memory and Language 2005 52 2 240 255 doi 10 1016 j jml 2004 11 001 Singleton David and Lengyel Zsolt 1995 The Age Factor in Second Language Acquisition Clevedon Multilingual Matters See also https web archive org web 20060319062202 http www rcf usc edu ionin SLAgroup Ling527papers Singleton 2BCritical 2BPeriods 2Biral 2005 43 4 269 pdf Tarone Elaine Bigelow Martha Hansen Kit Literacy and Second Language Oracy Oxford University Press 2009 2015 05 25 ISBN 978 0 19 442300 7 原始内容存档于2020 03 26 Thompson Schill S Ramscar M Chrysikou M Cognition without control When a little frontal lobe goes a long way PDF Current Directions in Psychological Science 2009 18 5 259 263 PMC 2855545 PMID 20401341 doi 10 1111 j 1467 8721 2009 01648 x 原始内容 PDF 存档于2010 03 07 Weber Fox Christine M Neville Helen J Maturational constraints on functional specializations for language processing Erp and behavioral evidence in bilingual speakers Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1996 8 3 231 256 doi 10 1162 jocn 1996 8 3 231 Young Scholten M Orthographic input in L2 phonological development Burmeister P Piske T Rohde A 编 An integrated View of Language Development Papers in Honor of Henning Wode Trier Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier 2002 263 279 延伸閱讀 编辑Cook V Second Language Learning and Language Teaching London Hodder Arnold 2001 Johnson J S Newport E L Critical period effects in second language learning the influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language Cognitive Psychology 1989 21 1 60 99 PMID 2920538 doi 10 1016 0010 0285 89 90003 0 Lamendella J T General principles of Neurofunctional organization and their manifestation in primary and non primary language acquisition Language Learning 1977 27 155 9 doi 10 1111 j 1467 1770 1977 tb00298 x introduces the phrase sensitive period Lightbown P Spada N How Languages are Learned 2nd Oxford Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 19 442224 0 Marshall Brad Is there a child advantage in learning foreign languages Education Week 2000 19 22 39 41 Mitchell R Myles F Second Language Learning Theories 2nd London Hodder Arnold 2006 Newport E L Maturational constraints on language learning Cognitive Science 1990 14 11 28 doi 10 1207 s15516709cog1401 2 White L 2003 Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar Cambridge Cambridge University Press Zhao A H Morgan C Consideration of Age in L2 Attainment Children Adolescents and Adults Asian EFL Journal 2005 6 4 原始内容存档于2006 12 08 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 關鍵期假說 amp oldid 70508037, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，
