维基百科
半開央不圓唇元音
半开央不圆唇元音(open-mid central unrounded vowel、low-mid central unrounded vowel[1])是元音的一种,存在于一些语言当中。该元音的国际音标为⟨ɜ⟩,形如左右翻转的希腊字母“ε”。1993年以前该元音的国际音标记作⟨ɛ̈⟩。
特征 编辑
- 其圓唇度為不圓唇元音,嘴唇自然放鬆,不特別向前突起。
见于 编辑
语言 | 词汇 | 国际音标 | 意义 | 注释 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
南非语 | 标准音[2] | lig | [lə̞χ] | 光 | 也被描述为中元音[ə],[3]一般记作⟨ə⟩。参见南非语音系 |
哥打巴托棉兰老语[4] | [bätɜʔ] | 孩子 | /a/在声门音前的同位异音;可记作⟨ʌ⟩。[4] | ||
荷兰语[5] | grappig | [ˈχɾɑpə̞χ] | 有趣 | /ə/的可能实现。[5]参见荷兰语音系 | |
艾米利亚语 | 博洛尼亚方言 | métter | [ˈmet̪ːɜr] | 放 | [來源請求] |
英语 | 标准英音[6] | bird | [bɜːd] | 鸟 | 槽化 (舌头成槽如[ɹ])。"Upper Crust RP"使用者将其发作更开的[ɐː],但对于其他使用者它实际上是中元音([ɜ̝ː])。这个元音和有R音的方言的R色彩元音[ɝ]对应。 |
俄亥俄州[7] | bud | [bɜd] | 芽 | 美国英语中记作⟨ʌ⟩的一种实现,这是Midland或美国南部英语的特征。在整个国家这都不是标准的拼写。[6][7] | |
得克萨斯州大部分[7] | |||||
北威尔士英语[8] | 部分使用者。[8]和其它威尔士方言/ə/或/ʌ/对应。[9] | ||||
苏格兰英语[10] | [bɜ̠d] | 有些后移;可能是更靠后的/ʌ/。 | |||
德语 | 开姆尼茨方言[11] | passe | [ˈb̥ɜsə] | 我经过 | 一般记作⟨a⟩。 |
多数使用者[12] | herrlich | [ˈhɜːlɪç] | 精彩 | [ɛɐ̯]的一般交替。[12]参见标准德语音系 | |
豪萨语[13] | [比如?] | /a/可能的同位异音,可以和[ə]一样闭,或和[ä]一样开。[13] | |||
Jebero[14] | [ˈkɘnmɜʔ] | 土著 | /a/在闭音节的同位异音。[14] | ||
Kaingang[15] | [ˈɾɜ] | 标记 | 自央元音[ɜ]到后元音[ʌ]变化。[16] | ||
Kalagan Kaagan[17] | [mɜˈt̪äs] | 高 | /a/的同位异音;可记作⟨ʌ⟩。[17] | ||
Kallahan[18] | [比如?] | ||||
Paicî[19] | rë | [ɾɜ] | 他们(前缀) | 可以记作⟨ʌ⟩。 | |
罗马尼亚语 | 标准音[20] | măr | [mə̞r] | 苹果 | 一般记作⟨ə⟩。参见罗马尼亚语音系 |
特兰西瓦尼亚变体[21] | așa | [aˈʂɜ] | 多么 | 和标准罗马尼亚语[ä]对应。参见罗马尼亚语音系 | |
Sama | Sibutu[22] | [ˈsäpɜw] | 屋顶 | /a/的同位异音;可以记作⟨ʌ⟩。[22] | |
信德语[23] | [sə̞rə̞] | 葬礼 | 一般记作⟨ə⟩。 | ||
Temne[24] | pȧs | [pɜ́s] | 酿 | 一般记作⟨ʌ⟩。[24] | |
意第绪语 | 标准音[25] | ענלעך | [ˈɛnlɜχ] | 像 | 非重读元音。[25]参见意第绪语音系 |
注释 编辑
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Wissing (2012),第711頁.
- ^ Wissing (2016),section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels".
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Kerr (1988),第110, 113頁.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Collins & Mees (2003),第129頁.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Ladefoged (1993),第82頁.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Thomas (2001),第27–28頁.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Tench (1990),第135頁.
- ^ Wells (1982),第380–381頁.
- ^ Lodge (2009),第167頁.
- ^ Khan & Weise (2013),第236頁.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第52頁.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Schuh & Yalwa (1999),第90–91頁.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013),第101頁.
- ^ Jolkesky (2009),第676–677, 682頁.
- ^ Jolkesky (2009),第676, 682頁.
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Wendel & Wendel (1978),第198頁.
- ^ Santiago (2010),第1, 8–10頁.
- ^ Gordon & Maddieson (1996),第118頁.
- ^ Sarlin (2014),第18頁.
- ^ Pop (1938),第30頁.
- ^ 22.0 22.1 Allison (1979),第82頁.
- ^ Nihalani (1999),第132頁.
- ^ 24.0 24.1 Kanu & Tucker (2010),第249頁.
- ^ 25.0 25.1 Kleine (2003),第263頁.
参考文献 编辑
- Allison, E. Joseph, (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 1979, 3 (2): 63–104 [2018-02-15], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-05-11)
- Baird, Louise, Kéo, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2002, 32 (1): 93–97, doi:10.1017/S0025100302000178
- Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos, Shanghai Chinese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2015, 45 (3): 321–327 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043, (原始内容于2017-08-18)
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja, Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169[永久失效連結]
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., (PDF) 5th, Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2003 [First published 1981] [2018-02-15], ISBN 9004103406, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-12-28)
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf, Das Aussprachewörterbuch 7th, Berlin: Dudenverlag, 2015 [First published 1962], ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4 (德语)
- Gordon, Matthew J.; Maddieson, Ian, The phonetics of Paici, Maddieson, Ian (编), UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages IV 93, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group: 111–124, 1996 [2018-02-15], (原始内容于2018-02-16)
- Gordon, Matthew, The West and Midwest: phonology, Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (编), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Volume 1: Phonology, Walter de Gruyter: 340, 2004b, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery, Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble, Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP), 2009, 3: 675–685 [2018-02-15], (原始内容于2012-03-04)
- Kanu, Sullay M.; Tucker, Benjamin V., Temne, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2010, 40 (2): 247–253, doi:10.1017/S002510031000006X
- Kerr, Harland, (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 1988, 7 (1): 1–123 [2018-02-15], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-05-11)
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze, Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect) (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (2): 231–241 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145, (原始内容 (PDF)于2015-01-28)
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