雅法
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雅法(希伯來語:יָפוֹ, ⓘ;阿拉伯语:يَافَا ⓘ)是位於以色列的城市,也是世界上最古老的港口城市之一。在1949年與位於其北側的特拉維夫合併成為特拉维夫-雅法市。
歷史 编辑
古代史 编辑
雅法古城的歷史非常悠久,有人類居住的文物記錄可以追溯到大約公元前7500年[1]。從青铜时代開始,雅法因其天然的港灣地形而被人類所用。在公元前1440年的古埃及書信中就有提到雅法被图特摩斯三世所征服。古埃及統治雅法一直到大約公元前800年。在阿马尔奈文书中也有提及雅法的埃及名字。
在希伯來聖經中所提到的約帕即現今之雅法,位於耶路撒冷西北約30英里(50公里),也是從海路到耶路撒冷的朝聖者的第一站,約帕這個名字是腓尼基語,解作"美麗",約在主前760年,先知約拿在約帕雇船逃到他施去,為要躲避耶和華的命令(拿1:3),約帕(雅法)在希伯來聖經中被提到的有(書19:46,代下2:16,拉3:7,拿1:3,徒9:36,徒9:38,徒9:42~43,徒10:5,徒10:8,徒10:23,徒10:32,徒11:5,徒11:13)[2]。
在經歷了迦南人和非利士人的統治後,雅法被大衛和他的兒子所羅門所征服。這裡也成為了一個中轉港,方便他們從泰尔運送雪松木過來建造第一聖殿。在公元前701年的希西家王統治時期,亞述帝國國王辛那赫里布侵犯了雅法地區。
中世紀 编辑
鄂圖曼帝國 编辑
近現代 编辑
在1917-1920年間,有數千猶太人居住在雅法。在1920-1921年遭受阿拉伯人攻擊後,許多猶太人逃到特拉維夫,並在那裡安頓下來。在1922年底,雅法大約有32000人,特拉維夫有15000人。到了1927年,特拉維夫的人口增加到了38000人。
根據1945年人口统计显示,雅法人口为94,310人,其中穆斯林50,880人,犹太人28,000人,基督徒(大部分是希腊东正教徒)15,400人。[3]根據聯合國大會第181號決議,雅法成為規劃中的阿拉伯人国家的飞地。不過该飞地不包括雅法北部犹太人居住的地区。[4]
1948年4月25日,伊尔贡对雅法发动攻势。[5]後來英国军队介入,迫使伊尔贡進攻暫停。同时哈加纳占领了雅法以东的村庄。[6]許多阿拉伯人逃離雅法。1948年5月14日,由於英國警察和军队從雅法撤離,雅法向哈加纳投降。此時只有4000名穆斯林仍然留在雅法。[7]
1949年10月4日,以色列政府决定將雅法併入特拉维夫[8]。1950年8月19日,特拉维夫更名為特拉维夫-雅法。[9]
犹太人接管雅法后,雅法所有的街道名称都被更改。[10]
注釋 编辑
- ^ Excavations at Ancient Jaffa (Joppa). Tel Aviv University. [2011-05-12]. (原始内容于2012-11-19).
- ^ Judges 5:17. [2011-05-12]. (原始内容于2021-05-07).
- ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 27
- ^ A/RES/181(II)(A+B), Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine (UN Partition Plan details), United Nations General Assembly, 29 November 1947, archived from the original on 16 April 2013, The area of the Arab enclave of Jaffa consists of that part of the town-planning area of Jaffa which lies to the west of the Jewish quarters lying south of Tel-Aviv, to the west of the continuation of Herzl street up to its junction with the Jaffa-Jerusalem road, to the south-west of the section of the Jaffa-Jerusalem road lying south-east of that junction, to the west of Miqve Israel lands, to the north-west of Holon local council area, to the north of the line linking up the north-west corner of Holon with the north-east corner of Bat Yam local council area and to the north of Bat Yam local council area. The question of Karton quarter will be decided by the Boundary Commission, bearing in mind among other considerations the desirability of including the smallest possible number of its Arab inhabitants and the largest possible number of its Jewish inhabitants in the Jewish State.
- ^ Morris, page 95.
- ^ Morris, page 100.
- ^ Morris, page 101: 'On 18 May Ben-Gurion visited the conquered city for the first time and commented:"I couldn't understand: Why did the inhabitants of Jaffa leave?"'
- ^ סיפוח יפו לת"־חוק א . הספרייה הלאומית. 1950-06-14 [2023-10-23] (希伯来语).
- ^ Arnon Golan (1995), The demarcation of Tel Aviv–Yafo's municipal boundaries, Planning Perspectives, vol. 10, pp. 383–398.
- ^ ידיעות עירית תל אביב. הספרייה הלאומית. 1951-10-14 [2023-10-23] (希伯来语).
參考書目 编辑
- Barron, J. B. (编). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine. 1923.
- Chelouche, Y.E. Arashat Hayai: 1870–1930 (英語:Reminiscences of My Life: 1870–1930). Tel Aviv: Babel. 2005. ISBN 965-512-096-1. OCLC 62317894 (希伯来语).
- Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine. 1945.
- Hadawi, S. Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center. 1970.
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal. Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. 1977. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Lebor, Adam. City of Oranges. Arabs and Jews in Jaffa. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7475-8602-9.
- Levine, Mark. Overthrowing Geography, Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and the Struggle for Palestine, 1880–1948. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2005. ISBN 0-520-23994-6.
- Le Strange, G. Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. 1890. OCLC 1004386.
- Mills, E. (编). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. 1932.
- Morris, B. The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987. ISBN 0-521-33028-9.
- Petersen, Andrew. A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology) I. Oxford University Press. 2001: 161–175. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0.
- Šārôn Rôṭbard, Šārôn. ʻÎr levānā, ʻîr šeḥôrā (英語:White City, Black City). Tel Aviv: Babel. 2005. ISBN 978-965-512-096-7. OCLC 260080254 (希伯来语).
- Segev, T. 1949, the First Israelis. New York: Henry Holt. 1998. ISBN 0-8050-5896-6.
- Thomson, W.M. The Land and the Book: Or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land 2 1. New York: Harper & brothers. 1859.
- Weill-Rochant, Catherine. L'atlas de Tel Aviv : 1908–2008. Paris: CNRS Éditions. 2008. ISBN 978-2-271-06658-9 (法语).
- Yahav, Dan. Yafo, kalat ha-yam : me-ʻir roshah li-shekhunot ʻoni, degem le-i-shiṿyon merḥavi. Tel Aviv: Tamouz. 2004. OCLC 59707598 (希伯来语).
- Yavin, Shmuel. Bauhaus in Jaffa: Modern Architecture in an Ancient City. Tel Aviv: Bauhaus Center Tel Aviv. 2006. ISBN 965-90606-2-9.