旋螺属

提示：此条目的主题不是旋蝸牛屬。

旋螺属（学名：Gyraulus），又名圆口扁蜷属^[2]，为腹足綱泛有肺類扁卷螺科^[3]，體型細小，大多數為會呼吸空氣的淡水螺^[4]:126。部分物種乃中国特有物种。

旋螺属 化石时期：早白堊世至現在 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Gyraulus crista的两个壳
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	軟體動物門 Mollusca
纲：	腹足纲 Gastropoda
科：	扁蜷科 Planorbidae
亚科：	扁蜷亞科 Planorbinae
族：	扁蜷族 Planorbini
属：	旋螺属 Gyraulus Charpentier, 1837^[1]^:21
模式種
Planorbis albus O. F. Müller, 1774
異名
Anisus (Gyraulus) Agassiz in Charpentier, 1837 (Gyraulus has genus rank) Armiger Hartmann, 1843 (Armiger is ranked as subgenus of Gyraulus) Caillaudia Bourguignat, 1883 Glyptanisus Iredale, 1943 Gyraulus (Armiger) Hartmann, 1843 Gyraulus (Caillaudia) Bourguignat, 1883 Gyraulus (Carinogyraulus) Polinski, 1929 Gyraulus (Choanomphalodes) Lindholm, 1927 Gyraulus (Gyraulus) Charpentier, 1837 Gyraulus (Lamorbis) Starobogatov, 1967 Gyraulus (Torquis) Dall, 1905 Planorbis (Armiger) Hartmann, 1843 (Armiger is ranked as subgenus of Gyraulus) Planorbis (Gyraulus) Agassiz in Charpentier, 1837 (Gyraulus is treated as separate genus)

本屬物種最早出現的時間，根據化石紀錄，可以上推至早白堊世，一直延續至今。在今日華北地區的热河群義縣組的湖底沉積物（具體位置在今日的北京城郊鄰近河北省的下庄乡）發現本屬物種的化石，年代可上遡至1.25億年前^[5]。

微細的物種Gyraulus crista在技術上雖然仍是一隻有肺類的腹足綱物種，這些動物其實並不會在空氣中呼吸，而是依靠充滿了水的外套膜。

分佈

本屬物種廣泛分佈於全北區。

習性

旋螺屬在淡水的水生植物上生活。

型態描述

螺殼半透明，質薄，體型小，而且大多數都是平旋殼^[2]。

物種

截至2018年8月20日 (2018-08-20)^[update]，WoRMS記載本屬已紀錄的名稱達420個，當中已接受的現生種及化石種名稱也有241個^[6]。過往旋螺属的物種可以再分為以下三個亞屬：

• subgenus Torquis Dall, 1905
• subgenus Lamorbis Starobogatov, 1967
• subgenus Armiger Hartmann, 1843

但這種分類現時只被作「另類表達方式」來處理。

以下詳列本屬之亞屬及其物種：

亚属 Armiger W. Hartmann, 1843^[7]

• Gyraulus crista (Linnaeus, 1758)^[8] - Nautilus ramshorn
• † Gyraulus cristaeformis (Gozhik & Prysjazhnjuk, 1978)
• † Gyraulus decorus (Roshka, 1973)
• † Gyraulus geniculatus (Sandberger, 1875)
• † Gyraulus gracilis (Gozhik & Prysjazhnjuk, 1978)
• † Gyraulus lenapalus (Bourguignat, 1881)
• † Gyraulus lluecai (Royo Gómez, 1922)
• † Gyraulus nautiliformis (Gozhik & Prysjazhnjuk, 1978)
• † Gyraulus subptychophorus (Halaváts, 1903)

亚属 Carinogyraulus Polinski, 1929:^[9] represented as Gyraulus

亚属 Gyraulus Charpentier, 1837

• † Gyraulus aegaeus Willmann, 1981
• † Gyraulus bachmayeri Schlickum & Strauch, 1979
• † Gyraulus bigueti (Fontannes, 1881)
• † Gyraulus brlici Brusina, 1897
• † Gyraulus brusinai (Lörenthey, 1894)
• 中華旋螺 Gyraulus chinensis (Dunker, 1848)^[10]
• † Gyraulus connivens (Eichwald, 1830)
• † Gyraulus constans (Brusina, 1884)
• † Gyraulus dalmaticus (Brusina, 1884)
• † Gyraulus deflexus (Sandberger, 1859)
• † Gyraulus dimitrovici (Brusina, 1902)
• † Gyraulus doseni (Brusina, 1902)
• † Gyraulus formosus (Brusina, 1902)
• † Gyraulus fragilis (Pavlović, 1903)
• † Gyraulus goussardianus (Noulet, 1854)
• † Gyraulus hians (Rolle, 1860)
• † Gyraulus hoernesi (Rolle, 1860)
• † Gyraulus inornatus (Brusina, 1902)
• Gyraulus ioanis Gloer & Pesic, 2007^[10]
• Gyraulus janinensis (Mousson, 1859)^[10]
• † Gyraulus jukici (Brusina, 1902)
• † Gyraulus jurkovici (Brusina, 1902)
• † Gyraulus katurici (Brusina, 1897)
• † Gyraulus kosovensis (Pavlović, 1903)
• † Gyraulus lazici (Brusina, 1892)
• † Gyraulus lendli (Brusina, 1902)
• † Gyraulus lineolatus (Brusina, 1878)
• † Gyraulus lorentheyi (Brusina, 1902)
• Gyraulus meierbrooki Gloer & Pesic, 2007^[10]
• † Gyraulus multicingulatus (Wenz, 1919)
• † Gyraulus nematophorus (Brusina, 1902)
• † Gyraulus novaki (Brusina, 1897)
• † Gyraulus nusici (Pavlović, 1903)
• † Gyraulus oncostomus (Brusina, 1902)
• † Gyraulus orahovacensis (Pavlović, 1903)
• † Gyraulus pachychilus (Brusina, 1902)
• † Gyraulus parvulus (Lörenthey, 1906)
• † Gyraulus pavlovici (Brusina, 1893)
• † Gyraulus phacecercus (Brusina, 1902)
• Gyraulus piscinarum (Bourguignat, 1852)^[10]
• † Gyraulus ponticus (Lörenthey, 1893)
• † Gyraulus porcellaneus (Lörenthey, 1902)
• † Gyraulus praeponticus (Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1890)
• † Gyraulus ptychostomus (Brusina, 1902)
• † Gyraulus rotella (Rousseau, 1842)
• Gyraulus shasi Gloer & Pesic, 2007^[10]
• † Gyraulus sibinjensis (Brusina, 1897)
• † Gyraulus slavonicus (Brusina, 1897)
• † Gyraulus spratti (Forbes, 1845)
• † Gyraulus stoppanii (Sacco, 1886)
• Gyraulus stroemi (Westerlund, 1881)^[10]
• † Gyraulus subverticillus (Oppenheim, 1919)
• † Gyraulus sulfureus (Royo Gómez, 1922)
• † Gyraulus tenuistriatus (Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1899)
• † Gyraulus tetracarinatus (Pavlović, 1903)
• † Gyraulus virgatus (Ludwig, 1865)
• † Gyraulus zoebeleini Schlickum & Strauch, 1974

亚属 Lamorbis Starobogatov, 1967:^[11] represented as Gyraulis

亚属 Nautilinus Mousson, 1872^[12]

• Gyraulus clymene (Shuttleworth, 1852)^[13]

亚属 Torquis Dall, 1905^[14]

• Gyraulus laevis (Alder, 1838)^[15]

亚属 ?

• Gyraulus acronicus (Férussac, 1807)
• † Gyraulus albertanus (Clessin, 1877)
• Gyraulus albidus Radoman, 1953^[10]
• Gyraulus albus (O. F. Müller, 1774)^[10] - White ramshorn
• † Gyraulus alienus (Rolle, 1862)
• † Gyraulus andrussovi (Ali-Zade & Kabakova in Ali-Zade, 1969)
• † Gyraulus applanatus (Thomä, 1845)
• Gyraulus argaeicus (Sturany, 1904)
• † Gyraulus arminiensis Jekelius, 1932
• † Gyraulus atkinsoni (Johnston, 1879)
• † Gyraulus bakonicus (Halaváts, 1903)
• Gyraulus bekaensis Glöer & Bössneck, 2007^[16]
• Gyraulus biwaensis (Preston, 1916)
• † Gyraulus bondartchuki (Prysjazhnjuk, 1974)
• † Gyraulus chaenostomus (Brusina, 1902)
• Gyraulus chinensis (Dunker, 1848)
• † Gyraulus circumstriatus (Tryon, 1866)
• 凸旋螺 Gyraulus convexiusculus ^[17]
• Gyraulus corinna (Gray, 1850)
• † Gyraulus costatus (Klein, 1846)
• Gyraulus costulatus (Krauss, 1848)^[18]
• Gyraulus crenophilus Hubendick & Radoman, 1959^[19]
• † Gyraulus crescens (Hilgendorf, 1867)
• † Gyraulus cryptornatus (Sauerzopf, 1953)
• † Gyraulus dealbatus (Braun in Walchner, 1851)
• Gyraulus deflectus [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• † Gyraulus denudatus (Hilgendorf, 1867)
• † Gyraulus distortus (Hyatt, 1880)
• † Gyraulus doricus (Bukowski, 1896)
• Gyraulus edgbastonensis D. S. Brown, 2001
• † Gyraulus edlaueri (Sauerzopf, 1953)
• Gyraulus egirdirensis Glöer & Girod, 2013
• † Gyraulus ehrenbergi (Beck, 1837)
• Gyraulus elenae Vinarski, Glöer & Palatov, 2013 ^[20]
• Gyraulus essingtonensis (E. A. Smith, 1882)
• Gyraulus eugyne Meier-Brook, 1983
• Gyraulus euphraticus (Mousson, 1874)
• Gyraulus fontinalis Hubendick & Radoman, 1959^[19]
• † Gyraulus fuchsi (Lörenthey, 1902)
• † Gyraulus geminus (Brusina, 1897)
• Gyraulus gilberti (Dunker, 1848)
• † Gyraulus globosus (Sauerzopf, 1953)
• † Gyraulus goetzendorfensis (Sauerzopf, 1953)
• Gyraulus hebraicus (Bourguignat, 1852)
• † Gyraulus helicophantoides (Pavlović, 1927)
• † Gyraulus homalosomus (Brusina, 1902)
• Gyraulus homsensis (Dautzenberg, 1894)
• Gyraulus hornensis F. C. Baker, 1934
• Gyraulus huwaizahensis Glôer & Naser, 2005
• Gyraulus ioanis Glöer & Pešić, 2007
• Gyraulus janinensis (Mousson, 1859)
• Gyraulus kahuica (Finlay & Laws, 1931)
• † Gyraulus kleini (Gottschick & Wenz, 1916)
• Gyraulus kosiensis Glöer & Bössneck, 2013
• † Gyraulus krohi Neubauer & Harzhauser in Harzhauser et al., 2014
• Gyraulus laevis (Alder, 1838)
• † Gyraulus ludovici (Noulet, 1854)
• Gyraulus luguhuensis Shu, Köhler, Fu & Wang, 2013
• Gyraulus lychnidicus Hesse, 1928^[19]
• † Gyraulus marinkovici (Brusina, 1892)
• † Gyraulus matraensis Gál et al., 1999 †
• Gyraulus mauritianus (Morelet, 1876)^[21]
• Gyraulus meierbrooki Glöer & Pešić, 2007
• † Gyraulus micromphalus (Fuchs, 1870)
• † Gyraulus minutus (Hilgendorf, 1867)
• † Gyraulus nedici (Brusina, 1902)
• Gyraulus nedyalkovi Glöer & Georgiev, 2012
• † Gyraulus oecsensis Wenz, 1919
• † Gyraulus okrugljakensis Neubauer, Harzhauser, Kroh, Georgopoulou & Mandic, 2014 †
• † Gyraulus oxystoma (Klein, 1846)
• Gyraulus pamphylicus Glöer & Rähle, 2009
• Gyraulus parvus (Say, 1817)^[15]
• Gyraulus piscinarum (Bourguignat, 1852)
• † Gyraulus platystomus Nützel & Bandel, 1993 (?)
• † Gyraulus popovici (Pavlović, 1927)
• † Gyraulus primiformis (Sauerzopf, 1953)
• † Gyraulus protectus Jekelius, 1944
• † Gyraulus protocrescens Nützel & Bandel, 1993
• † Gyraulus pseudhomalosomus (Sauerzopf, 1953)
• † Gyraulus pseudotenuis (Hilgendorf, 1867)
• † Gyraulus ptycophorus (Brusina, 1892)
• † Gyraulus pulici (Brusina, 1897)
• † Gyraulus quadrangulus (Neumayr in Herbich & Neumayr, 1875)
• † Gyraulus rasseri Neubauer, Harzhauser, Kroh, Georgopoulou & Mandic, 2014†
• † Gyraulus revertens (Hilgendorf, 1867)
• † Gyraulus rhytidophorus (Brusina, 1902)
• Gyraulus riparius^[22]
• Gyraulus rossmaessleri (Auerswald, 1852)^[22]
• Gyraulus stankovici Hadzisce, 1955^[19]
• Gyraulus rotula (Benson, 1850)
• † Gyraulus rotundistomus (Sauerzopf, 1953)
• † Gyraulus rotundostomus Nützel & Bandel, 1993
• † Gyraulus rumanus Wenz in Krejci-Graf & Wenz, 1932
• † Gyraulus sabljari (Brusina, 1892)
• † Gyraulus sachsenhoferi Harzhauser & Neubauer in Harzhauser et al., 2012
• † Gyraulus seibersdorfensis (Sauerzopf, 1953)
• Gyraulus shasi Glöer & Pešić, 2007
• Gyraulus sivalensis (Clessin, 1884)
• † Gyraulus soceni Jekelius, 1944
• † Gyraulus solenoeides (Lörenthey, 1902)
• 圆口扁蜷 Gyraulus spirillus (Gould, 1859)
• Gyraulus stankovici Hadžišče, 1953
• † Gyraulus steinheimensis (Hilgendorf, 1867)
• † Gyraulus subhemistoma (d'Orbigny, 1852)
• † Gyraulus sulcatus (Hilgendorf, 1867)
• † Gyraulus supremus (Hilgendorf, 1867)
• † Gyraulus symmetricus (Sauerzopf, 1953)
• Gyraulus taseviensis Glöer & Girod, 2013
• Gyraulus terraesacrae Rensch, 1934
• Gyraulus tokyoensis (Mori, 1938)
• Gyraulus transsylvanicus (Neumayr in Herbich & Neumayr, 1875) †
• Gyraulus trapezoides Polinski, 1929^[19]
• † Gyraulus triquetrus (Hilgendorf, 1867)
• † Gyraulus trochiformis (Stahl, 1824)
• † Gyraulus trolli (Sauerzopf, 1953)
• † Gyraulus turislavicus Jekelius, 1944
• Gyraulus vermicularis (Gould, 1847)
• † Gyraulus vermicularis (Stoliczka, 1862)
• † Gyraulus verticillus (Brusina, 1892)
• † Gyraulus vrapceanus Neubauer, Harzhauser, Kroh, Georgopoulou & Mandic, 2014
• Gyraulus waterhousei (Clessin, 1885)
• † Gyraulus zemendorfensis (Sauerzopf, 1953)

Species inquerenda

• Gyraulus acutus Clessin, 1907
• Gyraulus percarinatus Paraense, 2000 name unavailable under ICZN Art. 16.4)

Species brought into synonymy

• Gyraulus deformis Hartmann, 1844: synonym of Gyraulus acronicus (Férussac, 1807)
• † Gyraulus trochiformis applanatus (Thomä, 1845): synonym of † Gyraulus applanatus (Thomä, 1845)
• † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis applanatus var. ludovici (Noulet, 1854): synonym of † Gyraulus ludovici (Noulet, 1854)
• † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis kleini var. aequeumbilicatus (Hilgendorf, 1867): synonym of † Gyraulus kleini (Gottschick & Wenz, 1916)
• † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis kleini var. subinvolutus Gottschick, 1920: synonym of † Gyraulus kleini (Gottschick & Wenz, 1916)
• † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis kleini var. subkleini Gottschick, 1920: synonym of † Gyraulus kleini (Gottschick & Wenz, 1916)
• † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis steinheimensis var. parvus (Hilgendorf, 1867): synonym of † Gyraulus steinheimensis (Hilgendorf, 1867)
• † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis subhemistoma var. teres (Hilgendorf, 1867): synonym of † Gyraulus minutus (Hilgendorf, 1867)
• † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis subhemistoma var. triquetrus (Hilgendorf, 1867): synonym of † Gyraulus triquetrus (Hilgendorf, 1867)
• † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis trochiformis var. elegans (Hilgendorf, 1867): synonym of † Gyraulus trochiformis (Stahl, 1824)
• † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis trochiformis var. turbiniformis (von Zieten, 1832): synonym of † Gyraulus trochiformis (Stahl, 1824)

参考文献

1. de Charpentier, J. Catalogue des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la Suisse. Formant la seconde partie de la faune Helvétique. Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften - Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles (Neuchatel). 1837, 1 (2): 1-28, Tab. I-II [= 1-2] （法语）. 
2. 国际贝库：圆口扁蜷. 台湾贝类资料库. [2018-08-20]. （原始内容于2016-03-04） （中文（繁體））. 
3. Albrecht, C.; Kuhn, K.; Streit, B. A molecular phylogeny of Planorboidea (Gastropoda, Pulmonata): insights from enhanced taxon sampling. Zoologica Scripta. 2007, 36: 27–39. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00258.x （英语）. 
4. Martin Ivanov; Růžena Gregorová; Stanislava Hrdličková. Encyklopedie zkamenělin [化石百科全書] 1st. Dobřejovice (捷克): Rebo Productions. 2001: 312 pp. [2018-08-20]. ISBN 8072340956. （原始内容于2018-08-20） （捷克语）. 
5. Pan, H.; Zhu, X. Early Cretaceous non-marine gastropods from the Xiazhuang Formation in North China.. Cretaceous Research. 2007, 28 (2): 215–224. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2006.12.001 （英语）. 
6. WoRMS. Gyraulus Charpentier, 1837. 世界海洋物种目录（庫存版本）. [2018-08-20]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-20）. 
7. Hartmann W. (1840). Erd- u. Süssw. Gast. (1), "Syst. Ueber."; 1842, (5, 6), 172.
8. "Armiger" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 1 May 2011.
9. Polinski (1929). Glasnik srps. Kralj. Akad. Belgrade 65, 134, 161, 163.
10. "Gyraulus" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 1 May 2011.
11. Starobogatov (1967). Trudy zool. Inst. Leningr. 42: 296.
12. Mousson A. (1873) [September 1872]. N. Denkschr. schweiz. Ges. 25: 15.
13. "Nautilinus" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 1 May 2011.
14. Dall (1905). Harriman Alaska Exp. 13: 83, 86.
15. "Torquis" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 1 May 2011.
16. （德文） Glöer P. & Bössneck U. (2007). "Zur Identität von Gyraulus piscinarum (Bourguignat, 1852) mit der Beschreibung von G. bekaensis n. sp. (Gastropoda: Planorbidae)". Mollusca 25(2): 139-146. PDF （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
17. ncbi: Gyraulus convexiusculus. [2016-10-01]. （原始内容于2009-07-03）. 
18. Appleton C., Ghamizi M., Jørgensen A., Kristensen T. K., Lange C., Stensgaard A-S. & Van Damme D. (2009). Gyraulus costulatus. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <http://www.iucnredlist.org （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>. Downloaded on 21 March 2011
19. "Carinogyraulus" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 1 May 2011.
20. Vinarski M.V., Glöer P. & Palatov D.M. (2013) Gyraulus elenae sp. n. — a new planorbid snail from eastern Turkey (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Planorbidae). Zootaxa 3664(1): 095–098
21. Brown D. S. (1996). Gyraulus mauritianus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
22. "Lamorbis" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 1 May 2011.

外部連結

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：旋螺属

• Gyraulus. NCBI （英语）. 

• BioLib taxonomy info （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Gyraulus images （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at Consortium for the Barcode of Life