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维基百科

吗啡全合成

吗啡全合成是指化学中吗啡样生物碱的合成,描述了天然吗啡喃英语Morphinan生物碱全合成,其包括可待因吗啡奥利平英语Oripavine,和蒂巴因及其密切相关的半合成类似物丁丙诺啡氢可酮异可待因英语Isocodeine纳曲酮英语Naltrexone纳洛酮纳布啡羟考酮[1][2]

吗啡

吗啡的结构并不是特别复杂,然而,相邻结合原子的静电极化在整个结构中不均匀交替。这种“不一致的连接性”使得键的形成更加困难,并且因此使应用于该分子家族的任何合成策略明显的复杂化[2]

首次全合成由美國化學家马歇尔·D·盖茨英语Marshall D. Gates, Jr.于1952年完成,并被视为这个领域中的经典之作[3]。该合成总共用了31个步骤,并且总产率有0.06%。Kenner C. Rice的氢可酮合成是最有效的,用了14个步骤并且有30%的总产率[4]

此后,许多化学家提出了新的合成路线,其中值得注意的有以下研究者率领的团队所提出的路线:赖斯、[5]埃文斯、[6]富克斯、[7]帕克、[8]奥尔曼、[9]木泽尔·特劳纳、[10]怀特、[11]泰伯、[12]特罗斯特[13]福山[14]吉尤[15]斯托克[16]

盖茨的合成路线

盖茨的吗啡全合成路线是在全合成中运用Diels-Alder反应的首个例子。

 

Rice的合成路线

Rice合成遵循仿生途径,并且是迄今为止已经被报道中最有效的。一个关键的步骤是Grewe环化,类似于发生在吗啡生物合成中的网状结构的环化 [4]

 

参考文献

  1. ^ Chida N. Recent advances in the synthesis of morphine and related alkaloids. Top Curr Chem. 2011, 299: 1–28. PMID 21630507. doi:10.1007/128_2010_73. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Rinner U, Hudlicky T. Synthesis of morphine alkaloids and derivatives. Top Curr Chem. 2012, 309: 33–66. PMID 21547687. doi:10.1007/128_2011_133. Morphine's synthesis remains a serious challenge to this day. 
  3. ^ Gates, Marshall; Tschudi, Gilg. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1956, 78 (7): 1380. doi:10.1021/ja01588a033.  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Rice KC. Synthetic opium alkaloids and derivatives. A short total synthesis of (+/-)-dihydrothebainone, (+/-)-dihydrocodeinone, and (+/-)-nordihydrocodeinone as an approach to a practical synthesis of morphine, codeine, and congeners. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. July 1980, 45 (15): 3135–3137. doi:10.1021/jo01303a045. 
  5. ^ Rice, Kenner C. Synthetic opium alkaloids and derivatives. A short total synthesis of (.+-.)-dihydrothebainone, (.+-.)-dihydrocodeinone, and (.+-.)-nordihydrocodeinone as an approach to a practical synthesis of morphine, codeine, and congeners. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 1980, 45 (15): 3135. doi:10.1021/jo01303a045. 
  6. ^ Evans, D.A.; Mitch, C.H. Studies directed towards the total synthesis of morphine alkaloids. Tetrahedron Letters. 1982, 23 (3): 285. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)86810-0. 
  7. ^ Toth, J. E.; Hamann, P. R.; Fuchs, P. L. Studies culminating in the total synthesis of (dl)-morphine. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 1988, 53 (20): 4694. doi:10.1021/jo00255a008. 
  8. ^ Parker, Kathlyn A.; Fokas, Demosthenes. Convergent synthesis of (.+-.)-dihydroisocodeine in 11 steps by the tandem radical cyclization strategy. A formal total synthesis of (.+-.)-morphine. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1992, 114 (24): 9688. doi:10.1021/ja00050a075. 
  9. ^ Hong, Chang Y.; Kado, Noriyuki; Overman, Larry E. Asymmetric synthesis of either enantiomer of opium alkaloids and morphinans. Total synthesis of (-)- and (+)-dihydrocodeinone and (-)- and (+)-morphine. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1993, 115 (23): 11028. doi:10.1021/ja00076a086. 
  10. ^ Mulzer, Johann; Dürner, Gerd; Trauner, Dirk. Formal Total Synthesis of(—)-Morphine by Cuprate Conjugate Addition. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 1996, 35 (2324): 2830. doi:10.1002/anie.199628301. 
  11. ^ White, James D.; Hrnciar, Peter; Stappenbeck, Frank. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)-Codeine via Intramolecular Carbenoid Insertion. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 1999, 64 (21): 7871. doi:10.1021/jo990905z. 
  12. ^ Taber, Douglass F.; Neubert, Timothy D.; Rheingold, Arnold L. Synthesis of (−)-Morphine. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2002, 124 (42): 12416–7. PMID 12381175. doi:10.1021/ja027882h. 
  13. ^ Trost, Barry M.; Tang, Weiping. Enantioselective Synthesis of (−)-Codeine and (−)-Morphine. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2002, 124 (49): 14542–3. PMID 12465957. doi:10.1021/ja0283394. 
  14. ^ Uchida, Kenji; Yokoshima, Satoshi; Kan, Toshiyuki; Fukuyama, Tohru. Total Synthesis of (±)-Morphine. Organic Letters. 2006, 8 (23): 5311–3. PMID 17078705. doi:10.1021/ol062112m. 
  15. ^ Varin, Marie; Barré, Elvina; Iorga, Bogdan; Guillou, Catherine. Diastereoselective Total Synthesis of (±)-Codeine. Chemistry - A European Journal. 2008, 14 (22): 6606. doi:10.1002/chem.200800744. 
  16. ^ Stork, Gilbert; Yamashita, Ayako; Adams, Julian; Schulte, Gary R.; Chesworth, Richard; Miyazaki, Yoji; Farmer, Jay J. Regiospecific and Stereoselective Syntheses of (±) Morphine, Codeine, and Thebaine via a Highly Stereocontrolled Intramolecular 4 + 2 Cycloaddition Leading to a Phenanthrofuran System. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2009, 131 (32): 11402–6. PMID 19624126. doi:10.1021/ja9038505. 

外部链接

  • Morphine Total Syntheses @ SynArchive.com(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

吗啡全合成, 是指化学中吗啡样生物碱的合成, 描述了天然吗啡喃, 英语, morphinan, 类生物碱的全合成, 其包括可待因, 吗啡, 奥利平, 英语, oripavine, 和蒂巴因及其密切相关的半合成类似物丁丙诺啡, 氢可酮, 异可待因, 英语, isocodeine, 纳曲酮, 英语, naltrexone, 纳洛酮, 纳布啡和羟考酮, 吗啡, 吗啡的结构并不是特别复杂, 然而, 相邻结合原子的静电极化在整个结构中不均匀交替, 这种, 不一致的连接性, 使得键的形成更加困难, 并且因此使应用于该分子家族的. 吗啡全合成是指化学中吗啡样生物碱的合成 描述了天然吗啡喃 英语 Morphinan 类生物碱的全合成 其包括可待因 吗啡 奥利平 英语 Oripavine 和蒂巴因及其密切相关的半合成类似物丁丙诺啡 氢可酮 异可待因 英语 Isocodeine 纳曲酮 英语 Naltrexone 纳洛酮 纳布啡和羟考酮 1 2 吗啡 吗啡的结构并不是特别复杂 然而 相邻结合原子的静电极化在整个结构中不均匀交替 这种 不一致的连接性 使得键的形成更加困难 并且因此使应用于该分子家族的任何合成策略明显的复杂化 2 首次全合成由美國化學家马歇尔 D 盖茨 英语 Marshall D Gates Jr 于1952年完成 并被视为这个领域中的经典之作 3 该合成总共用了31个步骤 并且总产率有0 06 Kenner C Rice的氢可酮合成是最有效的 用了14个步骤并且有30 的总产率 4 此后 许多化学家提出了新的合成路线 其中值得注意的有以下研究者率领的团队所提出的路线 赖斯 5 埃文斯 6 富克斯 7 帕克 8 奥尔曼 9 木泽尔 特劳纳 10 怀特 11 泰伯 12 特罗斯特 13 福山 14 吉尤 15 和斯托克 16 目录 1 盖茨的合成路线 2 Rice的合成路线 3 参考文献 4 外部链接盖茨的合成路线 编辑盖茨的吗啡全合成路线是在全合成中运用Diels Alder反应的首个例子 Rice的合成路线 编辑Rice合成遵循仿生途径 并且是迄今为止已经被报道中最有效的 一个关键的步骤是Grewe环化 类似于发生在吗啡生物合成中的网状结构的环化 4 参考文献 编辑 Chida N Recent advances in the synthesis of morphine and related alkaloids Top Curr Chem 2011 299 1 28 PMID 21630507 doi 10 1007 128 2010 73 2 0 2 1 Rinner U Hudlicky T Synthesis of morphine alkaloids and derivatives Top Curr Chem 2012 309 33 66 PMID 21547687 doi 10 1007 128 2011 133 Morphine s synthesis remains a serious challenge to this day Gates Marshall Tschudi Gilg Journal of the American Chemical Society 1956 78 7 1380 doi 10 1021 ja01588a033 缺少或 title 为空 帮助 4 0 4 1 Rice KC Synthetic opium alkaloids and derivatives A short total synthesis of dihydrothebainone dihydrocodeinone and nordihydrocodeinone as an approach to a practical synthesis of morphine codeine and congeners The Journal of Organic Chemistry July 1980 45 15 3135 3137 doi 10 1021 jo01303a045 Rice Kenner C Synthetic opium alkaloids and derivatives A short total synthesis of dihydrothebainone dihydrocodeinone and nordihydrocodeinone as an approach to a practical synthesis of morphine codeine and congeners The Journal of Organic Chemistry 1980 45 15 3135 doi 10 1021 jo01303a045 Evans D A Mitch C H Studies directed towards the total synthesis of morphine alkaloids Tetrahedron Letters 1982 23 3 285 doi 10 1016 S0040 4039 00 86810 0 Toth J E Hamann P R Fuchs P L Studies culminating in the total synthesis of dl morphine The Journal of Organic Chemistry 1988 53 20 4694 doi 10 1021 jo00255a008 Parker Kathlyn A Fokas Demosthenes Convergent synthesis of dihydroisocodeine in 11 steps by the tandem radical cyclization strategy A formal total synthesis of morphine Journal of the American Chemical Society 1992 114 24 9688 doi 10 1021 ja00050a075 Hong Chang Y Kado Noriyuki Overman Larry E Asymmetric synthesis of either enantiomer of opium alkaloids and morphinans Total synthesis of and dihydrocodeinone and and morphine Journal of the American Chemical Society 1993 115 23 11028 doi 10 1021 ja00076a086 Mulzer Johann Durner Gerd Trauner Dirk Formal Total Synthesis of Morphine by Cuprate Conjugate Addition Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 1996 35 2324 2830 doi 10 1002 anie 199628301 White James D Hrnciar Peter Stappenbeck Frank Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Codeine via Intramolecular Carbenoid Insertion The Journal of Organic Chemistry 1999 64 21 7871 doi 10 1021 jo990905z Taber Douglass F Neubert Timothy D Rheingold Arnold L Synthesis of Morphine Journal of the American Chemical Society 2002 124 42 12416 7 PMID 12381175 doi 10 1021 ja027882h Trost Barry M Tang Weiping Enantioselective Synthesis of Codeine and Morphine Journal of the American Chemical Society 2002 124 49 14542 3 PMID 12465957 doi 10 1021 ja0283394 Uchida Kenji Yokoshima Satoshi Kan Toshiyuki Fukuyama Tohru Total Synthesis of Morphine Organic Letters 2006 8 23 5311 3 PMID 17078705 doi 10 1021 ol062112m Varin Marie Barre Elvina Iorga Bogdan Guillou Catherine Diastereoselective Total Synthesis of Codeine Chemistry A European Journal 2008 14 22 6606 doi 10 1002 chem 200800744 Stork Gilbert Yamashita Ayako Adams Julian Schulte Gary R Chesworth Richard Miyazaki Yoji Farmer Jay J Regiospecific and Stereoselective Syntheses of Morphine Codeine and Thebaine via a Highly Stereocontrolled Intramolecular 4 2 Cycloaddition Leading to a Phenanthrofuran System Journal of the American Chemical Society 2009 131 32 11402 6 PMID 19624126 doi 10 1021 ja9038505 外部链接 编辑Morphine Total Syntheses SynArchive com 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 吗啡全合成 amp oldid 74893428, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

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