原始印歐語數詞
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基數
基數重構如下:
| 數 | 重構(Sihler)[1] | 重構(Beekes)[2] |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *Hoi-no-/*Hoi-wo-/*Hoi-k(ʷ)o-; *sem- | *Hoi(H)nos |
| 2 | *d(u)wo- | *duoh₁ |
| 3 | *trei- (完全等級) / *tri- (零等級) | *treies |
| 4 | *kʷetwor- (o-等級) / *kʷetur- (零等級) (參見kʷetwóres規則) | *kʷetuōr |
| 5 | *penkʷe | *penkʷe |
| 6 | *s(w)eḱs; 最初可能是 *weḱs | *(s)uéks |
| 7 | *septm̥ | *séptm |
| 8 | *oḱtō, *oḱtou 或 *h₃eḱtō, *h₃eḱtou | *h₃eḱteh₃ |
| 9 | *(h₁)newn̥ | *(h₁)néun |
| 10 | *deḱm̥(t) | *déḱmt |
| 20 | *wīḱm̥t-; 最初可能是 *widḱomt- | *duidḱmti |
| 30 | *trīḱomt-; 最初可能是 *tridḱomt- | *trih₂dḱomth₂ |
| 40 | *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt-; 最初可能是 *kʷetwr̥dḱomt- | *kʷeturdḱomth₂ |
| 50 | *penkʷēḱomt-; 最初可能是 *penkʷedḱomt- | *penkʷedḱomth₂ |
| 60 | *s(w)eḱsḱomt-; 最初可能是 *weḱsdḱomt- | *ueksdḱomth₂ |
| 70 | *septm̥̄ḱomt-; 最初可能是 *septm̥dḱomt- | *septmdḱomth₂ |
| 80 | *oḱtō(u)ḱomt-; 最初可能是 *h₃eḱto(u)dḱomt- | *h₃eḱth₃dḱomth₂ |
| 90 | *(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt-; 最初可能是 *h₁newn̥dḱomt- | *h₁neundḱomth₂ |
| 100 | *ḱm̥tom; 最初可能是 *dḱm̥tom | *dḱmtóm |
| 1000 | *ǵʰeslo-; *tusdḱomti (最初是“巨大的數”) | *ǵʰes-l- |
其他重構典型的同 Beekes 和 Sihler 有輕微的差異(例如 Fortson[3])。
元素 *-dḱomt- (在數20到90中)和 *dḱm̥t- (在100中)是在假定這些數為 *deḱm̥(t)“10”的派生詞的假定上重構的。
Lehmann[4] 相信大于10的數都是在方言群組中獨立構造的而 *ḱm̥tóm 最初意味著“一個大數”而非特指100。
數的性
數3和4有帶有后綴 *-s(o)r- 的陰性形式，分別重構為 *t(r)i-sr- 和 *kʷetwr̥-sr-。[3]
數作為前綴
特殊形式的數被用作前綴，通常用來形成 bahuvrihi 復合(比如英語中的“five-fingered”):
| 數 | 前綴(Fortson)[5] |
|---|---|
| 1- (together, same) | *sm̥- |
| 2- | *dwi- |
| 3- | *tri- |
| 4- | *kʷ(e)tru- 或 *kʷetwr̥- |
序數
序數是難于構造的，由于它們在后代語言中是各種各樣的。下列重構是試探性的:[6]
- “第1”在用 *pr̥h₃-(有關於某種副詞含義“forth, forward, front”和小品詞 *prō“forth”，因此最初意味著“foremost”或類似含義)加上各種后綴如 *-wo-, *-mo- 來形成。
- “第2”在后代語言使用了范圍廣泛的各種表達，經常無關於數2的詞，所以不能重構出 PIE 形式。
- “第3”到“第6”被通過向基數加上后綴 *-t(ó)- 來形成: *tr̥-t(ó)- / *tri-t(ó)-“第三”等。
- “第7”到“第10”被通過向基數增加 thematic 元音 *-ó- 來形成: *oḱtow-ó-“第八”等。
結尾於音節主音鼻音的基數(7，9，10)在 thematic 元音前插入第二個鼻音，導致了后綴 *-mó- 和 *-nó-。這些后綴和后綴 *-t(ó)- 擴散到了臨近的序數，例如吠陀梵語 aṣṭamá-“第八”和立陶宛語 deviñtas“第九”。
反映
基數的反映
| 數 | 重構(Sihler) | 反映 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *Hoi-no- | Alb. një/nji, Lith. vien-as, vienet-as, Latv. viens, Gaul. oinos, Gm. ein/eins, Eng. ān/one, Gk. oios, Av. aēuua, Ir. óin/aon, Kashmiri akh, Lat. ūnus, Kamviri ev, Osc. uinus, OCS edinŭ, ON einn, OPruss. aīns, Osset. iu/ieu, Pers. aiva/yek, Pol. jeden, Roman. unu, Russ. odin, Skr. eka, Umbr. uns, Goth. ains, Welsh un |
| *sem- | Arm. mi/mek/meg, Alb. gjithë, Lith. sa, sav-as, Eng. sum/some, Gm. saman/zusammen, Gk. heis, Hitt. san, Av. hakeret, Ir. samail/samhail, Lat. semel, Lyc. sñta, Kamviri sâ~, Pers. hama/hamin, Russ. sam, Skr. sakṛt, Toch. sas/ṣe, Welsh hafal, ON sami, Goth. sama | |
| 2 | *du(w)o- | Luv. tuwi-, Ved. dvā(u), Av. duua, Gk. dúō, Lat. duō, Goth. twai, Welsh dau, Arm. erkow, TochA. wu, Lith. dù, OCS dŭva,[3] Hitt. dā-, Lyc. tuwa, Pers. duva/do, Osset. dyuuæ/duuæ, Kashmiri zū', Kamviri dü, Osc. dus, Umbr. tuf, ON tveir, Eng. twā/two, Gm. zwêne/zwei, Gaul. vo, Ir. dá/dó, TochB. wi, OPruss. dwāi, Latv. divi, Pol. dwa, Russ. dva, Alb. dy/dy |
| 3 | *trei- | Hitt. teriyaš (gen. pl.), Ved. tráyas, Av. θrāiiō, Gk. treĩs, Lat. trēs, Goth. þreis, Welsh tri, Arm. erek῾, TochA. tre, Lith. trỹs, OCS trije,[3] Lyc. trei, Pers. çi/se, Osset. ærtæ/ærtæ, Kashmiri tre, Kamviri tre, Osc. trís, Umbr. trif, ON þrír, Eng. þrēo/three, Gm. drī/drei, Gaul. treis, Ir. treí/trí, TochB. trai, OPruss. tri, Latv. trīs, Pol. trzy, Russ. tri, Alb. tre/tre, Illyrian tri-, Phrygian thri- |
| 4 | *kʷetwor- | Ved. catvāras, Av. caθuuārō, Gk. téttares, Lat. quattuor, Goth. fidwor, Welsh pedwar, Arm. čork῾, TochA. śtwar, Lith. keturì, OCS četyre,[3] Lyc. teteri, Pers. /čahār, Osset. cyppar/cuppar, Kashmiri tsor, Kamviri što, Osc. petora, Umbr. petor, ON fjórir, Eng. fēower/four, Gm. feor/vier, Gaul. petor, Ir. cethir/ceathair, TochB. śtwer, OPruss. keturjāi, Latv. četri, Pol. cztery, Russ. četyre, Alb. katër/katër, Thracian ketri- |
| 5 | *pénkʷe | Ved. pañca, Av. panca, Gk. pénte, Lat. quīnque, Goth. fimf, Welsh pump, Arm. hing, TochA. päñ, Lith. penkì, OCS pętĭ,[3] Luwian panta, Pers. panča/panj, Osset. fondz/fondz, Kashmiri pā.~tsh Kamviri puč, Osc. pompe, Umbr. pumpe, ON fimm, Eng. fīf/five, Gm. fimf/fünf, Gaul. pempe, Ir. cóic/cúig, TochB. piś, OPruss. pēnkjāi, Latv. pieci, Pol. pięć, Russ. pjat', Alb. pesë/pesë, Phrygian pinke |
| 6 | *s(w)eḱs | Ved. ṣáṭ, Av. xšuuaš, Gk. héks, Lat. sex, Goth. saíhs, Welsh chwech, Arm. vec῾, TochA. ṣäk, Lith. šešì, OCS šestĭ,[3] Pers. /šeš, Osset. æxsæz/æxsæz, Kashmiri śe, Kamviri ṣu, Osc. sehs, Umbr. sehs, ON sex, Eng. siex/six, Gm. sēhs/sechs, Gaul. suex, Ir. sé/sé, TochB. ṣkas, OPruss. usjai, Latv. seši, Pol. sześć, Russ. šest', Alb. gjashtë, Illyrian ses- |
| 7 | *septm̥ | Ved. saptá, Av. hapta, Gk. heptá, Lat. septem, Goth. sibun, Welsh saith, Arm. ewt῾n, TochA. ṣpät, Lith. septynì, OCS sedmĭ,[3] Hitt. šipta-, Pers. /haft, Osset. avd/avd, Kashmiri sath, Kamviri sut, Osc. seften, ON sjau, Eng. seofon/seven, Gm. sibun/sieben, OPruss. septīnjai, Gaul. sextan, Ir. secht/seacht, TochB. ṣukt, Latv. septiņi, Pol. siedem, Russ. sem', Alb. shtatë/shtatë |
| 8 | *h₃eḱtō | Ved. aṣṭā(u), Av. ašta, Gk. oktō, Lat. octō, Goth. ahtau, Welsh wyth, Arm. owt῾, TochA. okät, Lith. aštuonì, OCS osmĭ,[3] Lyc. aitãta-, Pers. ašta/hašt, Osset. ast/ast, Kashmiri ā.ṭh, Kamviri uṣṭ, Osc. uhto, ON átta, Eng. eahta/eight, Gm. ahto/acht, Gaul. oxtū, Ir. ocht/ocht, TochB. okt, OPruss. astōnjai, Latv. astoņi, Pol. osiem, Russ. vosem', Alb. tëte/tetë |
| 9 | *(h₁)newn̥ | Ved. nava, Av. nauua, Gk. enné(w)a, Lat. novem, Goth. niun, Welsh naw, Arm. inn, TochA. ñu, Lith. devynì, OCS devętĭ,[3] Lyc. ñuñtãta-, Pers. nava/noh, Kashmiri nav, Kamviri nu, Osc. nuven, Umbr. nuvim, ON níu, Eng. nigon/nine, Gm. niun/neun, Gaul. navan, Ir. nói/naoi, OPruss. newīnjai, Latv. deviņi, Pol. dziewięć, Russ. devjat', Alb. nëntë/nândë |
| 10 | *deḱm̥(t) | Ved. dáśa, Av. dasa, Gk. déka, Lat. decem, Goth. taíhun, Welsh deg, Arm. tasn, TochA. śäk, Lith. dẽšimt, OCS desętĭ,[3] Pers. daθa/dah, Osset. dæs/dæs, Kashmiri da.h, Kamviri duc,Osc. deken, Umbr. desem, ON tíu, Eng. tīen/ten, Gm. zēhen/zehn, Gaul. decam, Ir. deich/deich, TochB. śak, OPruss. desīmtan, Latv. desmit, Pol. dziesięć, Russ. desjat', Alb. dhjetë/dhetë, Dacian dece- |
| 20 | *wīḱm̥t- | Ved. viṁśatí-, Av. vīsaiti, Doric wíkati, Lat. vīgintī, M. Welsh ugein(t), Arm. k῾san, TochA. wiki,[3] Pers. /bēst, Kashmiri vuh, Kamviri vici, Gaul. vocontio, Ir. fiche/fiche, TochB. ikäṃ, Lith. dvi-de-šimt, Alb. njëzet/njizet |
| 30 | *trīḱomt- | Skr. triṅśat, Gk. triákonta, Lat. trīgintā, Ir. /tríocha, Lith. tris-de-šimt |
| 40 | *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt- | Skr. catvāriṅśat, Gk. tessarákonta, Lat. quadrāgintā, Lith. keturias-de-šimt |
| 50 | *penkʷēḱomt- | Skr. pañcāśat, Gk. pentêkonta, Lat. quinquāgintā, Ir. /caoga, Lith. penkias-de-šimt |
| 60 | *s(w)eḱsḱomt- | Skr. ṣaṣṭih, Gk. exêkonta, Lat. sexāgintā, Ir. /seasca, Lith. šešias-de-šimt, Russ. šest'desjat |
| 70 | *septm̥̄ḱomt- | Skr. saptatih, Gk. heptákonta, Lat. septuāgintā, Ir. /seachtó, Lith. septynias-de-šimt, Russ. sem'desjat |
| 80 | *h₃eḱtō(u)ḱomt- | Skr. aśītih, Gk. ogdôkonta, Lat. octāgintā, Ir. /ochtó, Lith. aštuonias-de-šimt, Russ. vosem'desjat |
| 90 | *(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt- | Skr. navatih, Gk. ennenêkonta, Lat. nonāgintā, Ir. /nócha, Lith. devynias-de-šimt, Russ. devjanosto |
| 100 | *ḱm̥tom | Ved. śatám, Av. satəm, Gk. hekatón, Lat. centum, Goth. hund, Welsh cant, TochA. känt, Lith. šim̃tas, OCS sŭto,[3] Pers. /sad, Osset. sædæ, Kashmiri śath, ON hundrað, Eng. hundred/hundred, Gm. hunt/hundert, Gaul. cantam, Ir. cét/céad, TochB. kante, Latv. simts, Pol. sto, Russ. sto/sotnja |
| 1000 | *(sm̥-)ǵʰéslo- | Skr. sahasram, Av. hazarəm, Pers. /hāzar, Gk. khilioi, Lat. mīlle, Toch. wälts/yaltse |
| *tusdḱomti | ON þúsund, Goth. þusundi, Eng. þusend/thousand, Gm. þūsunt/tausend, Toch. tumane/tmām, Lith. tūkst-ant-is, stūks-ant-is, Latv. tūkstots, OCS tysǫšti, Pol. tysiąc, Russ. tysjača | |
在下列語言中，用斜杠分隔的兩個反映意味著:
陰性數的反映
| 數 | 重構 | 反映[3] |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | *t(r)i-sr- | Ved. tisrás, Av. tišrō, Gaul. tidres, Ir. teoir/? |
| 4 | *kʷetwr̥-sr- | Ved. cátasras, Av. cataŋrō, Ir. cetheoir/? |
數前綴的反映
| 數 | 重構 | 反映(通過例子)[5][7] |
|---|---|---|
| 1- (together, same) | *sm̥- | Ved. sa-kŕ̥t "once", Gk. há-ploos "one-fold, simple", Lat. sim-plex "one-fold" |
| 2- | *dwi- | Ved. dvi-pád- "two-footed", Gk. dí-pod- "two-footed", Archaic Lat. dui-dent "a sacrifical animal with two teeth" |
| 3- | *tri- | Ved. tri-pád- "three-footed", Gk. trí-pod- "three-footed (table)", Lat. tri-ped- "three-footed", Gaul. tri-garanus "having three cranes" |
| 4- | *kʷ(e)tru- | Ved. cátuṣ-pád- "four-footed", Av. caθru-gaoša- "four-eared", Gk. tetrá-pod- "four-footed", Lat. quadru-ped- "four-footed" |
序數的反映
| 數 | 重構 | 反映 |
|---|---|---|
| 第1 | *pr̥h₃-wó- | Ved. pūrviyá-, OCS prĭvŭ[6] |
| *pr̥h₃-mó- | Goth. fruma, Lith. pìrmas[6] | |
| 其他形式 | Lat. prīmus, Eng. fyrst/first,[6] Hitt. para, Lyc. pri, Av. pairi, vienet-as, paoiriia, Osset. fyccag, farast/farast, Kamviri pürük, Gk. prōtos, Osc. perum, Umbr. pert, Roman. primul, ON fyrstr, Gm. furist/Fürst "prince, ruler"; fruo/früh "early", Ir. er/air, Welsh ar, Toch. parwät/parwe, OPruss. pariy, Latv. pirmais, Pol. pierwszy, Russ. pervyj, Alb. i parë | |
| 第2 | *dwo-teró- | Skr. dvitīya, Gk. deúteros, Lith. ant(a)ras Russ. vtoroj |
| 第3 | *tri-tó- | Ved. tr̥tīya-, Gk. trítos, Lat. tertius[6] |
| 第4 | *kʷetwr̥-tó- | Gk. tétartos, Eng. feorþa/fourth, OCS četvirĭtŭ[6] |
| 第5 | *penkʷ-tó- | Av. puxδa-, Gk. pémptos[6] |
| 第6 | *sweḱs-tó- | Gk. héktos, Lat. sextus,[6] |
| 第7 | *septm̥-(m)ó- | Gk. hébdomos, Lat. septimus, OCS sedmŭ,[6] |
| 第8 | *h₃eḱtōw-ó- | Gk. ógdo(w)os, Lat. octāvus,[6] |
| 第9 | *(h₁)newn̥-(n)ó- | Lat. nonus,[6] |
| 第10 | *dekm̥-(m)ó- | Ved. daśamá-, Av. dasəma-, Lat. decimus,[6] |
注釋
- ^ Sihler (1995:402–24頁)
- ^ Beekes (1995:212–16頁)
- ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Fortson (2004:131頁)
- ^ Lehmann (1993:252–255頁)
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Fortson (2004:131–132頁)
- ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Fortson (2004:132頁)
- ^ Fortson (2004:120頁)
引用
- Beekes, Robert S. P., Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 1995, ISBN 90-272-2150-2
- Fortson, Benjamin W., Indo-European Language and Culture, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1-4051-0316-7
- Lehmann, Winfried P., Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics, London: Routledge, 1993, ISBN 0-415-08201-3
- Sihler, Andrew L., New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-19-508345-8