伸展構造

伸展構造（英語：Extensional tectonics）是指在地殼或岩石圈受張力而造成的構造。通常在大陸裂谷 ^[1]. 中洋脊，弧後盆地，分離板塊邊緣和被動邊緣等皆能形成伸展構造^[2]。最常見的是在鏟形斷層内的滾動背斜（英語：rollover anticline）和背脊塌垮地塹^[3]。在走滑斷層也有伸展構造，如伸展走滑體系（英語：releasing bends of strike-slip fault）。它是當走滑斷層沿走向錯開時，中間的間隙，會產生了一個延伸或擴張帶^[4]。在聚合板塊邊緣，通常伸展構造較少，但當大陸碰撞時，地殼增厚擡升，由於重力垮塌，向側延申也形成伸展構造^[5][6]。

地壘和地堑是標準伸展構造。紅色箭頭代表伸展方向.

參考文獻

1. Kearey, P.; Klepeis, K.A.; Vine, F.J. (2009). "Continental rifts and rifted margins". Global Tectonics. WileyBlackwell. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-4443-0322-3
2. Park, R. G. (1997). Foundations of Structural Geology (3rd ed.). Psychology Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-7487-5802-9
3. White, R. S.; Hardman, R. F. P.; Watts, A. B.; Whitmarsh, R. B.; Ebinger, C. J.; Jackson, J. A.; Foster, A. N.; Hayward, N. J. (15 April 1999). "Extensional basin geometry and the elastic lithosphere". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 357 (1753): 741–765. doi:10.1098/rsta.1999.0351. JSTOR 55068
4. Armijo, R.; Meyer, B.; Navarro, S.; King, G.; Barka, A. (2002), "Asymmetric slip partitioning in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart: a clue to propagation processes of the North Anatolian Fault?" (PDF), Terra Nova, Wiley-Blackwell, 14 (2): 80–86, Bibcode:2002TeNov..14...80A, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.546.4111, doi:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2002.00397.x
5. Dunlap, J. W.; Fossen, H. (1998). "Early Paleozoic orogenic collapse, tectonic stability, and late Paleozoic continental rifting revealed through thermochronology of K-feldspars, southern Norway" (PDF). Tectonics. 17 (4): 604–620. Bibcode:1998Tecto..17..604D. doi:10.1029/98TC01603
6. Hartz, E. H.; Andresen, A.; Hodges, K. V.; Martin, M. W. (July 2000). "U–Pb and 40Ar/39Ar constraints on the Fjord Region Detachment Zone: A long-lived extensional fault in the central East Greenland Caledonides" (PDF). Journal of the Geological Society. 157 (4): 795–809. doi:10.1144/jgs.157.4.795. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-02