维基百科
从河流到大海
从河流到大海[1]或译为从河流到海洋[2]（阿拉伯语：من النهر إلى البحر，羅馬化：min an-nahr ʾilā l-baḥr，巴勒斯坦阿拉伯语：من المية للمية，羅馬化：min il-ṃayye la-l-ṃayye，直译：from the water to the water[3][4]）是一个巴勒斯坦-以色列地区的政治口号，有时也与其它政治口号连用，指代的是地理上的整个巴勒斯坦地区（以色列地），[5]从约旦河到地中海范围内所有土地，包含现今以色列和巴勒斯坦国（约旦河西岸地区、东耶路撒冷、加沙地带）两国所有领土。[6][7]
这个口号从1960年代开始在巴勒斯坦盛行，呼吁从以色列的军事占领下解放出来。巴解组织将这个口号诠释为建立一个涵盖整个巴勒斯坦托管地，由巴勒斯坦人和1947年前就居住在巴勒斯坦的犹太人后裔组成的世俗化民主国家，但后来将犹太人的范围限制在第一次回归之前生活在巴勒斯坦的犹太人的后裔。[8]因此，到1969年，“解放巴勒斯坦，从河流到大海”意味着将会取代以色列这个民族宗教国家的一个世俗化的民主国家。[8][9]
巴勒斯坦的进步派人士用这个口号来呼吁在巴勒斯坦地区建立统一的民主政权，[10]而另一些人认为这个口号是“经历了长达数十年的、无限期的以色列军事占领的数百万巴勒斯坦人……对和平与平等的呼吁”。[11]伊斯兰激进组织哈马斯在其2017年宪章中使用了这个口号，被批评者主张，这显示出这个口号是在隐式地主张消灭以色列，并呼吁驱逐或消灭该地区的犹太人。[9][11]
以色列的一些政客也使用过该口号或基本类似的表述，例如以色列右翼政党利库德集团在1977年的选举宣言中宣称“在大海和约旦河之间，只有以色列的主权”。[12][13][14]以色列总理本杰明·内塔尼亚胡等以色列政治人物也使用过“约旦河以西地区”等类似的表达。[5][15]一些国家已经在考虑将该口号的使用定为犯罪。[16][17]
历史 编辑
「从河流到大海」是巴勒斯坦解放组织在1964年成立后正式认可的口号。[18]巴解组织最初主张的范围包括以色列在1949停战协议中控制的所有领土，包括以色列沿海平原、加利利、耶斯列谷、阿拉伯谷和內蓋夫，但不包含约旦控制的约旦河西岸地区和阿拉伯聯合共和國控制的加沙地带。[19]
1993年，作为奥斯陆协议的一部分，伊扎克·拉宾和亚西尔·阿拉法特交换了以色列—巴勒斯坦解放组织承认书，巴勒斯坦解放组织放弃了这一主张。[20]
應用 编辑
阿拉伯各国领导人在发言中经常使用这一口号，[23][24]在支持巴勒斯坦的示威活动中，游行者也会使用这一口号，[25]并与「巴勒斯坦将获得自由」（Palestine will be free）共同使用。[26][27]伊斯兰教支持者使用的口号则是「巴勒斯坦是伊斯兰的，从河流到大海」（Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea）。[28]
不同政治立场的人士对这一口号有不同的解释。世俗人士认为，这个口号意味着在巴勒斯坦地区建立一个单一的国家，所有宗教的人士都有平等的公民身份。而某些伊斯兰学者主张，在伊斯兰教的世界末日到来时，马赫迪将宣布「耶路撒冷是阿拉伯穆斯林的，巴勒斯坦——从河流到大海的全部范围——都是阿拉伯穆斯林的」。[29] [30]
哈马斯在2017年修订其纲领时，拒绝了「除了从河流到大海的整个巴勒斯坦的彻底解放之外任何替代性的解决方案」，被认为是否定了以色列的存在。[31][32][33][34]
爭議 编辑
一些政治人士和团体，例如反誹謗聯盟[35]和美国犹太人委员会[35]主张该口号包含反犹主义、仇恨言论和煽动种族灭绝，[35][36]认为它否认了“犹太人在其祖籍地的自决权”，[35]或是“煽动对犹太人的驱逐或灭绝”。[17][37][38]批评者声称，該口号暗示完全消滅以色列国及其犹太公民，並将这片土地完全置于阿拉伯人的统治之下。[39][40][41][42]反誹謗聯盟区域总监Jonah Steinberg认为，从第一次中东战争开始就有“把犹太人推入大海”的说法，而“从河流到大海”则是对上述威胁的呼应。[43]
在2018年的声援巴勒斯坦人民国际日，美国学者Marc Lamont Hill在联合国发表演讲时使用了这一口号，[44]被反誹謗聯盟批评为主张消灭以色列，[45]他因此失去了CNN政论员的工作。[46]:77
2023年11月9日，哈佛大学校长克劳丁·盖伊谴责了这一口号。[47]
回应 编辑
牛津大学研究员艾哈迈德·卡里迪认为，两个民族完全可以同时在河流和大海之间获得自由，这个口号不代表种族灭绝，巴勒斯坦将获得自由与犹太人的自由并不矛盾。[48]
2021年，由范里尔耶路撒冷研究所的8名发起人发起、各界共200名学者签署了《关于反犹主义的耶路撒冷宣言》，该宣言讨论了反犹主义的常见表现，以及在巴以问题上，什么样的言论和行为是反犹主义，什么样的言论和行为不是反犹主义。作者们认为，要求普通犹太人对以色列的罪行承担集体责任，或因为一个人是犹太人就强迫他谴责以色列是反犹主义；而支持巴勒斯坦人，批判以色列和反锡安主义则不是反犹主义；「抵制、撤资、制裁」运动、「从河流到大海」、一国方案都不是反犹主义。[49]
法律 编辑
在2023年以色列—哈马斯战争期间，英国内政大臣苏拉·布雷弗曼提议在某些情形下将使用该口号的行为定为犯罪。[50]2023年10月11日，维也纳警方禁止了一场支持巴勒斯坦示威，理由是他们的邀请函中包含了该口号，维也纳警方声称这违反了《欧洲人权公约》第2条。[51]
荷兰国会的大多数议员宣称这句口号是在呼吁暴力。然而，当地司法机关于2023年8月裁定，该口号受到言论自由的保护，因为它“有多种解释”，包括“可能针对以色列国和具有以色列国籍的人士，但不因为宗教和民族而针对犹太人”。荷兰最高法院维持了原判。[16][52][53]
奥地利的政治人士也考虑将使用这一口号定为犯罪，奥地利总理卡尔·内哈默认为，该短语会被解释为呼吁谋杀。[54][55]
2023年11月5日，在爱沙尼亚塔林，警方对五名使用“从河流到大海，巴勒斯坦将获得自由”口号的示威者提起了刑事诉讼。[56][57]
2023年11月11日，该口号在德国巴伐利亚州被禁用，“检察机关和巴伐利亚警方警告，今后无论以何种语言，使用该口号都将被视为使用恐怖组织标志，最高可能面临三年监禁或罚款。”[58]
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The Likud Party's founding charter reinforces this vision in its statement that "between the Sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty."... During the mid-1960s, the PLO embraced the slogan, but it meant something altogether different from the Zionist vision of Jewish colonization. Instead, the 1964 and 1968 charters of the Palestine National Council (PNC) demanded "the recovery of the usurped homeland in its entirety" and the restoration of land and rights-including the right of self-determination-to the indigenous population. In other words, the PNC was calling for decolonization, but this did not mean the elimination or exclusion of all Jews from a Palestinian nation-only the settlers or colonists. According to the 1964 Charter, "Jews who are of Palestinian origin shall be considered Palestinians if they are willing to live peacefully and loyally in Palestine.' Following the 1967 war, the Arab National Movement, led by Dr. George Habash, merged with Youth for Revenge and the Palestine Liberation Front to form the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). The PFLP embraced a Palestinian identity rooted in radical, Third World-oriented nationalism, officially identifying as Marxist-Leninist two years later. It envisioned a single, democratic, potentially socialist Palestinian state in which all peoples would enjoy citizenship. Likewise, Fatah leaders shifted from promoting the expulsion of settlers to embracing all Jews as citizens in a secular, democratic state. As one Fatah leader explained in early 1969, "If we are fighting a Jewish state of a racial kind, which had driven the Arabs out of their lands, it is not so as to replace it with an Arab state which would in turn drive out the Jews.. We are ready to look at anything with all our negotiating partners once our right to live in our homeland is recognized." Thus by 1969, "Free Palestine from the river to the sea" came to mean one democratic secular state that would supersede the ethno-religious state of Israel. Moreover, the Palestinian national movement had come to see itself as part of a global anti-imperialist movement in solidarity with other nonaligned or socialist nations, or revolutionary movements like the Black Panthers.
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الالتزام بأن فلسطين -من النهر إلى البحر- أرض إسلامية عربية يحرم شرعا التفريط في أي شبر منها، والوجود الإسرائيلي في فلسطين وجود باطل، يحرم شرعا الاعتراف به.
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... except the boundary indicated in their slogan 'From the river to the sea', which stipulated the obliteration of the Jewish state.
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PLO and its leaders remained at bottom committed to Israel's destruction
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Meanwhile the endeavor to exterminate the Jews and destroy the state
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I would encourage police to consider whether chants such as: 'From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free' should be understood as an expression of a violent desire to see Israel erased from the world, and whether its use in certain contexts may amount to a racially aggravated section 5 public order offence.
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