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哈义·本·叶格赞的故事

哈义·本·叶格赞的故事》(阿拉伯语:حي بن يقظانḤayy ibn Yaqẓān),阿拉伯文哲学寓言小说,作者是12世纪阿拉伯穆斯林博学家伊本·图费勒[1]。其拉丁文译本名为《自修的哲学家》(拉丁語Philosophus Autodidactus)。哈义·本·叶格赞这一名字是小说的主人公,取自伊本·西那的著作[2][3]。小说讲述了一个无人岛上的野孩子瞪羚抚养下,通过自主学习逐步悟出哲学真理的故事。小说极大地影响了伊斯兰哲学乃至启蒙时代哲学的发展[4]

哈义·本·叶格赞的故事
1708年英译本扉页
原名حي بن يقظان
作者伊本·图费勒
类型哲学
语言阿拉伯语
發行信息

情节 编辑

哈义是东印度群岛中一座无人岛上成长起来的野孩子,无父母,由瞪羚抚养长大。哈义只学会走路,会模仿瞪羚、鸟类等周边动物的叫声。他理解了动物们的语言,也习得了动物们的本能行为。他用动物皮做鞋子和衣服,还开始观测星体,逐渐习得大量天文学知识。他不断观测周边的生物和环境,从而掌握了大量自然科学、哲学和宗教的知识。他得出结论:造物主必定存在。哈义决定清心寡欲地生活,只吃素食,像苏菲行者一般。哈义在30岁时遇到了他见到的第一位人类,是为一个遭遇海难的逃难者。到49岁,他有了很高的哲学造诣,可以教化他人。

观点 编辑

伊本·图费勒在《哈义·本·叶格赞的故事》以寓言的形式表达了其哲学观点[5]

  1. 人类仅凭观察和思考自然世界,足以达到先知的造诣水平,后天教育并非必需。
  2. 通过观察、实验和推理获得的信息与宗教启示不相矛盾。换句话说,宗教和哲学(或科学)是兼容的,而不是矛盾的。
  3. 获得真理是个人的事情,每个人都可以做到。
  4. 宗教的外化掩饰,如偶像崇拜、物质依赖等,是普罗大众必需的,这是为了让他们有着体面的生活。但偶像和物质是阻碍求真的混淆品,发觉了这一点的人就应该抛弃它们[6]

影响 编辑

伊本·图费勒写作此小说也是为了呼应安萨里的著作《哲学家的矛盾英语The Incoherence of the Philosophers》。伊本·纳菲斯英语Ibn al-Nafis在13世纪著成小说《自修的神学家英语Theologus Autodidactus》呼应此作。《自修的哲学家》是阿拉伯文学历史上的名著,在欧洲文学也有着非比寻常的影响力[7],在17世纪和18世纪成为西欧畅销书[8][4]。此作显著地影响了伊斯兰哲学和近代西方哲学的发展[9],被视为激发科学革命启蒙时代的先驱之作,其中的思想在托马斯·霍布斯约翰·洛克艾萨克·牛顿伊曼努尔·康德的著作中都有体现[10]

该书的拉丁文版《自修的哲学家》最早出现在1671年;首部英文译本出版于1708年。该作也激发了丹尼尔·笛福的灵感,促使他创作出《鲁滨逊漂流记》,同样讲述了一个无人岛上的幸存者的故事[11][12][13]。小说也促使了威廉·洛克之《人類理解論》中白板概念的诞生[4]。书中哈义的唯物主义观念和卡尔·马克思历史唯物主义也有一定相似之处[14]。该书还预示了后世提出的莫利紐茲問題[15][16]戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨[7]約翰·沃利斯克里斯蒂安·惠更斯[17]貴格會[18]伏尔泰[19]的思想也都受到此书影响。

参见 编辑

参考文献 编辑

  1. ^ Kukkonen, Taneli. Ibn Ṭufayl’s (d. 1185) Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓan. El-Rouayheb, Khaled; Schmidtke, Sabine (编). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy. November 2016 [2 January 2018]. (原始内容于2021-06-09). 
  2. ^ Nasr, Seyyed; Leaman, Oliver. History of Islamic philosophy. Routledge. 1996: 315. ISBN 0415131596. 
  3. ^ Davidson, Herbert Alan. Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroes, on Intellect Their Cosmologies, Theories of the Active Intellect and Theories of Human Intellect. Oxford University Press. 1992: 146. ISBN 9780195074239. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 G. A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 228, Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-90-04-09888-6.
  5. ^ Özalp, N. Ahmet. Hay bin Yakzan. Yapı Kredi Yayınları. ISBN 975-363-475-7. 
  6. ^ Corbin, Henry. Ibn Ṭufayl (d. 580 AH/1185 CE). Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2006, 4: 550–551 –通过Gale eBooks. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Martin Wainwright, Desert island scripts (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), The Guardian, 22 March 2003.
  8. ^ Avner Ben-Zaken, Reading Hayy Ibn-Yaqzan: A Cross-Cultural History of Autodidacticism (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011). ISBN 978-0801897399.
  9. ^ G. J. Toomer英语G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 218, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-820291-1.
  10. ^ Samar Attar英语Samar Attar, The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought, Lexington Books, ISBN 0-7391-1989-3.
  11. ^ Nawal Muhammad Hassan (1980), Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature, Al-Rashid House for Publication.
  12. ^ Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopedia of Islam英语Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 0-7591-0190-6.
  13. ^ Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357–377 [369].
  14. ^ Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, pp. 38–46, Brill Publishers英语Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-09300-1.
  15. ^ Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl英语Ibn Tufayl and Léon Gauthier (1981), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée:[1] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

    "If you want a comparison that will make you clearly grasp the difference between the perception, such as it is understood by that sect [the Sufis] and the perception as others understand it, imagine a person born blind, endowed however with a happy natural temperament, with a lively and firm intelligence, a sure memory, a straight sprite, who grew up from the time he was an infant in a city where he never stopped learning, by means of the senses he did dispose of, to know the inhabitants individually, the numerous species of beings, living as well as non-living, there, the streets and sidestreets, the houses, the steps, in such a manner as to be able to cross the city without a guide, and to recognize immediately those he met; the colors alone would not be known to him except by the names they bore, and by certain definitions that designated them. Suppose that he had arrived at this point and suddenly, his eyes were opened, he recovered his view, and he crosses the entire city, making a tour of it. He would find no object different from the idea he had made of it; he would encounter nothing he didn’t recognize, he would find the colors conformable to the descriptions of them that had been given to him; and in this there would only be two new important things for him, one the consequence of the other: a clarity, a greater brightness, and a great voluptuousness."

  16. ^ Diana Lobel (2006), A Sufi-Jewish Dialogue: Philosophy and Mysticism in Baḥya Ibn Paqūda's Duties of the Heart, p. 24, University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-3953-9.
  17. ^ G. A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 227, Brill Publishers英语Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-90-04-09888-6.
  18. ^ G. A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 247, Brill Publishers英语Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-90-04-09888-6.
  19. ^ Tor Eigeland, The Ripening Years (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Saudi Aramco World英语Saudi Aramco World, September–October 1976.

哈义, 叶格赞的故事, 阿拉伯语, حي, بن, يقظان, Ḥayy, yaqẓān, 阿拉伯文哲学寓言小说, 作者是12世纪阿拉伯穆斯林博学家伊本, 图费勒, 其拉丁文译本名为, 自修的哲学家, 拉丁語, philosophus, autodidactus, 哈义, 叶格赞这一名字是小说的主人公, 取自伊本, 西那的著作, 小说讲述了一个无人岛上的野孩子在瞪羚抚养下, 通过自主学习逐步悟出哲学真理的故事, 小说极大地影响了伊斯兰哲学乃至启蒙时代哲学的发展, 1708年英译本扉页原名حي, بن, يقظان. 哈义 本 叶格赞的故事 阿拉伯语 حي بن يقظان Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓan 阿拉伯文哲学寓言小说 作者是12世纪阿拉伯穆斯林博学家伊本 图费勒 1 其拉丁文译本名为 自修的哲学家 拉丁語 Philosophus Autodidactus 哈义 本 叶格赞这一名字是小说的主人公 取自伊本 西那的著作 2 3 小说讲述了一个无人岛上的野孩子在瞪羚抚养下 通过自主学习逐步悟出哲学真理的故事 小说极大地影响了伊斯兰哲学乃至启蒙时代哲学的发展 4 哈义 本 叶格赞的故事1708年英译本扉页原名حي بن يقظان作者伊本 图费勒类型哲学语言阿拉伯语發行信息 目录 1 情节 2 观点 3 影响 4 参见 5 参考文献情节 编辑哈义是东印度群岛中一座无人岛上成长起来的野孩子 无父母 由瞪羚抚养长大 哈义只学会走路 会模仿瞪羚 鸟类等周边动物的叫声 他理解了动物们的语言 也习得了动物们的本能行为 他用动物皮做鞋子和衣服 还开始观测星体 逐渐习得大量天文学知识 他不断观测周边的生物和环境 从而掌握了大量自然科学 哲学和宗教的知识 他得出结论 造物主必定存在 哈义决定清心寡欲地生活 只吃素食 像苏菲行者一般 哈义在30岁时遇到了他见到的第一位人类 是为一个遭遇海难的逃难者 到49岁 他有了很高的哲学造诣 可以教化他人 观点 编辑伊本 图费勒在 哈义 本 叶格赞的故事 以寓言的形式表达了其哲学观点 5 人类仅凭观察和思考自然世界 足以达到先知的造诣水平 后天教育并非必需 通过观察 实验和推理获得的信息与宗教启示不相矛盾 换句话说 宗教和哲学 或科学 是兼容的 而不是矛盾的 获得真理是个人的事情 每个人都可以做到 宗教的外化掩饰 如偶像崇拜 物质依赖等 是普罗大众必需的 这是为了让他们有着体面的生活 但偶像和物质是阻碍求真的混淆品 发觉了这一点的人就应该抛弃它们 6 影响 编辑伊本 图费勒写作此小说也是为了呼应安萨里的著作 哲学家的矛盾 英语 The Incoherence of the Philosophers 伊本 纳菲斯 英语 Ibn al Nafis 在13世纪著成小说 自修的神学家 英语 Theologus Autodidactus 呼应此作 自修的哲学家 是阿拉伯文学历史上的名著 在欧洲文学也有着非比寻常的影响力 7 在17世纪和18世纪成为西欧畅销书 8 4 此作显著地影响了伊斯兰哲学和近代西方哲学的发展 9 被视为激发科学革命和启蒙时代的先驱之作 其中的思想在托马斯 霍布斯 约翰 洛克 艾萨克 牛顿 伊曼努尔 康德的著作中都有体现 10 该书的拉丁文版 自修的哲学家 最早出现在1671年 首部英文译本出版于1708年 该作也激发了丹尼尔 笛福的灵感 促使他创作出 鲁滨逊漂流记 同样讲述了一个无人岛上的幸存者的故事 11 12 13 小说也促使了威廉 洛克之 人類理解論 中白板概念的诞生 4 书中哈义的唯物主义观念和卡尔 马克思的历史唯物主义也有一定相似之处 14 该书还预示了后世提出的莫利紐茲問題 15 16 戈特弗里德 莱布尼茨 7 約翰 沃利斯 克里斯蒂安 惠更斯 17 貴格會 18 伏尔泰 19 的思想也都受到此书影响 参见 编辑阿拉伯語维基文库中相关的原始文献 حي بن يقظان阿拉伯文学 自主学习参考文献 编辑 Kukkonen Taneli Ibn Ṭufayl s d 1185 Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓan El Rouayheb Khaled Schmidtke Sabine 编 The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy November 2016 2 January 2018 原始内容存档于2021 06 09 Nasr Seyyed Leaman Oliver History of Islamic philosophy Routledge 1996 315 ISBN 0415131596 Davidson Herbert Alan Alfarabi Avicenna and Averroes on Intellect Their Cosmologies Theories of the Active Intellect and Theories of Human Intellect Oxford University Press 1992 146 ISBN 9780195074239 4 0 4 1 4 2 G A Russell 1994 The Arabick Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth Century England p 228 Brill Publishers ISBN 978 90 04 09888 6 Ozalp N Ahmet Hay bin Yakzan Yapi Kredi Yayinlari ISBN 975 363 475 7 Corbin Henry Ibn Ṭufayl d 580 AH 1185 CE Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2006 4 550 551 通过Gale eBooks 7 0 7 1 Martin Wainwright Desert island scripts 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Guardian 22 March 2003 Avner Ben Zaken Reading Hayy Ibn Yaqzan A Cross Cultural History of Autodidacticism Johns Hopkins University Press 2011 ISBN 978 0801897399 G J Toomer 英语 G J Toomer 1996 Eastern Wisedome and Learning The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth Century England p 218 Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 820291 1 Samar Attar 英语 Samar Attar The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment Ibn Tufayl s Influence on Modern Western Thought Lexington Books ISBN 0 7391 1989 3 Nawal Muhammad Hassan 1980 Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature Al Rashid House for Publication Cyril Glasse 2001 New Encyclopedia of Islam 英语 Encyclopedia of Islam p 202 Rowman Altamira ISBN 0 7591 0190 6 Amber Haque 2004 Psychology from Islamic Perspective Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists Journal of Religion and Health 43 4 357 377 369 Dominique Urvoy The Rationality of Everyday Life The Andalusian Tradition Aropos of Hayy s First Experiences in Lawrence I Conrad 1996 The World of Ibn Tufayl Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓan pp 38 46 Brill Publishers 英语 Brill Publishers ISBN 90 04 09300 1 Muhammad ibn Abd al Malik Ibn Tufayl 英语 Ibn Tufayl and Leon Gauthier 1981 Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan p 5 Editions de la Mediterranee 1 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 If you want a comparison that will make you clearly grasp the difference between the perception such as it is understood by that sect the Sufis and the perception as others understand it imagine a person born blind endowed however with a happy natural temperament with a lively and firm intelligence a sure memory a straight sprite who grew up from the time he was an infant in a city where he never stopped learning by means of the senses he did dispose of to know the inhabitants individually the numerous species of beings living as well as non living there the streets and sidestreets the houses the steps in such a manner as to be able to cross the city without a guide and to recognize immediately those he met the colors alone would not be known to him except by the names they bore and by certain definitions that designated them Suppose that he had arrived at this point and suddenly his eyes were opened he recovered his view and he crosses the entire city making a tour of it He would find no object different from the idea he had made of it he would encounter nothing he didn t recognize he would find the colors conformable to the descriptions of them that had been given to him and in this there would only be two new important things for him one the consequence of the other a clarity a greater brightness and a great voluptuousness Diana Lobel 2006 A Sufi Jewish Dialogue Philosophy and Mysticism in Baḥya Ibn Paquda s Duties of the Heart p 24 University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 0 8122 3953 9 G A Russell 1994 The Arabick Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth Century England p 227 Brill Publishers 英语 Brill Publishers ISBN 978 90 04 09888 6 G A Russell 1994 The Arabick Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth Century England p 247 Brill Publishers 英语 Brill Publishers ISBN 978 90 04 09888 6 Tor Eigeland The Ripening Years 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Saudi Aramco World 英语 Saudi Aramco World September October 1976 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 哈义 本 叶格赞的故事 amp oldid 68113124, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

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