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NMDA受体拮抗剂

NMDA受体拮抗剂(NMDA receptor antagonists)是一类能够对N-甲基-D-天門冬胺酸受體起拮抗或抑制作用的药物,通常被用于动物与人类作麻醉剂,由其诱导的麻醉状态称为解离性麻醉。

氯胺酮,最流行的NMDA受体拮抗剂之一

有几种合成阿片类药物具有NMDA受体拮抗剂之作用,如哌替啶、左旋嗎汎、美沙酮、右丙氧吩、曲马多、酮贝米酮和替安肽。一些NMDA受体拮抗剂,如氯胺酮右美沙芬苯環利定、甲氧西他明和氧化亚氮,有时因其具有解离、致幻与兴奋的主观体验,而被用于娱乐。当其用于娱乐时,归类为解离型药物

用途与效果 编辑

NMDA受体拮抗剂会诱发一种被称之为解离性麻醉的状态,特征有催眠失忆镇痛[1]氯胺酮呼吸血液循环的抑制作用小于其他麻醉剂,因而成为病史不明的急诊病人与治疗烧伤病人的首选麻醉剂。[2][3]右啡烷是世界上最常用的镇咳药之一[4]右美沙芬之代谢物,也是一种已知的NMDA受体拮抗剂。

许多不良症状都与NMDA受体功能低下有关。如,伴随大脑衰老导致的NMDA受体功能减退,或是造成与衰老有关的记忆力缺陷的部分原因。[5]精神分裂症也可能与不规则的NMDA受体功能有关(精神分裂症之谷氨酸假说),[6]并且进一步根据“犬尿酸假说”,另一种NMDA受体拮抗剂,犬尿喹啉酸含量的增加或会加重精神分裂症的症状。[7]

NMDA受体拮抗剂可以诱发“拟精神病”,即类似精神病之症状,还有以下副作用,包括幻觉、偏执性妄想、混乱、难以集中注意力、激动、情绪改变、噩梦[8]、紧张症[9]、共济失调[10]、麻醉[11]以及学习和记忆障碍。[12]由于这些“拟精神病”作用,NMDA受体拮抗剂,特别是苯环利定氯胺酮右美沙芬即被用作娱乐性药物。在亚麻醉剂量下,这些药物具有轻微的刺激作用,较大剂量时,诱发解离和幻觉,但这些作用及其强度因药物而异。[13]

大多数NMDA受体拮抗剂都会在肝脏中代谢,[14][15]频繁使用便会增加耐受,使肝脏更快清除血液中的NMDA受体拮抗剂。[16]

NMDA受体拮抗剂也在作为抗抑郁剂,处于研究之中。氯胺酮被证明于临床环境中,给药后可产生长效抗抑郁效果。2019年,氯胺酮的一种NMDA受体拮抗剂对映体esketamine于美国批准用作抗抑郁药。[17]2022年,FDA批准Auvelity用于治疗抑郁症,一种含有右美沙芬的复方药物。

参考文献 编辑

  1. ^ Pender JW. Dissociative anesthesia. JAMA. February 1971, 215 (7): 1126–30. PMC 1518731 . PMID 5107596. doi:10.1001/jama.1971.03180200050011. 
  2. ^ Ceber M, Salihoglu T. Ketamine may be the first choice for anesthesia in burn patients. Journal of Burn Care & Research. 2006, 27 (5): 760–2. PMID 16998413. doi:10.1097/01.BCR.0000238091.41737.7C. 
  3. ^ Heshmati F, Zeinali MB, Noroozinia H, Abbacivash R, Mahoori A. Use of ketamine in severe status asthmaticus in intensive care unit. Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology. December 2003, 2 (4): 175–80. PMID 17301376. 
  4. ^ Equinozzi R, Robuschi M. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of pholcodine and dextromethorphan in the management of patients with acute, non-productive cough : a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Treatments in Respiratory Medicine. 2006, 5 (6): 509–13. PMID 17154678. S2CID 58323644. doi:10.2165/00151829-200605060-00014. 
  5. ^ Newcomer JW, Krystal JH. NMDA receptor regulation of memory and behavior in humans. Hippocampus. 2001, 11 (5): 529–42. PMID 11732706. S2CID 32617915. doi:10.1002/hipo.1069. 
  6. ^ Lipina T, Labrie V, Weiner I, Roder J. Modulators of the glycine site on NMDA receptors, D-serine and ALX 5407, display similar beneficial effects to clozapine in mouse models of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology. April 2005, 179 (1): 54–67. PMID 15759151. S2CID 10858756. doi:10.1007/s00213-005-2210-x. 
  7. ^ Erhardt S, Schwieler L, Nilsson L, Linderholm K, Engberg G. The kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia. Physiology & Behavior. September 2007, 92 (1–2): 203–9. PMID 17573079. S2CID 46156877. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.025. 
  8. ^ Muir KW, Lees KR. Clinical experience with excitatory amino acid antagonist drugs. Stroke. March 1995, 26 (3): 503–13 [2023-10-01]. PMID 7886734. doi:10.1161/01.STR.26.3.503. (原始内容于2010-12-06). 
  9. ^ Aarts MM, Tymianski M. Novel treatment of excitotoxicity: targeted disruption of intracellular signalling from glutamate receptors. Biochemical Pharmacology. September 2003, 66 (6): 877–86. PMID 12963474. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(03)00297-1. 
  10. ^ Kim AH, Kerchner GA, Choi DW. Blocking Excitotoxicity. Marcoux FW, Choi DW (编). CNS Neuroprotection. New York: Springer. 2002: 3–36. 
  11. ^ Kristensen JD, Svensson B, Gordh T. The NMDA-receptor antagonist CPP abolishes neurogenic 'wind-up pain' after intrathecal administration in humans. Pain. November 1992, 51 (2): 249–53. PMID 1484720. S2CID 37828325. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(92)90266-E. 
  12. ^ Rockstroh S, Emre M, Tarral A, Pokorny R. Effects of the novel NMDA-receptor antagonist SDZ EAA 494 on memory and attention in humans. Psychopharmacology. April 1996, 124 (3): 261–6. PMID 8740048. S2CID 36727794. doi:10.1007/BF02246666. 
  13. ^ Lim DK. Ketamine associated psychedelic effects and dependence. Singapore Medical Journal. January 2003, 44 (1): 31–4. PMID 12762561. 
  14. ^ Chia YY, Liu K, Chow LH, Lee TY. The preoperative administration of intravenous dextromethorphan reduces postoperative morphine consumption. Anesthesia and Analgesia. September 1999, 89 (3): 748–52. PMID 10475318. doi:10.1097/00000539-199909000-00041 . 
  15. ^ Kharasch ED, Labroo R. Metabolism of ketamine stereoisomers by human liver microsomes. Anesthesiology. December 1992, 77 (6): 1201–7. PMID 1466470. doi:10.1097/00000542-199212000-00022 . 
  16. ^ Livingston A, Waterman AE. The development of tolerance to ketamine in rats and the significance of hepatic metabolism. British Journal of Pharmacology. September 1978, 64 (1): 63–9. PMC 1668251 . PMID 698482. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1978.tb08641.x. 
  17. ^ FDA approves new nasal spray medication for treatment-resistant depression; available only at a certified doctor's office or clinic. Food and Drug Administration. 24 March 2020 [2023-10-01]. (原始内容于2019-04-23). 

nmda受体拮抗剂, nmda, receptor, antagonists, 是一类能够对n, 甲基, 天門冬胺酸受體起拮抗或抑制作用的药物, 通常被用于动物与人类作麻醉剂, 由其诱导的麻醉状态称为解离性麻醉, 氯胺酮, 最流行的之一有几种合成阿片类药物具有之作用, 如哌替啶, 左旋嗎汎, 美沙酮, 右丙氧吩, 曲马多, 酮贝米酮和替安肽, 一些, 如氯胺酮, 右美沙芬, 苯環利定, 甲氧西他明和氧化亚氮, 有时因其具有解离, 致幻与兴奋的主观体验, 而被用于娱乐, 当其用于娱乐时, 归类为解离型药物, 用途与效. NMDA受体拮抗剂 NMDA receptor antagonists 是一类能够对N 甲基 D 天門冬胺酸受體起拮抗或抑制作用的药物 通常被用于动物与人类作麻醉剂 由其诱导的麻醉状态称为解离性麻醉 氯胺酮 最流行的NMDA受体拮抗剂之一有几种合成阿片类药物具有NMDA受体拮抗剂之作用 如哌替啶 左旋嗎汎 美沙酮 右丙氧吩 曲马多 酮贝米酮和替安肽 一些NMDA受体拮抗剂 如氯胺酮 右美沙芬 苯環利定 甲氧西他明和氧化亚氮 有时因其具有解离 致幻与兴奋的主观体验 而被用于娱乐 当其用于娱乐时 归类为解离型药物 用途与效果 编辑NMDA受体拮抗剂会诱发一种被称之为解离性麻醉的状态 特征有催眠 失忆和镇痛 1 氯胺酮对呼吸和血液循环的抑制作用小于其他麻醉剂 因而成为病史不明的急诊病人与治疗烧伤病人的首选麻醉剂 2 3 右啡烷是世界上最常用的镇咳药之一 4 的右美沙芬之代谢物 也是一种已知的NMDA受体拮抗剂 许多不良症状都与NMDA受体功能低下有关 如 伴随大脑衰老导致的NMDA受体功能减退 或是造成与衰老有关的记忆力缺陷的部分原因 5 精神分裂症也可能与不规则的NMDA受体功能有关 精神分裂症之谷氨酸假说 6 并且进一步根据 犬尿酸假说 另一种NMDA受体拮抗剂 犬尿喹啉酸含量的增加或会加重精神分裂症的症状 7 NMDA受体拮抗剂可以诱发 拟精神病 即类似精神病之症状 还有以下副作用 包括幻觉 偏执性妄想 混乱 难以集中注意力 激动 情绪改变 噩梦 8 紧张症 9 共济失调 10 麻醉 11 以及学习和记忆障碍 12 由于这些 拟精神病 作用 NMDA受体拮抗剂 特别是苯环利定 氯胺酮和右美沙芬即被用作娱乐性药物 在亚麻醉剂量下 这些药物具有轻微的刺激作用 较大剂量时 诱发解离和幻觉 但这些作用及其强度因药物而异 13 大多数NMDA受体拮抗剂都会在肝脏中代谢 14 15 频繁使用便会增加耐受 使肝脏更快清除血液中的NMDA受体拮抗剂 16 NMDA受体拮抗剂也在作为抗抑郁剂 处于研究之中 氯胺酮被证明于临床环境中 给药后可产生长效抗抑郁效果 2019年 氯胺酮的一种NMDA受体拮抗剂对映体esketamine于美国批准用作抗抑郁药 17 2022年 FDA批准Auvelity用于治疗抑郁症 一种含有右美沙芬的复方药物 参考文献 编辑 Pender JW Dissociative anesthesia JAMA February 1971 215 7 1126 30 PMC 1518731 nbsp PMID 5107596 doi 10 1001 jama 1971 03180200050011 Ceber M Salihoglu T Ketamine may be the first choice for anesthesia in burn patients Journal of Burn Care amp Research 2006 27 5 760 2 PMID 16998413 doi 10 1097 01 BCR 0000238091 41737 7C Heshmati F Zeinali MB Noroozinia H Abbacivash R Mahoori A Use of ketamine in severe status asthmaticus in intensive care unit Iranian Journal of Allergy Asthma and Immunology December 2003 2 4 175 80 PMID 17301376 Equinozzi R Robuschi M Comparative efficacy and tolerability of pholcodine and dextromethorphan in the management of patients with acute non productive cough a randomized double blind multicenter study Treatments in Respiratory Medicine 2006 5 6 509 13 PMID 17154678 S2CID 58323644 doi 10 2165 00151829 200605060 00014 Newcomer JW Krystal JH NMDA receptor regulation of memory and behavior in humans Hippocampus 2001 11 5 529 42 PMID 11732706 S2CID 32617915 doi 10 1002 hipo 1069 Lipina T Labrie V Weiner I Roder J Modulators of the glycine site on NMDA receptors D serine and ALX 5407 display similar beneficial effects to clozapine in mouse models of schizophrenia Psychopharmacology April 2005 179 1 54 67 PMID 15759151 S2CID 10858756 doi 10 1007 s00213 005 2210 x Erhardt S Schwieler L Nilsson L Linderholm K Engberg G The kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia Physiology amp Behavior September 2007 92 1 2 203 9 PMID 17573079 S2CID 46156877 doi 10 1016 j physbeh 2007 05 025 Muir KW Lees KR Clinical experience with excitatory amino acid antagonist drugs Stroke March 1995 26 3 503 13 2023 10 01 PMID 7886734 doi 10 1161 01 STR 26 3 503 原始内容存档于2010 12 06 Aarts MM Tymianski M Novel treatment of excitotoxicity targeted disruption of intracellular signalling from glutamate receptors Biochemical Pharmacology September 2003 66 6 877 86 PMID 12963474 doi 10 1016 S0006 2952 03 00297 1 Kim AH Kerchner GA Choi DW Blocking Excitotoxicity Marcoux FW Choi DW 编 CNS Neuroprotection New York Springer 2002 3 36 Kristensen JD Svensson B Gordh T The NMDA receptor antagonist CPP abolishes neurogenic wind up pain after intrathecal administration in humans Pain November 1992 51 2 249 53 PMID 1484720 S2CID 37828325 doi 10 1016 0304 3959 92 90266 E Rockstroh S Emre M Tarral A Pokorny R Effects of the novel NMDA receptor antagonist SDZ EAA 494 on memory and attention in humans Psychopharmacology April 1996 124 3 261 6 PMID 8740048 S2CID 36727794 doi 10 1007 BF02246666 Lim DK Ketamine associated psychedelic effects and dependence Singapore Medical Journal January 2003 44 1 31 4 PMID 12762561 Chia YY Liu K Chow LH Lee TY The preoperative administration of intravenous dextromethorphan reduces postoperative morphine consumption Anesthesia and Analgesia September 1999 89 3 748 52 PMID 10475318 doi 10 1097 00000539 199909000 00041 nbsp Kharasch ED Labroo R Metabolism of ketamine stereoisomers by human liver microsomes Anesthesiology December 1992 77 6 1201 7 PMID 1466470 doi 10 1097 00000542 199212000 00022 nbsp Livingston A Waterman AE The development of tolerance to ketamine in rats and the significance of hepatic metabolism British Journal of Pharmacology September 1978 64 1 63 9 PMC 1668251 nbsp PMID 698482 doi 10 1111 j 1476 5381 1978 tb08641 x FDA approves new nasal spray medication for treatment resistant depression available only at a certified doctor s office or clinic Food and Drug Administration 24 March 2020 2023 10 01 原始内容存档于2019 04 23 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title NMDA受体拮抗剂 amp oldid 79179806, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

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