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维基百科

蛙屬

蛙屬Rana)也称林蛙属赤蛙属,是蛙科的一个,分佈於歐亞大陸北美洲中美洲南美洲北部。很多其他的屬以往都包括在內。[1][2]

蛙屬
紅腿蛙
科学分类
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 两栖纲 Amphibia
目: 无尾目 Anura
科: 赤蛙科 Ranidae
属: 蛙屬 Rana
Linnaeus, 1758
  • 參見內文
異名
  • Amerana Dubois, 1992
  • Anchylorana dubita Taylor, 1942
  • Anchylorana moorei Taylor, 1942
  • Anchylorana robustocondyla Taylor, 1942
  • Aurana Bauer, 1985
  • Aurorana Dubois, 1992
  • Crotaphitis Schulze, 1891
  • Laurasiarana Hillis & Wilcox, 2005
  • Leptodactylus abavus Holman, 1965
  • Liuhurana Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2010
  • Pseudoamolops Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2000
  • Pseudoamolops Jiang, Fei, Ye, Zeng, Zhen, Xie & Chen, 1997
  • Rana basaltica Young, 1936
  • Rana bucella Holman, 1965
  • Rana ephippium Taylor, 1942
  • Rana fayeae Taylor, 1942
  • Rana johnsoni La Rivers, 1953
  • Rana meadensis Taylor, 1942
  • Rana meriani Meyer, 1853
  • Rana miocenica Holman, 1965
  • Rana noeggerathi Meyer, 1952
  • Rana parvissima Taylor, 1942
  • Rana pueyoi Longinos Navás, 1922
  • Rana quellembergi Longinos Navás, 1922
  • Rana rexroadensis Taylor, 1942
  • Rana valida Taylor, 1942
  • Ranaria Rafinesque, 1814

一般蛙屬的體形頗大,腰部幼長及皺皮。大部份的背部隆起,但卻沒有蟾蜍的疣。牠們的腳幼長,善於跳躍。後肢上的蹼令牠們在水中可以靈活的運動。牠們背部一般呈綠色及褐色,有深色及黃色的斑點。一些蛙类(如:箭毒蛙)身上有鲜艳的色彩,用做警告敌人:‘我有毒。’

蛙屬很多時都在初春繁殖,而生活在亞熱帶熱帶的物種全年都會繁殖。很多雄蛙都會叫,但有一些卻不會發聲。雌蛙會一排排或球狀式產卵,每次可以產達2萬顆。

分類

蛙屬目前有約90個物種,但其分類則仍有爭議[2][3][4]。2006年,Frost等人將本屬的部分物種劃為獨立屬別,但後來2016年Yuan等人的研究認為這樣的分類會使其他屬成為併系群,為了維持本屬的單系性,建議使用亞屬代替提升為屬級的做法[5]

目前已自立的屬有拇棘蛙屬Babina)、Clinotarsus腺蛙属Glandirana)、Hydrophylax水蛙屬Hylarana)、臭蛙屬Odorrana)、側褶蛙屬Pelophylax[6]琴蛙属(Nidirana)[7]PulchranaSanguiranaSylvirana。當中臭蛙屬是蛙屬的近親,有可能重置於蛙屬中。[1][2]

系統分類學

本分類樹依照Yuan等人於2016年的論文繪製[8]

蛙屬 Rana

蛙亞屬 R. (Rana)

R. (Amerana)

胫腺蛙亞屬 R. (Liuhurana)

豹蛙亞屬 R. (Pantherana)

茲維斐氏蛙屬 R. (Zweifelia)

牛蛙亞屬 R. (Lithobates)

R. (Aquarana)

R. sylvatica英语Rana sylvatica

物種

截止2022年1月14日,根据 Amphibian Species of the World 中的记录本属包含55种:[9]

  • 黑龍江林蛙 Rana amurensis Boulenger, 1886
  • 田野林蛙 Rana arvalis Nilsson, 1842
  • 中亞林蛙 Rana asiatica Bedriaga, 1898
  • 紅腿蛙 Rana aurora Baird et Girard, 1852
  • 黃腿蛙 Rana boylii Baird, 1854
  • 卡斯廸蛙 Rana cascadae Slater, 1939
  • 昭覺林蛙 Rana chaochiaoensis Liu, 1946
  • 中國林蛙 Rana chensinensis David, 1875
  • 峰斑蛙 Rana chevronta Hu et Ye, 1978
  • Rana coerulea Houttuyn, 1787
  • 韩国林蛙 Rana coreana Okada, 1928
  • 徂徕林蛙 Rana culaiensis Li, Lu et Li, 2008
  • Rana cultripes Tschudi, 1838
  • 大别山林蛙 Rana dabieshanensis Wang, Qian, Zhang, Guo, Pan, Wu, Wang et Zhang, 2017
  • 捷蛙 Rana dalmatina Bonaparte, 1840,别名:Rana dalmatina Fitzinger, 1838
  • 加州紅腿蛙 Rana draytonii Baird et Girard, 1852
  • 東北林蛙 Rana dybowskii Günther, 1876
  • Rana fasciata Burchell, 1824
  • 希腊林蛙 Rana graeca Boulenger, 1891
  • 寒露林蛙 Rana hanluica Shen, Jiang et Yang, 2007
  • 桓仁林蛙 Rana huanrenensis Fei, Ye et Huang, 1990
  • 休格利蛙 Rana iberica Boulenger, 1879
  • 意大利林蛙 Rana italica Dubois, 1987
  • 日本林蛙 Rana japonica Boulenger, 1879
  • 借母溪林蛙 Rana jiemuxiensis Yan, Jiang, Chen, Fang, Jin, Li, Wang, Murphy, Che et Zhang, 2011
  • 九岭山林蛙 Rana jiulingensis Wan, Lyu et Wang, 2020
  • 越南趾沟蛙 Rana johnsi Smith, 1921
  • 琉球林蛙 Rana kobai Matsui, 2011
  • 高原林蛙 Rana kukunoris Nikolskii, 1918
  • Rana kyoto Eto, Matsui et Sugahara, 2022
  • 拉塔斯蛙 Rana latastei Boulenger, 1879
  • 長腳赤蛙 Rana longicrus Stejneger, 1898
  • 栾川林蛙 Rana luanchuanensis Zhao et Yuan, 2017
  • 哥伦比亚斑点蛙 Rana luteiventris Thompson, 1913
  • 高加索林蛙 Rana macrocnemis Boulenger, 1885
  • 猫儿山林蛙 Rana maoershanensis Lu, Li et Jiang, 2007
  • Rana marginata Linnæus, 1758
  • Rana mitrata Houttuyn, 1787
  • 黃腿山蛙 Rana muscosa Camp, 1917
  • 根羽林蛙 Rana neba Ryuzaki, Hasegawa et Kuramoto, 2014
  • 峨眉林蛙 Rana omeimontis Ye et Fei, 1993
  • 山赤蛙 Rana ornativentris Werner, 1903
  • Rana papillosa Houttuyn, 1787
  • Rana parvipalmata López-Seoane, 1885
  • 北海道林蛙 Rana pirica Matsui, 1991
  • Rana pliocenica Zweifel, 1954
  • 斑點赤蛙 Rana pretiosa Baird et Girard, 1853
  • 希尔卡尼亚林蛙 Rana pseudodalmatina Eiselt et Schmidtler, 1971
  • Rana pusilla (Owen, 1847)
  • 比利牛斯林蛙 Rana pyrenaica Serra-Cobo, 1993
  • 黔江林蛙 Rana qianjiang
  • 流田子蛙 Rana sakuraii Matsui et Matsui, 1990,樱井蛙
  • 桑植蛙 Rana sangzhiensis
  • 梭德氏赤蛙 Rana sauteri Boulenger, 1909
  • 脛腺蛙 Rana shuchinae Liu, 1950
  • 内华达黄腿林蛙 Rana sierrae Camp, 1917
  • 田子蛙 Rana tagoi Okada, 1928
  • 太行林蛙 Rana taihangensis [10]
  • 塔瓦斯林蛙 Rana tavasensis Baran et Atatür, 1986
  • 林蛙 Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758
  • 對馬赤蛙 Rana tsushimensis Stejneger, 1907
  • Rana uenoi Matsui, 2014
  • 冲绳林蛙 Rana ulma Matsui, 2011
  • Rana verrucosa Houttuyn, 1787
  • Rana virescens Kalm
  • 绿林蛙 Rana viridis Garsault, 1764
  • 武夷林蛙 Rana wuyiensis Wu, Shi, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Hoang, Wu et Wang, 2021
  • Rana zhengi Zhao, 1999
  • 鎮海林蛙 Rana zhenhaiensis Ye, Fei et Matsui, 1995
  • 织金林蛙 Rana zhijinensis [11]

參考

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Cai, Hong-xia; Che, Jing, Pang, Jun-feng; Zhao, Er-mi & Zhang, Ya-ping. Paraphyly of Chinese Amolops (Anura, Ranidae) and phylogenetic position of the rare Chinese frog, Amolops tormotus (PDF). Zootaxa. 2007, 1531: 49–55 [2008-10-14]. (原始内容 (PDF)于2020-07-19). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Stuart, Bryan L. The phylogenetic problem of Huia (Amphibia: Ranidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2008, 46 (1): 49–60. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.016. 
  3. ^ Hillis, D.M. & Wilcox, T.P. Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana) (PDF). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2005, 34 (2): 299–314 [2008-10-14]. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007. (原始内容 (PDF)于2008-05-28). 
  4. ^ Hillis, D. M. Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life (PDF). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2007, 42: 331–338 [2008-10-14]. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.001. (原始内容 (PDF)于2011-09-27). 
  5. ^ Yuan, Zhi-yong; Zhou, Weiwei; Chen, Xin; Poyarkov, Nikolay; Chen, Hong-man; Jang-Liaw, Nian-Hong; Chou, Wen-Hao; Matzke, Nicholas; Iizuka, Koji. Spatiotemporal Diversification of the True Frogs (Genus Rana): A Historical Framework for a Widely Studied Group of Model Organisms. Systematic Biology. 2016-06-10, 65: syw055 [2018-12-31]. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw055. (原始内容于2019-08-23). 
  6. ^ Dubois, A. & A. Ohler, A. Frogs of the subgenus Pelophylax (Amphibia, Anura, genus Rana): a catalogue of available and valid scientific names, with comments on the name-bearing types, complete synonymies. proposed common names, and maps showing all type localities. Zoologica Poloniae. 1995, 39 (3-4): 139–204. 
  7. ^ Yuan, Zhiyong; Chen, Jinmin; Wu, Yunhe; Li, Xianqi; Che, Jing. Revision of the list of amphibian species in Yunnan Province. Biodiversity Science. 2022-04-20, 30 (4): 21470. doi:10.17520/biods.2021470. 
  8. ^ Che, Jing; Hillis, David M.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Kuzmin, Sergius L.; Min, Mi-Sook; Iizuka, Koji; Matzke, Nicholas J.; Chou, Wen-Hao. Spatiotemporal Diversification of the True Frogs (Genus Rana): A Historical Framework for a Widely Studied Group of Model Organisms. Systematic Biology. 2016-09-01, 65 (5): 824–842 [2019-04-04]. ISSN 1063-5157. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw055. (原始内容于2020-06-23) (英语). 
  9. ^ Darrel Frost. 2022. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1 (2022-01-14). Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Ranidae/Rana (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.
  10. ^ SHEN H. J., XU M. Y., YANG X. Y., CHEN Z., XIAO N. W., CHEN X. H. A New Brown Frog of the Genus Rana (Anura, Ranidae) from North China, with a Taxonomic Revision of the R. chensinensis Species Group. Asian Herpetol Res, 2022, 13(3): 145–158. DOI: 10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.210062
  11. ^ Shasha Yan,Qingqing He,Tao Luo, et al. Description of a new species of the genus Rana (Anura: Ranidae) from western Guizhou, China, integrating morphological and molecular genetic data[J]. Zoological Systematics, 2022, 47(4): 275-292.

外部連結

  • AmphibiaWeb (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Frost, Darrel R. (2006): Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Version 4, 2006-AUG-17.

蛙屬, rana, 也称林蛙属, 赤蛙属, 是蛙科的一个屬, 分佈於歐亞大陸, 北美洲, 中美洲及南美洲北部, 很多其他的屬以往都包括在內, 紅腿蛙科学分类界, 动物界, animalia门, 脊索动物门, chordata纲, 两栖纲, amphibia目, 无尾目, anura科, 赤蛙科, ranidae属, rana, linnaeus, 1758種參見內文異名amerana, dubois, 1992, anchylorana, dubita, taylor, 1942, anchylorana, moo. 蛙屬 Rana 也称林蛙属 赤蛙属 是蛙科的一个屬 分佈於歐亞大陸 北美洲 中美洲及南美洲北部 很多其他的屬以往都包括在內 1 2 蛙屬紅腿蛙科学分类界 动物界 Animalia门 脊索动物门 Chordata纲 两栖纲 Amphibia目 无尾目 Anura科 赤蛙科 Ranidae属 蛙屬 Rana Linnaeus 1758種參見內文異名Amerana Dubois 1992 Anchylorana dubita Taylor 1942 Anchylorana moorei Taylor 1942 Anchylorana robustocondyla Taylor 1942 Aurana Bauer 1985 Aurorana Dubois 1992 Crotaphitis Schulze 1891 Laurasiarana Hillis amp Wilcox 2005 Leptodactylus abavus Holman 1965 Liuhurana Fei Ye amp Jiang 2010 Pseudoamolops Fei Ye amp Jiang 2000 Pseudoamolops Jiang Fei Ye Zeng Zhen Xie amp Chen 1997 Rana basaltica Young 1936 Rana bucella Holman 1965 Rana ephippium Taylor 1942 Rana fayeae Taylor 1942 Rana johnsoni La Rivers 1953 Rana meadensis Taylor 1942 Rana meriani Meyer 1853 Rana miocenica Holman 1965 Rana noeggerathi Meyer 1952 Rana parvissima Taylor 1942 Rana pueyoi Longinos Navas 1922 Rana quellembergi Longinos Navas 1922 Rana rexroadensis Taylor 1942 Rana valida Taylor 1942 Ranaria Rafinesque 1814一般蛙屬的體形頗大 腰部幼長及皺皮 大部份的背部隆起 但卻沒有蟾蜍的疣 牠們的腳幼長 善於跳躍 後肢上的蹼令牠們在水中可以靈活的運動 牠們背部一般呈綠色及褐色 有深色及黃色的斑點 一些蛙类 如 箭毒蛙 身上有鲜艳的色彩 用做警告敌人 我有毒 蛙屬很多時都在初春繁殖 而生活在亞熱帶及熱帶的物種全年都會繁殖 很多雄蛙都會叫 但有一些卻不會發聲 雌蛙會一排排或球狀式產卵 每次可以產達2萬顆 目录 1 分類 2 系統分類學 3 物種 4 參考 5 外部連結分類 编辑蛙屬目前有約90個物種 但其分類則仍有爭議 2 3 4 2006年 Frost等人將本屬的部分物種劃為獨立屬別 但後來2016年Yuan等人的研究認為這樣的分類會使其他屬成為併系群 為了維持本屬的單系性 建議使用亞屬代替提升為屬級的做法 5 目前已自立的屬有拇棘蛙屬 Babina Clinotarsus 腺蛙属 Glandirana Hydrophylax 水蛙屬 Hylarana 臭蛙屬 Odorrana 側褶蛙屬 Pelophylax 6 琴蛙属 Nidirana 7 Pulchrana Sanguirana及Sylvirana 當中臭蛙屬是蛙屬的近親 有可能重置於蛙屬中 1 2 系統分類學 编辑本分類樹依照Yuan等人於2016年的論文繪製 8 蛙屬 Rana 蛙亞屬 R Rana R Amerana 胫腺蛙亞屬 R Liuhurana 豹蛙亞屬 R Pantherana 茲維斐氏蛙屬 R Zweifelia 牛蛙亞屬 R Lithobates R Aquarana R sylvatica 英语 Rana sylvatica 物種 编辑截止2022年1月14日 根据 Amphibian Species of the World 中的记录本属包含55种 9 黑龍江林蛙 Rana amurensis Boulenger 1886田野林蛙 Rana arvalis Nilsson 1842中亞林蛙 Rana asiatica Bedriaga 1898紅腿蛙 Rana aurora Baird et Girard 1852黃腿蛙 Rana boylii Baird 1854卡斯廸蛙 Rana cascadae Slater 1939昭覺林蛙 Rana chaochiaoensis Liu 1946中國林蛙 Rana chensinensis David 1875峰斑蛙 Rana chevronta Hu et Ye 1978Rana coerulea Houttuyn 1787韩国林蛙 Rana coreana Okada 1928徂徕林蛙 Rana culaiensis Li Lu et Li 2008Rana cultripes Tschudi 1838大别山林蛙 Rana dabieshanensis Wang Qian Zhang Guo Pan Wu Wang et Zhang 2017捷蛙 Rana dalmatina Bonaparte 1840 别名 Rana dalmatina Fitzinger 1838加州紅腿蛙 Rana draytonii Baird et Girard 1852東北林蛙 Rana dybowskii Gunther 1876Rana fasciata Burchell 1824希腊林蛙 Rana graeca Boulenger 1891寒露林蛙 Rana hanluica Shen Jiang et Yang 2007桓仁林蛙 Rana huanrenensis Fei Ye et Huang 1990休格利蛙 Rana iberica Boulenger 1879意大利林蛙 Rana italica Dubois 1987日本林蛙 Rana japonica Boulenger 1879借母溪林蛙 Rana jiemuxiensis Yan Jiang Chen Fang Jin Li Wang Murphy Che et Zhang 2011九岭山林蛙 Rana jiulingensis Wan Lyu et Wang 2020越南趾沟蛙 Rana johnsi Smith 1921琉球林蛙 Rana kobai Matsui 2011高原林蛙 Rana kukunoris Nikolskii 1918Rana kyoto Eto Matsui et Sugahara 2022拉塔斯蛙 Rana latastei Boulenger 1879長腳赤蛙 Rana longicrus Stejneger 1898栾川林蛙 Rana luanchuanensis Zhao et Yuan 2017哥伦比亚斑点蛙 Rana luteiventris Thompson 1913高加索林蛙 Rana macrocnemis Boulenger 1885猫儿山林蛙 Rana maoershanensis Lu Li et Jiang 2007Rana marginata Linnaeus 1758Rana mitrata Houttuyn 1787黃腿山蛙 Rana muscosa Camp 1917根羽林蛙 Rana neba Ryuzaki Hasegawa et Kuramoto 2014峨眉林蛙 Rana omeimontis Ye et Fei 1993山赤蛙 Rana ornativentris Werner 1903Rana papillosa Houttuyn 1787Rana parvipalmata Lopez Seoane 1885北海道林蛙 Rana pirica Matsui 1991Rana pliocenica Zweifel 1954斑點赤蛙 Rana pretiosa Baird et Girard 1853希尔卡尼亚林蛙 Rana pseudodalmatina Eiselt et Schmidtler 1971Rana pusilla Owen 1847 比利牛斯林蛙 Rana pyrenaica Serra Cobo 1993黔江林蛙 Rana qianjiang流田子蛙 Rana sakuraii Matsui et Matsui 1990 樱井蛙桑植蛙 Rana sangzhiensis梭德氏赤蛙 Rana sauteri Boulenger 1909脛腺蛙 Rana shuchinae Liu 1950内华达黄腿林蛙 Rana sierrae Camp 1917田子蛙 Rana tagoi Okada 1928太行林蛙 Rana taihangensis 10 塔瓦斯林蛙 Rana tavasensis Baran et Atatur 1986林蛙 Rana temporaria Linnaeus 1758對馬赤蛙 Rana tsushimensis Stejneger 1907Rana uenoi Matsui 2014冲绳林蛙 Rana ulma Matsui 2011Rana verrucosa Houttuyn 1787Rana virescens Kalm绿林蛙 Rana viridis Garsault 1764武夷林蛙 Rana wuyiensis Wu Shi Zhang Chen Cai Hoang Wu et Wang 2021Rana zhengi Zhao 1999鎮海林蛙 Rana zhenhaiensis Ye Fei et Matsui 1995织金林蛙 Rana zhijinensis 11 參考 编辑 1 0 1 1 Cai Hong xia Che Jing Pang Jun feng Zhao Er mi amp Zhang Ya ping Paraphyly of Chinese Amolops Anura Ranidae and phylogenetic position of the rare Chinese frog Amolops tormotus PDF Zootaxa 2007 1531 49 55 2008 10 14 原始内容存档 PDF 于2020 07 19 2 0 2 1 2 2 Stuart Bryan L The phylogenetic problem of Huia Amphibia Ranidae Mol Phylogenet Evol 2008 46 1 49 60 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2007 09 016 Hillis D M amp Wilcox T P Phylogeny of the New World true frogs Rana PDF Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005 34 2 299 314 2008 10 14 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2004 10 007 原始内容存档 PDF 于2008 05 28 Hillis D M Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life PDF Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007 42 331 338 2008 10 14 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2006 08 001 原始内容存档 PDF 于2011 09 27 Yuan Zhi yong Zhou Weiwei Chen Xin Poyarkov Nikolay Chen Hong man Jang Liaw Nian Hong Chou Wen Hao Matzke Nicholas Iizuka Koji Spatiotemporal Diversification of the True Frogs Genus Rana A Historical Framework for a Widely Studied Group of Model Organisms Systematic Biology 2016 06 10 65 syw055 2018 12 31 doi 10 1093 sysbio syw055 原始内容存档于2019 08 23 Dubois A amp A Ohler A Frogs of the subgenus Pelophylax Amphibia Anura genus Rana a catalogue of available and valid scientific names with comments on the name bearing types complete synonymies proposed common names and maps showing all type localities Zoologica Poloniae 1995 39 3 4 139 204 Yuan Zhiyong Chen Jinmin Wu Yunhe Li Xianqi Che Jing Revision of the list of amphibian species in Yunnan Province Biodiversity Science 2022 04 20 30 4 21470 doi 10 17520 biods 2021470 Che Jing Hillis David M Cannatella David C Zhang Ya Ping Kuzmin Sergius L Min Mi Sook Iizuka Koji Matzke Nicholas J Chou Wen Hao Spatiotemporal Diversification of the True Frogs Genus Rana A Historical Framework for a Widely Studied Group of Model Organisms Systematic Biology 2016 09 01 65 5 824 842 2019 04 04 ISSN 1063 5157 doi 10 1093 sysbio syw055 原始内容存档于2020 06 23 英语 Darrel Frost 2022 Amphibian Species of the World an Online Reference Version 6 1 2022 01 14 Electronic Database accessible at https amphibiansoftheworld amnh org Amphibia Anura Ranidae Rana 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 American Museum of Natural History New York USA SHEN H J XU M Y YANG X Y CHEN Z XIAO N W CHEN X H A New Brown Frog of the Genus Rana Anura Ranidae from North China with a Taxonomic Revision of the R chensinensis Species Group Asian Herpetol Res 2022 13 3 145 158 DOI 10 16373 j cnki ahr 210062 Shasha Yan Qingqing He Tao Luo et al Description of a new species of the genus Rana Anura Ranidae from western Guizhou China integrating morphological and molecular genetic data J Zoological Systematics 2022 47 4 275 292 外部連結 编辑维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源 蛙屬AmphibiaWeb 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Frost Darrel R 2006 Amphibian Species of the World an Online Reference 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Version 4 2006 AUG 17 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 蛙屬 amp oldid 75677937, 维基百科,wiki,书籍,书籍,图书馆,

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