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维基百科

薩利希語系

一月 31, 2023

萨利希语系，若根據當地華民對原住民的稱呼，亦可作沙利殊語系。它是北美原住民的一个语系，一共包括23种语言，現時分為以下三個分支：貝拉庫拉語族、海岸薩利希語族及內陸薩利希語族。

Salishan
地理分佈加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚，美国华盛顿州
谱系学分类美洲原住民語言
分支
貝拉庫拉語族
海岸薩利希語族
內陸薩利希語族
语言代码
ISO 639-2 / 5sal
–

Pre-contact distribution of Salishan languages（紅色）

萨利希语言分布在美国华盛顿州以及加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省環萨利希海一带。

这些语言最显著的特征之一是其极为复杂的辅音结构，例如努哈尔克语（Nuxálk）单词xłp̓x̣ʷłtłpłłskʷc̓ （国际音标：[xɬp'χʷɬtɬpɬːskʷʦ']）“他曾经有过一棵草茱萸”有连续13个辅音，中间没有元音。

分支

薩利希語系總共有23種語言，下列為這個語系所包括的所有語言、方言及次方言。這個分類表純綷照語言學的角度來分類，不涉及政治分界上的考慮。若依照當地原住民社群的意願，不少方言都被認為應視作獨立的語言。

 
Flathead Indians（1903年）

貝拉庫拉語族（Bella Coola）

1. 努哈尔克语 (Nuxálk，又名 Bella Coola, Salmon River)

海岸薩利希語族（Coast Salish）

A. 中部海岸薩利希語 (a.k.a. Central Salish)
2. Comox
  • Island Comox (a.k.a. Qʼómox̣ʷs)
  • Sliammon (Homalco-Klahoose-Sliammon) (a.k.a. ʔayʔaǰúθəm)
3. 哈爾魁梅林語
Island (a.k.a. Hulʼq̱ʼumiʼnumʼ, həl̕q̓əmín̓əm̓)
  • Cowichan
  • Snuneymuxw/Nanaimo
Downriver (a.k.a. Hunqʼumʔiʔnumʔ)
  • Musqueam
Upriver (a.k.a. Upper Sto:lo, Halqʼəméyləm)
  • Katzie
  • Kwantlen
  • Chehalis (Canada)
  • Chilliwack
  • Tait
  • Skway
4. Lushootseed (a.k.a. Puget Salish, Skagit-Nisqually, Dxʷləšúcid)
Northern
  • Skagit (a.k.a. Skaǰət)
  • Snohomish (a.k.a. Sduhubš)
Southern
  • Duwamish-Suquamish (a.k.a. Dxʷduʔabš)
  • Puyallup (a.k.a. Spuyaləpubš)
  • Nisqually (a.k.a. Sqʷaliʔabš)
5. Nooksack (a.k.a. Nooksack ɬə́čələsəm, ɬə́čælosəm) (†)
6. Pentlatch (a.k.a. Pənƛ̕áč) (†)
7. Sháshíshálh (a.k.a. Sechelt, Seshelt, Shashishalhem, šášíšáɬəm)
8. Squamish (a.k.a. Sḵwx̱wú7mesh snichim, Sḵwx̱wú7mesh, Sqwxwu7mish, sqʷx̣ʷúʔməš)
i. Straits Salish group (a.k.a. Straits)
9. Klallam (a.k.a. Clallam, Nəxʷsƛ̕áy̓emúcən)
  • Becher Bay
  • Eastern
  • Western
10. 北方海峽薩利希語 (a.k.a. Straits)
  • Lummi (a.k.a. Xwlemiʼchosen, xʷləmiʔčósən) (†)
  • Saanich (a.k.a. SENĆOŦEN, sənčáθən, sénəčqən)
  • Samish (a.k.a. Siʔneməš)
  • Semiahmoo (a.k.a. Tah-tu-lo) (†)
  • Sooke (a.k.a. Tʼsou-ke, c̓awk) (†)
  • Songhees (a.k.a. Lək̓ʷəŋín̓əŋ) (†)
11. Twana (a.k.a. Skokomish, Sqʷuqʷúʔbəšq, Tuwáduqutšad) (†)
  • Quilcene
  • Skokomish (a.k.a. Sqʷuqʷúʔbəšq)
B. Tsamosan (a.k.a. Olympic)
i. Inland
12. Cowlitz (a.k.a. Lower Cowlitz, Sƛ̕púlmš) (†)
13. Upper Chehalis (a.k.a. Q̉ʷay̓áyiɬq̉) (†)
  • Oakville Chehalis
  • Satsop
  • Tenino Chehalis
ii. Maritime
14. Lower Chehalis (a.k.a. ɬəw̓ál̕məš) (†)
  • Humptulips
  • Westport-Shoalwater
  • Wynoochee
15. Quinault (a.k.a. Kʷínayɬ)
  • Queets
  • Quinault
C. Tillamook
16. Tillamook (a.k.a. Hutyéyu) (†)
Siletz
  • Siletz
Tillamook

內陸薩利希語族（Interior Salish）

A. 北部（Northern）
17. Shuswap（英语：Shuswap language） (在 Ubuntu 作 Secwepemctsín，səxwəpməxcín)
東部方言
  • Kinbasket
  • Shuswap Lake
西部方言
  • Canim Lake
  • Chu Chua
  • Deadman's Creek–Kamloops
  • Fraser River
  • Pavilion-Bonaparte
18. Stʼatʼimcets (a.k.a. Lillooet, Lilloet, St'át'imcets)
  • Lillooet-Fountain
  • Mount Currie–Douglas
19. Thompson River Salish (a.k.a. Nlakaʼpamux, Ntlakapmuk, nɬeʔkepmxcín, Thompson River, Thompson Salish, Thompson, known in frontier times as the Hakamaugh, Klackarpun, Couteau or Knife Indians)
  • Lytton
  • Nicola Valley
  • Spuzzum–Boston Bar
  • Thompson Canyon
B. 南部（Southern）
20. Coeur d’Alene (a.k.a. Snchitsuʼumshtsn, snčícuʔumšcn)
21. Columbia-Moses (a.k.a. Columbia, Nxaʔamxcín)
  • Chelan
  • Entiat
  • Columbian
  • Wenatchee (a.k.a. Pesquous)
22. Colville-Okanagan (a.k.a. Okanagan, Nsilxcín, Nsíylxcən, ta nukunaqínxcən)
Northern
  • Quilchena & Spaxomin[1]
  • Arrow Lakes
  • Penticton
  • Similkameen
  • Vernon
Southern
  • Colville-Inchelium
  • Methow
  • San Poil–Nespelem
  • Southern Okanogan
23. Spokane-Kalispel-Bitterroot Salish-Upper Pend d'Oreille
  • Salish (a.k.a. Séliš, Bitterroot Salish, Flathead)
  • Kalispel (a.k.a. Qalispé)
  • Chewelah
  • Kalispel (a.k.a. Qlispé, Lower Pend d'Oreille, Lower Kalispel)
  • Upper Pend d’Oreile (a.k.a. Čłqetkʷmcin, Qlispé)
  • Spokane (a.k.a. Npoqínišcn)

Pentlatch, Nooksack, Twana, Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis, Cowlitz, 及 Tillamook 等多個語言現時均已消亡。此外，北方海峽的 Lummi, Semiahmoo, Songhees 及 Sooke 等方言亦同樣已消亡。

参考资料

脚注

  1. ^ . [2020-09-18]. （原始内容存档于2001-10-22）. 

參考文獻

  • Boas, Franz, et al. (1917). Folk-Tales of Salishan and Sahaptin Tribes. Memoirs of the American Folk-lore Society, 11. Lancaster, Pa: American Folk-Lore Society.
  • Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa; & Kinkade, M. Dale (Eds.). (1997). Salish languages and linguistics: Theoretical and descriptive perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-015492-7.
  • Flathead Culture Committee. (1981). Common Names of the Flathead Language. St. Ignatius, Mont: The Committee.
  • Kroeber, Paul D. (1999). The Salish language family: Reconstructing syntax. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington.
  • Kuipers, Aert H. (2002).Salish Etymological Dictionary. Missoula, MT: Linguistics Laboratory, University of Montana. ISBN 1879763168
  • Liedtke, Stefan. (1995). Wakashan, Salishan and Penutian and Wider Connections Cognate Sets. Linguistic data on diskette series, no. 09. Munchen: Lincom Europa,z\v1995.
  • Pilling, James Constantine. (1893). Bibliography of the Salishan Languages. Washington: G.P.O..
  • Pilling, James Constantine (2007). Bibliography of the Salishan Languages. Reprint by Gardners Books. ISBN 9781430469278
  • Thompson, Laurence C. (1973). The northwest. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (pp. 979–1045). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hague: Mouton.
  • Thompson, Laurence C. (1979). Salishan and the northwest. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment (pp. 692–765). Austin: University of Texas Press.

外部链接

一月 31, 2023
薩利希語系, 萨利希语系, 若根據當地華民對原住民的稱呼, 亦可作沙利殊語系, 它是北美原住民的一个语系, 一共包括23种语言, 現時分為以下三個分支, 貝拉庫拉語族, 海岸薩利希語族及內陸薩利希語族, salishan地理分佈加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚, 美国华盛顿州谱系学分类美洲原住民語言分支貝拉庫拉語族, 海岸薩利希語族, 內陸薩利希語族语言代码iso, 5sal, contact, distribution, salishan, languages, 紅色, 萨利希语言分布在美国华盛顿州以及加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省. 萨利希语系 若根據當地華民對原住民的稱呼 亦可作沙利殊語系 它是北美原住民的一个语系 一共包括23种语言 現時分為以下三個分支 貝拉庫拉語族 海岸薩利希語族及內陸薩利希語族 Salishan地理分佈加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚 美国华盛顿州谱系学分类美洲原住民語言分支貝拉庫拉語族 海岸薩利希語族 內陸薩利希語族语言代码ISO 639 2 5sal Pre contact distribution of Salishan languages 紅色 萨利希语言分布在美国华盛顿州以及加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省環萨利希海一带 这些语言最显著的特征之一是其极为复杂的辅音结构 例如努哈尔克语 Nuxalk 单词xlp x ʷltlpllskʷc 国际音标 xɬp xʷɬtɬpɬːskʷʦ 他曾经有过一棵草茱萸 有连续13个辅音 中间没有元音 目录 1 分支 1 1 貝拉庫拉語族 Bella Coola 1 2 海岸薩利希語族 Coast Salish 1 3 內陸薩利希語族 Interior Salish 2 参考资料 2 1 脚注 2 2 參考文獻 3 外部链接分支 编辑薩利希語系總共有23種語言 下列為這個語系所包括的所有語言 方言及次方言 這個分類表純綷照語言學的角度來分類 不涉及政治分界上的考慮 若依照當地原住民社群的意願 不少方言都被認為應視作獨立的語言 Flathead Indians 1903年 貝拉庫拉語族 Bella Coola 编辑 1 努哈尔克语 Nuxalk 又名 Bella Coola Salmon River Kimsquit 貝拉庫拉語 Kwatna Tallheo dd 海岸薩利希語族 Coast Salish 编辑 A 中部海岸薩利希語 a k a Central Salish 2 ComoxIsland Comox a k a Qʼomox ʷs Sliammon Homalco Klahoose Sliammon a k a ʔayʔaǰu8em dd 3 哈爾魁梅林語Island a k a Hulʼq ʼumiʼnumʼ hel q emin em Cowichan Snuneymuxw Nanaimo Downriver a k a Hunqʼumʔiʔnumʔ Musqueam Upriver a k a Upper Sto lo Halqʼemeylem Katzie Kwantlen Chehalis Canada Chilliwack Tait Skway dd 4 Lushootseed a k a Puget Salish Skagit Nisqually Dxʷlesucid Northern Skagit a k a Skaǰet Snohomish a k a Sduhubs Southern Duwamish Suquamish a k a Dxʷduʔabs Puyallup a k a Spuyalepubs Nisqually a k a Sqʷaliʔabs dd 5 Nooksack a k a Nooksack ɬe celesem ɬe caelosem 6 Pentlatch a k a Penƛ ac 7 Shashishalh a k a Sechelt Seshelt Shashishalhem sasisaɬem 8 Squamish a k a Sḵwx wu7mesh snichim Sḵwx wu7mesh Sqwxwu7mish sqʷx ʷuʔmes i Straits Salish group a k a Straits 9 Klallam a k a Clallam Nexʷsƛ ay emucen Becher Bay Eastern Western dd 10 北方海峽薩利希語 a k a Straits Lummi a k a Xwlemiʼchosen xʷlemiʔcosen Saanich a k a SENCOŦEN senca8en senecqen Samish a k a Siʔnemes Semiahmoo a k a Tah tu lo Sooke a k a Tʼsou ke c awk Songhees a k a Lek ʷeŋin eŋ dd dd 11 Twana a k a Skokomish Sqʷuqʷuʔbesq Tuwaduqutsad Quilcene Skokomish a k a Sqʷuqʷuʔbesq dd dd B Tsamosan a k a Olympic i Inland12 Cowlitz a k a Lower Cowlitz Sƛ pulms 13 Upper Chehalis a k a Q ʷay ayiɬq Oakville Chehalis Satsop Tenino Chehalis dd dd ii Maritime14 Lower Chehalis a k a ɬew al mes Humptulips Westport Shoalwater Wynoochee dd 15 Quinault a k a Kʷinayɬ Queets Quinault dd dd dd C Tillamook16 Tillamook a k a Hutyeyu Siletz Siletz Tillamook Garibaldi Nestucca Nehalem dd dd 內陸薩利希語族 Interior Salish 编辑 A 北部 Northern 17 Shuswap 英语 Shuswap language 在 Ubuntu 作 Secwepemctsin sexwepmexcin 東部方言 Kinbasket Shuswap Lake 西部方言 Canim Lake Chu Chua Deadman s Creek Kamloops Fraser River Pavilion Bonaparte dd 18 Stʼatʼimcets a k a Lillooet Lilloet St at imcets Lillooet Fountain Mount Currie Douglas dd 19 Thompson River Salish a k a Nlakaʼpamux Ntlakapmuk nɬeʔkepmxcin Thompson River Thompson Salish Thompson known in frontier times as the Hakamaugh Klackarpun Couteau or Knife Indians Lytton Nicola Valley Spuzzum Boston Bar Thompson Canyon dd dd B 南部 Southern 20 Coeur d Alene a k a Snchitsuʼumshtsn sncicuʔumscn 21 Columbia Moses a k a Columbia Nxaʔamxcin Chelan Entiat Columbian Wenatchee a k a Pesquous dd 22 Colville Okanagan a k a Okanagan Nsilxcin Nsiylxcen ta nukunaqinxcen Northern Quilchena amp Spaxomin 1 Arrow Lakes Penticton Similkameen Vernon Southern Colville Inchelium Methow San Poil Nespelem Southern Okanogan dd 23 Spokane Kalispel Bitterroot Salish Upper Pend d OreilleSalish a k a Selis Bitterroot Salish Flathead Kalispel a k a Qalispe Chewelah Kalispel a k a Qlispe Lower Pend d Oreille Lower Kalispel Upper Pend d Oreile a k a Clqetkʷmcin Qlispe Spokane a k a Npoqiniscn dd dd dd Pentlatch Nooksack Twana Lower Chehalis Upper Chehalis Cowlitz 及 Tillamook 等多個語言現時均已消亡 此外 北方海峽的 Lummi Semiahmoo Songhees 及 Sooke 等方言亦同樣已消亡 参考资料 编辑脚注 编辑 存档副本 2020 09 18 原始内容存档于2001 10 22 參考文獻 编辑 Boas Franz et al 1917 Folk Tales of Salishan and Sahaptin Tribes Memoirs of the American Folk lore Society 11 Lancaster Pa American Folk Lore Society Czaykowska Higgins Ewa amp Kinkade M Dale Eds 1997 Salish languages and linguistics Theoretical and descriptive perspectives Berlin Mouton de Gruyter ISBN 3 11 015492 7 Flathead Culture Committee 1981 Common Names of the Flathead Language St Ignatius Mont The Committee Kroeber Paul D 1999 The Salish language family Reconstructing syntax Lincoln University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute Indiana University Bloomington Kuipers Aert H 2002 Salish Etymological Dictionary Missoula MT Linguistics Laboratory University of Montana ISBN 1879763168 Liedtke Stefan 1995 Wakashan Salishan and Penutian and Wider Connections Cognate Sets Linguistic data on diskette series no 09 Munchen Lincom Europa z v1995 Pilling James Constantine 1893 Bibliography of the Salishan Languages Washington G P O Pilling James Constantine 2007 Bibliography of the Salishan Languages Reprint by Gardners Books ISBN 9781430469278 Thompson Laurence C 1973 The northwest In T A Sebeok Ed Linguistics in North America pp 979 1045 Current trends in linguistics Vol 10 The Hague Mouton Thompson Laurence C 1979 Salishan and the northwest In L Campbell amp M Mithun Eds The languages of native America Historical and comparative assessment pp 692 765 Austin University of Texas Press 外部链接 编辑http www ethnologue com show family asp subid 91083 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Bibliography of Materials on Salishan Languages 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 YDLI University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics UMOPL Native languages of the Northwest Coast Salish Culture an Outline Bibliography Coast Salish Collections International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 The Salishan Studies List Linguist List Okanagan language resources 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 includes sound files Native Peoples Plants amp Animals Halkomelem 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Saanich Timothy Montler s site Klallam Timothy Montler s site A Bibliography of Northwest Coast Linguistics Classification of the Salishan languages reflecting current scholarship 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Ethnologue classification for Salishan 页面存档备份 存于互联网档案馆 Nkwusm Salish Language Institute 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 薩利希語系 amp oldid 73448662, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，

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