盎格魯大公主義

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盎格魯大公主義（英語：Anglo-Catholicism）或譯安立甘大公主義，有時又被不甚準確地譯為「盎格魯天主教」，是聖公宗高派中尤其重視天主教傳統的一個派別^[1][2]。一部分盎格魯大公主義者甚至承認教宗的權威，主張與天主教完全共融（即「聖公宗教宗主義（英语：Anglican Papalists）」）。卡洛林神學家（英语：Caroline Divines）早在17世紀就出現一些類似盎格魯大公主義的思想。後來，盎格魯大公主義思想在19世紀初主張在聖公宗內恢復天主教傳統的牛津運動中正式誕生^[3]。

雖然有時人們會將聖公宗高派與盎格魯大公主義，以及聖公宗低派與福音派聖公宗（英语：Evangelical Anglicanism）混為一談，但正如聖公宗中的低派教會並非都奉行福音派聖公宗神學^[4]，並不是所有聖公宗的高派教會都接受盎格魯大公主義。一些聖公宗高派教會在天主教傳統的繼承問題上會採取比大公主義更加折衷的做法。

歷史

背景

在英格蘭國王亨利八世使英格蘭教會脫離羅馬控制以後一段時間，脫離羅馬的英格蘭國教會（即後來聖公宗的母體）在一段時間內在宗教改革問題上採用了相對保守的立場，在早期的教會文件《十條信綱》、《六條信綱》並未否定煉獄、真實臨在說、聖徒敬禮、為亡者祈禱，以及告解等天主教核心教義^[5][6]。

到亨利八世之子愛德華六世統治期間，愛德華六世推翻傾向天主教傳統的《六條信綱》，使英國國教會進一步向基督新教的主張偏移^[7]。此後，瑪麗一世在位期間，因瑪麗一世是天主教徒，英國教會重新恢復為天主教會的一部分，但到伊麗莎白一世時期，伊麗莎白一世重新確立英國教會獨立於羅馬教廷的規定，使羅馬教廷將伊麗莎白一世絕罰。不久後，融入許多喀爾文主義改革神學的《三十九條信綱》出爐，奠定了今日聖公宗神學的基礎。但《三十九條信綱》依然是一份相對溫和保守的宣言，在許多問題上都在歐陸宗教改革者與天主教之間的折衷立場^[8]。聖公宗也沒有建立長老制或會眾制一般的教會結構，而是依然維持傳承自天主教會的主教制^[9]。

17世紀，英國出現了一批卡洛林神學家（英语：Caroline Divines）。他們反對歐陸馬丁·路德、喀爾文，以及英國本土的清教徒的理念^[10]，主張使徒統緒（宗徒傳承）、強調聖禮的重要性以及儀式、教堂裝飾的美學^[11][12][13]。卡洛林神學家的思想可謂盎格魯大公主義的濫觴，19世紀的盎格魯大公主義者不少主張都基於卡洛林神學家的論述^[14]。

牛津運動

主条目：牛津運動

至19世紀初，英國的聖公宗出現了禮儀不規範、信眾熱情下降的問題。有感於此，當時在牛津大學任駐校牧師的約翰·基布爾發起一場牛津運動（因該運動的中心在牛津，故名），希望藉此復興教會。牛津運動主張聖公宗並非一個傳統意義上的新教教會，而是直接與歷史上的大公教會薪火相傳，與天主教會、東正教會，以及北歐實行主教制的信義宗教會具有相似的地位^[15]。牛津運動的一派比起該運動的其他派別更重視天主教傳統，成為今日盎格魯大公主義起源。然而，牛津運動不久後就受到了聖公宗內福音主義的教士的挑戰，而且最後福音主義派的教士佔了上風，使一部分盎格魯大公主義者脫離英國國教會加入天主教會，但大部分盎格魯大公主義者依然留在聖公宗英格蘭教會內。

現狀

目前，盎格魯大公主義可分為三派。一派神學上較為保守的盎格魯大公主義者主張完全接納天主教的神學、反對按立女聖職者等做法。20世紀末以後，一部分聖公宗中屬大公主義的牧師因不贊同與聖公宗主流按立女聖職者等做法脫離，以個別教長管轄區的方式帶領信眾直接加入天主教。他們也獲教宗特赦，即使已婚依然獲認可為天主教司鐸^[16][17]。而另一派較為擁護自由主義神學的盎格魯大公主義者則被稱為「自由派盎格魯大公主義（英语：Liberal Anglo-Catholicism）」者，較知名的組織包括AffCath（英语：Affirming Catholicism）（Affirming Catholicism）與大公主義牧者協會（英语：Society of Catholic Priests）（Society of Catholic Priests）等。另一派盎格魯大公主義者思想傾向激進正統主義，既批評保守派，也批評自由派，反對天主教中盛行的托馬斯主義與新經院派哲學（英语：Neo-scholasticism），主張恢復「基督信仰的本源」。

英國工黨籍前首相貝理雅曾是一名盎格魯大公主義者。他在卸任後獲天主教會接納，改宗天主教^[18]。

神學

盎格魯大公主義高度重視教會傳統禮儀，主張他們的宗教實踐是教會分裂前的傳統與卡洛林神學的有機結合^[19][20]，使教會達到了聖而公（catholicity and apostolicity）的境界。在有關聖餐禮問題上，盎格魯大公主義與天主教一致，相信聖體的真實臨在說、有聖體崇拜，且聖餐（聖體）必須使用無酵餅^[21][22]。此外，有別其他派別的聖公宗採取較曖昧態度，盎格魯大公主義較重視告解與傅油。因《三十九條信綱》對聖母敬禮（英语：Marian devotions）問題避而不談，一些（但並非所有）盎格魯大公主義者也支持信眾聖母敬禮^[23]。此外，盎格魯大公主義也主張聖公宗保持了傳承自坎特伯雷大主教的使徒統緒^[24][25]。

部分盎格魯大公主義認為他們的禮儀內在是福音主義的，而形式上則是與天主教傳統高度一致^[26]。一些盎格魯大公主義者贊同^[27]。許多盎格魯大公主義者都對16世紀坎特伯雷大主教馬修·帕克的主張「很久以前開始，英格蘭教會就用另一種異於天主教會的方式實踐基督教教父們的理念」表示認同^[27]。

除少数教宗主义者外，多数盎格魯大公主義者并不承认教宗的权威^[28]。

圖集

•  

  美國賓州一間奉行盎格魯大公主義的聖公宗教堂，可見佈局與天主教會非常相似、十字架上亦有耶穌苦相

•  

  《聖公會禮文》（Anglican Service Book），盎格魯大公主義的重要禮儀指導書之一

•  

  普特尼聖瑪麗教堂，一間奉行自由派盎格魯大公主義的教堂

參見

• 高教會派、低教會派
• 個別教長管轄區，由改宗天主教的盎格魯大公主義者組成的天主教特別教區。

參考文獻

1. Booty, John E.; Sykes, Stephen; Knight, Jonathan. The Study of Anglicanism. Fortress Press. 1 January 1998: 314. ISBN 9781451411188. Whereas the Wesleys emphasized the Evangelical heritage of Anglicanism, the Tractarians stressed its Catholic heritage. 
2. Buchanan, Colin. The A to Z of Anglicanism. Scarecrow Press. 4 August 2009: 510. ISBN 9780810870086. In the 20th century, useful and scholarly books on the Articles have included E.J. Bicknell, A Theological Introduction to the Thirty-Nine Articles (1925), and W.H. Griffith Thomas, The Principles of Theology: An Introduction to the Thirty-Nine Articles (1930)--Bicknell from an Anglo-Catholic standpoint, Thomas from an evangelical one. 
3. Cobb, John B; Wildman, Wesley J, Fidelity with Plausibility: Modest Christologies in the Twentieth Century, State University of New York Press: 94, 1998, ISBN 978-0-7914-3595-3 .
4. Harp, Gillis J. The Strange Death of Evangelical Episcopalianism. Anglican and Episcopal History (Historical Society of the Episcopal Church). 2005, 74 (2): 180. JSTOR 42612883. 
5. Scruton, Roger. A Dictionary of Political Thought. Macmillan. 1996: 470. ISBN 978-0-333-64786-8. 
6. Bray, Gerald L. (2004) Documents of the English Reformation. James Clarke & Co. pp. 164–174. ISBN 978-0-227-17239-1.
7. Simon, Joan. Education and Society in Tudor England. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 1979: 215. ISBN 978-0-521-29679-3. 
8. Dickens, AG, The English Reformation, Pennsylvania State University Press: 403, 1991, ISBN 978-0-271-00798-4 .
9. Bagchi, David V. N., Steinmetz, David C. (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology. Cambridge University Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-521-77662-2.
10. Betz, Hans Dieter, Religion Past and Present, et al, Brill, 2006, ISBN 978-90-04-14608-2 .
11. Avis, Paul DL, Anglicanism and the Christian Church, Continuum: 353, 2002, ISBN 978-0-567-08745-4 .
12. McKim, Donald M, The Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms, Westminster: John Knox Press: 39, 2000, ISBN 978-0-664-25511-4 .
13. Harris, John Glyndwr, Christian Theology: The Spiritual Tradition, Sussex Academic Press: 199, 2001, ISBN 978-1-902210-22-3 .
14. Katerberg, William, Modernity and the Dilemma of North American Anglican Identities, 1880–1950, McGill-Queen's University Press: 12, 2001, ISBN 978-0-7735-2160-5 .
15. Kinsman, Frederick Joseph. Americanism and Catholicism. Longman. 1924: 203 （英语）. The one most talked about is the "Branch Theory," which assumes that the basis of unity is a valid priesthood. Given the priesthood, it is held that valid Sacraments unite in spite of schisms. Those who hold it assume that the Church is composed of Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, eastern heretics possessing undisputed Orders, and Old Catholics, Anglicans, Swedish Lutherans, Moravians, and any others who might be able to demonstrate that they had perpetuated a valid hierarchy. This is chiefly identified with High Church Anglicans and represents the survival of a seventeenth century contention against Puritans, that Anglicans were not to be classed with Continental Protestants. 
16. . Catholic Canada. May 2012 [31 August 2012]. （原始内容存档于11 October 2012）. 
17. Anglican Catholic ordinariate for US formally established. Catholic Culture. [31 August 2012]. （原始内容于2015-09-23）. 
18. Tony Blair joins Catholic Church （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, BBC, 22 December, 2007
19. Sheldrake, Philip. The New Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality. Westminster John Knox Press. 2005 [2022-11-10]. ISBN 0664230032. （原始内容于2020-06-09）. 
20. Sheldrake, Philip. The New Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality. Westminster John Knox Press. 2005 [2022-11-10]. ISBN 0664230032. （原始内容于2020-06-09）. Anglo-Catholic spirituality has drawn inspiration from two sources in particular, the early Church, and the seventeenth-century 'Caroline Divines'. 
21. Herbert Stowe, Walter. Anglo-Catholicism: What It Is Not and What It Is. Church Literature Association. 1932 [2022-11-10]. （原始内容于2019-11-18）. How the bread and wine of the Eucharist become the Body and Blood of Christ after a special, sacramental and heavenly manner and still remain bread and wine, and how our Lord is really present (real as being the presence of a reality), is a mystery which no human mind can satisfactorily explain. It is a mystery of the same order as how the divine Logos could take upon himself human nature and become man without ceasing to be divine. It is a mystery of the Faith, and we were never promised that all the mysteries would be solved in this life. The plain man (and some not so plain) is wisest in sticking to the oft-quoted lines ascribed to Queen Elizabeth, but probably written by John Donne: "Christ was the Word that spake it; He took the bread and brake it; And what the Word did make it, That I believe and take it." The mysteries of the Eucharist are three: The mystery of identification, the mystery of conversion, the mystery of presence. The first and primary mystery is that of identification; the other two are inferences from it. The ancient Fathers were free from Eucharistic controversy because they took their stand on the first and primary mystery—that of identification—and accepted our Lord's words, " This is my Body," " This is my Blood," as the pledge of the blessings which this Sacrament conveys. We have since the early Middle Ages lost their peace because we have insisted on trying to explain unexplainable mysteries. But let it be repeated, Anglo-Catholics are not committed to the doctrine of Transubstantiation; they are committed to the doctrine of the Real Presence. 
22. Lears, T. J. Jackson. Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880–1920. University of Chicago Press. 1981: 202. ISBN 9780226469706. Many folk tale enthusiasts remained vicarious participants in a vague supernaturalism; Anglo-Catholics wanted not Wonderland but heaven, and they sought it through their sacraments, especially the Eucharist. Though they stopped short of transubstantiation, Anglo-Catholics insisted that the consecrated bread and wine contained the "Real Objective Presence" of God. 
23. Campbell, Ted. Christian Confessions: A Historical Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. 1 January 1996: 150. ISBN 9780664256500. Anglo-Catholics interpret the silence of the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion to allow for belief in some or all of the Mariological doctrines affirmed by Catholics. 
24. Armentrout, Don S. An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church: A User-Friendly Reference for Episcopalians. Church Publishing, Inc. 2000: 33. ISBN 9780898697018. It has placed considerable emphasis upon the Holy Eucharist, and the apostolic succession of the episcopate. Anglo-catholics were concerned not with doctrine but with restoring the liturgical and devotional expression of doctrine in the life of the Anglican Church. 
25. Buchanan, Colin. Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism. Scarecrow Press, Inc. 27 February 2006: 2006 [2022-11-10]. ISBN 0810865068. （原始内容于2020-06-09）. The central theme was "apostolic succession" and the authority and divine commission of the threefold orders retained by the Church of England at the Reformation, thus providing for a secure pattern of the sacraments. 
26. Bassett, Allen Lee. The Northern Monthly Magazine, Volume 2. 1863 [2022-11-10]. （原始内容于2020-06-09）. The Anglo-Catholic asserts that the Roman Catholic has corrupted the original ritualism; and she claims that the ritualism which she presents in a revival in purity of the original ritualism of the Church. 
27. Charles Chapman Grafton. The Lineage from Apostolic Times of the American Catholic Church: Commonly Called the Episcopal Church. Young Churchman. 1911: 69. Thus in doctrine and worship, we see that the Celtic Church in Britain conformed in all essentials to Holy Scripture and the teaching of Apostolic times, which in several respects it varied from Roman practice. The Celtic Church was poor and not aggressive. It had been drive into a state of isolation. It had suffered from cruel wars. it had, however, kept the Faith, the Apostolic government, the Priesthood, and it offered a true worship and was kept alive in God's great Providence. We may well look to her as our spiritual Mother, with a grateful heart, and be thankful that we have inherited so much from her whose daughters we are. 
28. Stowe, Walter Herbert. Anglo-Catholicism: What It Is Not and What It Is. London: Church Literature Association. 1932 [12 June 2015]. （原始内容于2019-11-18）. The primary issue between Anglo- and Roman Catholicism is authority and the basis thereof. This fundamental issue centres in the Papacy and its authority, land from this conflict flow all other differences of faith, worship, discipline and atmosphere. The four key phrases which make up the Papal claims are primacy, spiritual supremacy, temporal supremacy, and infallibility in faith and morals.