2011年7月11日,在加拿大魁北克舉行的第19屆國際性傳染病研究協會會議(ISSTDR)中,一個國際團隊發表了他們有關一種對於目前所有抗生素都呈抗藥性的淋病菌株的發現[10][11][12],並預期這隻惡菌很可能會在全世界漫延。這一隻被命名為H041的新菌株,由瑞典學者馬格納斯·烏內莫(Dr. Magnus Unemo)與日本學者大西誠(Dr. Makoto Ohnishi)領導的研究團隊發現[12][10],它對從第一代至第四代所有種類的頭孢菌素皆呈抗藥性[10]。
^ 3.03.13.23.33.4Workowski, KA; Bolan, GA. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015.. MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control. 5 June 2015, 64 (RR-03): 1–137. PMID 26042815.
^ 4.04.1Antibiotic-Resistant Gonorrhea Basic Information. CDC. June 13, 2016 [27 August 2016]. (原始内容于2016-09-08).
^ 5.05.1Unemo, M. Current and future antimicrobial treatment of gonorrhoea - the rapidly evolving Neisseria gonorrhoeae continues to challenge.. BMC infectious diseases. 21 August 2015, 15: 364. PMID 26293005.
^ 6.06.1Newman, Lori; Rowley, Jane; Vander Hoorn, Stephen; Wijesooriya, Nalinka Saman; Unemo, Magnus; Low, Nicola; Stevens, Gretchen; Gottlieb, Sami; Kiarie, James; Temmerman, Marleen; Meng, Zhefeng. Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting. PLOS ONE. 8 December 2015, 10 (12): e0143304. PMID 26646541. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143304.
^Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.. Lancet. 22 August 2015, 386 (9995): 743–800. PMID 26063472. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4.
^Emergence of multi-drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (pdf) (Report). World Health Organisation: 2. 2012 [2017-10-19]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-09-12).
^GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.. Lancet. 10 January 2015, 385 (9963): 117–71. PMID 25530442.