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维基百科

棘胸蛙

十月 18, 2023

棘胸蛙（學名：Quasipaa spinosa），又名石蛤、石鸡、山鸡、石冻、飞鱼、石鳞、石蛙、石蛤蟆、石虾蟆、石坑蛙等，是两栖纲无尾目叉舌蛙科的一种动物。其肉可食用[2]。本物種的中文名稱及學名均源於其雄蛙胸前的大型胸棘[3][4]。其體型在蛙類來說算是大型，因為已知可長至超過10 cm（4英寸），使牠們贏得香港體型最大蛙類的美譽[3][5]。

棘胸蛙
棘胸蛙，攝於香港大帽山
科学分类
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲： 两栖纲 Amphibia
目： 无尾目 Anura
科： 叉舌蛙科 Dicroglossidae
属： 棘胸蛙屬 Quasipaa
种： 棘胸蛙 Q. spinosa
二名法
Quasipaa spinosa
(David, 1875)
異名
  • Paa spinosa (David, 1875)
  • Rana latrans David, 1872
  • Rana spinosa David, 1875

分類學 编辑

近年的分子系统发生学分析認為本物種事實上由三條不同的譜系（英语：Lineage (evolution)）組成。因此，名義上的Quasipaa spinosa可能代表一個隱藏物種複合體。谱系在地理上是不同的；在云南省找到一个谱系, 中国东南部（安徽省、 浙江省、福建省北部和江西省)还有一个谱系, 第三个谱系位于中国中南部（南部福建省、江西省、湖南省、广东省和广西壮族自治区）。在该分析中，小棘蛙位于Quasipaa spinosa内。[6]它的复合种是越南的Quasipaa acanthophora（英语：Quasipaa acanthophora）。[7]

The complete 线粒体DNA (18,012 base pairs in length) of Quasipaa spinosa has been sequenced, helping to shed light into the 系統發生樹 of Quasipaa and related frogs.[8]

分佈、棲息地及習性 编辑

本物種棲息於中华人民共和国长江以南（包括香港）地域的山溪水坑内或石洞岩隙中。由於水體相通，估計亦同時分佈於越南、老挝及缅甸三國的淡水水域，但缺乏相關文獻報告的支持。

习性昼伏夜出，主要食物为昆虫及其幼体。每年11月-翌年4月冬眠。

No certain records exist from Vietnam, earlier records may refer to Quasipaa acanthophora（英语：Quasipaa acanthophora） described in 2009 as a new species from that country.[2] It may also have been mixed with 多疣棘蛙 and 双团棘胸蛙.[1]

Quasipaa spinosa is associated with rocky streams in evergreen forests and open countryside on hills and mountains. Its altitude range is about 200－1,500米（660－4,920英尺） above sea level.[1]

形態特徵及生命週期 编辑

成年个体体长8-20厘米，体重200-350克。背面黑灰色、浅棕色或黄褐色。背面、侧面和四肢皮肤上生有肉疣，有的时候疣上生黑色角质刺。

The most distinctive characteristic of Quasipaa spinosa are the keratinized skin spines in the chest of males.[4][9] It is dark brown in colour, interspersed with dense, yellowish mottling.[3]

Quasipaa spinosa are moderately large frogs: males grow to a snout–vent length of about 80 mm（3.1英寸） and females to 82 mm（3.2英寸）[10] or more, up to 128 mm（5.0英寸） in snout–vent length.[3][11] It is the largest frog in 香港.[3][5] Later studies has shown that usually males are larger than females, but with considerable overlap between sexes. Body size is positively correlated with maximum temperature and rainfall. Mean body weight among males may reach at least 133 g（4.7 oz）.[4]

Quasipaa spinosa breeds in streams, laying the eggs in water under stones.[1] Reproduction takes place in April–October. Male frogs call near slow-flowing sections of streams or around pools adjacent to streams. The advertisement call consists of three to seven notes, the last being the longest. Pairs in amplexus（英语：amplexus） are found within the chorus area.[12]

Population demography of Quasipaa spinosa has been studied for two populations in the 大帽山 in Hong Kong. These populations exhibit high site fidelity. Populations have low densities (13–42 frogs per 100 m of stream) and female-biased sex ratio. Each female produced an average 1.26 juveniles that survived until the age of 2 years. Annual survival was low, 38–65%.[13]

 
Quasipaa spinosa in its stream side habitat.

用途 编辑

因为肉味鲜美，生长速度快而且个大，是主要的食用蛙类之一。 Quasipaa spinosa is an important food and medicinal resource in China and considered as a delicacy.[13] Populations are heavily harvested, and overcollection is implicated in population declines.[13] In 江西省 province alone, the value of production of Quasipaa spinosa for domestic consumption is of the same magnitude as global trade of frog meat. Quasipaa spinosa are also farmed, but farming operations are likely based on tadpoles or juveniles sourced from wild population, instead of captive breeding. Thus, farming may not reduce the pressure on wild populations.[13]

保育 编辑

過往本物種的數量曾經有大量，但由於遭到大量捕殺，目前已被國際自然保護聯盟列為易危物種，因為在最近期的三代，其數量已下跌了超過三成。捕殺主要還是被捕獲與人類食用；其次是因為農業及水壩的興建導致的棲息地破壞[1]。當物種的數量變得愈來愈少，即使是中等數量的下跌亦已足以令物種的滅絕風險提過[13]。在中國，棘胸蛙是江西省和安徽省的重点保护野生动物之一。另外棘胸蛙也被广泛养殖用作食品，以避免野外再有人去捕捉棘胸蛙作食用。

Quasipaa spinosa is not designated as a State Protected Animal in China, and there are no regulations for its protection, except in protected areas. However, sale of wild Quasipaa spinosa is now forbidden in 福建省, and farmed frogs need to be certified. Whether these regulations are enforced is not yet known, but they have potential to help wild populations.[13]

寄生蟲 编辑

 
Sicuophora multigranularis (Armophorea（英语：Armophorea）), a parasite of the 直肠 of Quasipaa spinosa

棘胸蛙體內的寄生蟲均為纖毛蟲，計有多粒韦氏肠肾虫（Sicuophora multigranularis[14]，舊作Wichtermania multigranularis Xiao et al., 2002[15]）。Wichtherman 根据 Cheng 在福建採集的棘腹蛙体内的标本, 发现棘蛙韦氏肠肾虫（Wichtermania (Nyctotherus) cheni）[15]。

參考文獻 编辑

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Michael Wai Neng Lau, Geng Baorong, Gu Huiqing, Peter Paul van Dijk, Raoul Bain. Quasipaa spinosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004, 2004: e.T58439A11781309 [16 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58439A11781309.en  . 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Frost, Darrel R. Quasipaa spinosa (David, 1875). Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference. American Museum of Natural History. 2017 [17 November 2017]. （原始内容于2019-04-10）. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Tony, Hung Tun Hei. Giant Spiny Frog. Programmes of Ecology & Biodiversity, Hong Kong University. 2006–2011 [18 December 2013]. （原始内容于2016-04-04）. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Yu, B. G.; Zheng, R. Q.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, C. T. Geographic variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism in the giant spiny frog Paa spinosa (David, 1875) (Anura: Ranoidae). Journal of Natural History. 2010, 44 (27–28): 1729. S2CID 85168977. doi:10.1080/00222931003632682. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department. . HK SPecies. The Government of Hong Kong SAR. 2006 [18 December 2013]. （原始内容存档于19 December 2013）. 
  6. ^ Ye, S.; Huang, H.; Zheng, R.; Zhang, J.; Yang, G.; Xu, S. Phylogeographic analyses strongly suggest cryptic speciation in the giant spiny frog (Dicroglossidae: Paa spinosa) and interspecies hybridization in Paa. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (7): e70403. PMC 3729840  . PMID 23936199. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070403  . 
  7. ^ Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. A new species of the genus Quasipaa (Anura, Ranidae, Dicroglossinae) from northern Vietnam. Alytes. 2009, 27: 49–61 （英语）. 
  8. ^ Zhou, Y.; Zhang, J. Y.; Zheng, R. Q.; Yu, B. G.; Yang, G. Complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization of the mitochondrial genome of Paa spinosa (Anura: Ranoidae). Gene. 2009, 447 (2): 86–96. PMID 19631263. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.07.009. 
  9. ^ Zheng, R. Q.; Ye, R.; Yu, Y.; Yang, G. Fifteen polymorphic microsatellite markers for the giant spiny frog, Paa spinosa. Molecular Ecology Resources. 2009, 9 (1): 336–338. PMID 21564643. S2CID 42738290. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02420.x. 
  10. ^ Fei, L. Atlas of Amphibians of China. Zhengzhou: Henan Press of Science and Technology. 1999: 208–210. ISBN 7-5349-1835-9 （中文）. 
  11. ^ Zheng, R. Q.; Liu, C. T. Giant spiny-frog (Paa spinosa) from different populations differ in thermal preference but not in thermal tolerance. Aquatic Ecology. 2010, 44 (4): 723. S2CID 20220630. doi:10.1007/s10452-009-9310-3. 
  12. ^ Yu, Baogen; Zheng, Rongquan. . Current Zoology. 2009, 55 (6): 411–415. doi:10.1093/czoolo/55.6.411  . （原始内容存档于19 December 2013）. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Chan, H. K.; Shoemaker, K. T.; Karraker, N. E. Demography of Quasipaa frogs in China reveals high vulnerability to widespread harvest pressure. Biological Conservation. 2014, 170: 3–9. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.014. 
  14. ^ Li, Can; Zhao, Weishan; Zhang, Dong; Wang, Runqiu; Wang, Guitang; Zou, Hong; Li, Wenxiang; Wu, Shangong; Li, Ming. Sicuophora (Syn. Wichtermania) multigranularis from Quasipaa spinosa (Anura): morphological and molecular study, with emphasis on validity of Sicuophora (Armophorea, Clevelandellida). Parasite. 2018, 25: 38. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 6063722  . PMID 30052499. doi:10.1051/parasite/2018035.   
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 汪建国; 李连祥; 肖武汉. 中国无尾两栖类寄生肠肾虫的考种、依据及其讨论 (PDF). 《水生生物学报》. 2002, 26 (5) （中文（简体））. 

十月 18, 2023
棘胸蛙, 本條目存在以下問題, 請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法, 此條目需要擴充, 2013年11月30日, 请協助改善这篇條目, 更進一步的信息可能會在討論頁或扩充请求中找到, 请在擴充條目後將此模板移除, 此條目可能包含原创研究, 2013年11月30日, 请协助補充参考资料, 添加相关内联标签和删除原创研究内容以改善这篇条目, 详细情况请参见讨论页, 此條目需要补充更多来源, 2013年11月30日, 请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目, 无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除, 致使用者,. 本條目存在以下問題 請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法 此條目需要擴充 2013年11月30日 请協助改善这篇條目 更進一步的信息可能會在討論頁或扩充请求中找到 请在擴充條目後將此模板移除 此條目可能包含原创研究 2013年11月30日 请协助補充参考资料 添加相关内联标签和删除原创研究内容以改善这篇条目 详细情况请参见讨论页 此條目需要补充更多来源 2013年11月30日 请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目 无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除 致使用者 请搜索一下条目的标题 来源搜索 棘胸蛙 网页 新闻 书籍 学术 图像 以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源 判定指引 棘胸蛙 學名 Quasipaa spinosa 又名石蛤 石鸡 山鸡 石冻 飞鱼 石鳞 石蛙 石蛤蟆 石虾蟆 石坑蛙等 是两栖纲无尾目叉舌蛙科的一种动物 其肉可食用 2 本物種的中文名稱及學名均源於其雄蛙胸前的大型胸棘 3 4 其體型在蛙類來說算是大型 因為已知可長至超過10 cm 4英寸 使牠們贏得香港體型最大蛙類的美譽 3 5 棘胸蛙棘胸蛙 攝於香港大帽山保护状况易危 IUCN 3 1 1 科学分类界 动物界 Animalia门 脊索动物门 Chordata纲 两栖纲 Amphibia目 无尾目 Anura科 叉舌蛙科 Dicroglossidae属 棘胸蛙屬 Quasipaa种 棘胸蛙 Q spinosa二名法Quasipaa spinosa David 1875 異名Paa spinosa David 1875 Rana latrans David 1872 Rana spinosa David 1875 目录 1 分類學 2 分佈 棲息地及習性 3 形態特徵及生命週期 4 用途 5 保育 6 寄生蟲 7 參考文獻分類學 编辑近年的分子系统发生学分析認為本物種事實上由三條不同的譜系 英语 Lineage evolution 組成 因此 名義上的Quasipaa spinosa可能代表一個隱藏物種複合體 谱系在地理上是不同的 在云南省找到一个谱系 中国东南部 安徽省 浙江省 福建省北部和江西省 还有一个谱系 第三个谱系位于中国中南部 南部福建省 江西省 湖南省 广东省和广西壮族自治区 在该分析中 小棘蛙位于Quasipaa spinosa内 6 它的复合种是越南的Quasipaa acanthophora 英语 Quasipaa acanthophora 7 The complete 线粒体DNA 18 012 base pairs in length of Quasipaa spinosa has been sequenced helping to shed light into the 系統發生樹 of Quasipaa and related frogs 8 分佈 棲息地及習性 编辑本物種棲息於中华人民共和国长江以南 包括香港 地域的山溪水坑内或石洞岩隙中 由於水體相通 估計亦同時分佈於越南 老挝及缅甸三國的淡水水域 但缺乏相關文獻報告的支持 习性昼伏夜出 主要食物为昆虫及其幼体 每年11月 翌年4月冬眠 No certain records exist from Vietnam earlier records may refer to Quasipaa acanthophora 英语 Quasipaa acanthophora described in 2009 as a new species from that country 2 It may also have been mixed with 多疣棘蛙 and 双团棘胸蛙 1 Quasipaa spinosa is associated with rocky streams in evergreen forests and open countryside on hills and mountains Its altitude range is about 200 1 500米 660 4 920英尺 above sea level 1 形態特徵及生命週期 编辑成年个体体长8 20厘米 体重200 350克 背面黑灰色 浅棕色或黄褐色 背面 侧面和四肢皮肤上生有肉疣 有的时候疣上生黑色角质刺 The most distinctive characteristic of Quasipaa spinosa are the keratinized skin spines in the chest of males 4 9 It is dark brown in colour interspersed with dense yellowish mottling 3 Quasipaa spinosa are moderately large frogs males grow to a snout vent length of about 80 mm 3 1英寸 and females to 82 mm 3 2英寸 10 or more up to 128 mm 5 0英寸 in snout vent length 3 11 It is the largest frog in 香港 3 5 Later studies has shown that usually males are larger than females but with considerable overlap between sexes Body size is positively correlated with maximum temperature and rainfall Mean body weight among males may reach at least 133 g 4 7 oz 4 Quasipaa spinosa breeds in streams laying the eggs in water under stones 1 Reproduction takes place in April October Male frogs call near slow flowing sections of streams or around pools adjacent to streams The advertisement call consists of three to seven notes the last being the longest Pairs in amplexus 英语 amplexus are found within the chorus area 12 Population demography of Quasipaa spinosa has been studied for two populations in the 大帽山 in Hong Kong These populations exhibit high site fidelity Populations have low densities 13 42 frogs per 100 m of stream and female biased sex ratio Each female produced an average 1 26 juveniles that survived until the age of 2 years Annual survival was low 38 65 13 nbsp Quasipaa spinosa in its stream side habitat 用途 编辑因为肉味鲜美 生长速度快而且个大 是主要的食用蛙类之一 Quasipaa spinosa is an important food and medicinal resource in China and considered as a delicacy 13 Populations are heavily harvested and overcollection is implicated in population declines 13 In 江西省 province alone the value of production of Quasipaa spinosa for domestic consumption is of the same magnitude as global trade of frog meat Quasipaa spinosa are also farmed but farming operations are likely based on tadpoles or juveniles sourced from wild population instead of captive breeding Thus farming may not reduce the pressure on wild populations 13 保育 编辑過往本物種的數量曾經有大量 但由於遭到大量捕殺 目前已被國際自然保護聯盟列為易危物種 因為在最近期的三代 其數量已下跌了超過三成 捕殺主要還是被捕獲與人類食用 其次是因為農業及水壩的興建導致的棲息地破壞 1 當物種的數量變得愈來愈少 即使是中等數量的下跌亦已足以令物種的滅絕風險提過 13 在中國 棘胸蛙是江西省和安徽省的重点保护野生动物之一 另外棘胸蛙也被广泛养殖用作食品 以避免野外再有人去捕捉棘胸蛙作食用 Quasipaa spinosa is not designated as a State Protected Animal in China and there are no regulations for its protection except in protected areas However sale of wild Quasipaa spinosa is now forbidden in 福建省 and farmed frogs need to be certified Whether these regulations are enforced is not yet known but they have potential to help wild populations 13 寄生蟲 编辑 nbsp Sicuophora multigranularis Armophorea 英语 Armophorea a parasite of the 直肠 of Quasipaa spinosa棘胸蛙體內的寄生蟲均為纖毛蟲 計有多粒韦氏肠肾虫 Sicuophora multigranularis 14 舊作Wichtermania multigranularis Xiao et al 2002 15 Wichtherman 根据 Cheng 在福建採集的棘腹蛙体内的标本 发现棘蛙韦氏肠肾虫 Wichtermania Nyctotherus cheni 15 參考文獻 编辑 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 Michael Wai Neng Lau Geng Baorong Gu Huiqing Peter Paul van Dijk Raoul Bain Quasipaa spinosa The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004 2004 e T58439A11781309 16 November 2021 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2004 RLTS T58439A11781309 en nbsp 2 0 2 1 Frost Darrel R Quasipaa spinosa David 1875 Amphibian Species of the World 6 0 an Online Reference American Museum of Natural History 2017 17 November 2017 原始内容存档于2019 04 10 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 Tony Hung Tun Hei Giant Spiny Frog Programmes of Ecology amp Biodiversity Hong Kong University 2006 2011 18 December 2013 原始内容存档于2016 04 04 4 0 4 1 4 2 Yu B G Zheng R Q Zhang Y Liu C T Geographic variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism in the giant spiny frog Paa spinosa David 1875 Anura Ranoidae Journal of Natural History 2010 44 27 28 1729 S2CID 85168977 doi 10 1080 00222931003632682 5 0 5 1 Agriculture Fisheries and Conservation Department Amphibians of Hong Kong HK SPecies The Government of Hong Kong SAR 2006 18 December 2013 原始内容存档于19 December 2013 Ye S Huang H Zheng R Zhang J Yang G Xu S Phylogeographic analyses strongly suggest cryptic speciation in the giant spiny frog Dicroglossidae Paa spinosa and interspecies hybridization in Paa PLOS ONE 2013 8 7 e70403 PMC 3729840 nbsp PMID 23936199 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0070403 nbsp Dubois A amp Ohler A A new species of the genus Quasipaa Anura Ranidae Dicroglossinae from northern Vietnam Alytes 2009 27 49 61 英语 Zhou Y Zhang J Y Zheng R Q Yu B G Yang G Complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization of the mitochondrial genome of Paa spinosa Anura Ranoidae Gene 2009 447 2 86 96 PMID 19631263 doi 10 1016 j gene 2009 07 009 Zheng R Q Ye R Yu Y Yang G Fifteen polymorphic microsatellite markers for the giant spiny frog Paa spinosa Molecular Ecology Resources 2009 9 1 336 338 PMID 21564643 S2CID 42738290 doi 10 1111 j 1755 0998 2008 02420 x Fei L Atlas of Amphibians of China Zhengzhou Henan Press of Science and Technology 1999 208 210 ISBN 7 5349 1835 9 中文 Zheng R Q Liu C T Giant spiny frog Paa spinosa from different populations differ in thermal preference but not in thermal tolerance Aquatic Ecology 2010 44 4 723 S2CID 20220630 doi 10 1007 s10452 009 9310 3 Yu Baogen Zheng Rongquan The advertisement call of the giant spiny frog Paa spinosa Current Zoology 2009 55 6 411 415 doi 10 1093 czoolo 55 6 411 nbsp 原始内容存档于19 December 2013 13 0 13 1 13 2 13 3 13 4 13 5 Chan H K Shoemaker K T Karraker N E Demography of Quasipaa frogs in China reveals high vulnerability to widespread harvest pressure Biological Conservation 2014 170 3 9 doi 10 1016 j biocon 2013 12 014 Li Can Zhao Weishan Zhang Dong Wang Runqiu Wang Guitang Zou Hong Li Wenxiang Wu Shangong Li Ming Sicuophora Syn Wichtermania multigranularis from Quasipaa spinosa Anura morphological and molecular study with emphasis on validity of Sicuophora Armophorea Clevelandellida Parasite 2018 25 38 ISSN 1776 1042 PMC 6063722 nbsp PMID 30052499 doi 10 1051 parasite 2018035 nbsp 15 0 15 1 汪建国 李连祥 肖武汉 中国无尾两栖类寄生肠肾虫的考种 依据及其讨论 PDF 水生生物学报 2002 26 5 中文 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