東南亞地塊

東南亞地塊（英語：Southeast Asian Massif）或译为东南亚高地、东南亚山地，是人類學家Jean Michaud於1997年提出的地理區域概念^[2][3]。該概念旨在討論居住在亞洲大陸東南部大約300米以上的土地上人類社會的問題，因此不僅限於傳統的東南亞山地地區。它涉及10個國家或地區：中國西南部、印度東北部、孟加拉國東部、緬甸、泰國、越南、老撾、柬埔寨、馬來半島和台灣的高山地帶。在這些限制範圍內的人口約為1億，這還不包括過去幾個世紀來在這片高地周圍定居的其他居民。

東南亞地塊（紅色）的地理位置^[1]

東南亞地塊的概念在地理上與2002年Van Schendel提出的佐米域（Zomia；源於生活於缅印交界的佐（米）族）的東部部分重疊。相對於佐米域強調對該地區歷史和政治詮釋，東南亞地塊更多地被視為地區和社會空間^[4]。

有提议将东南亚地块单列为亚洲研究的一个细分领域，因为这一地区长期归属于不同政体，且皆为弱势和边缘化的地带，因此常常在国别研究内欠缺关注。

文化和现状

东南亚地块的地理、政治和文化样貌皆颇为破碎多元，分属多国的控制^[5]。东南亚地块从未统一，甚至从未归属于同一政治或文化圈；当地长久维持着类似于欧洲封建制度的世袭领主统治^[6]。

东南亚地块的住民长期是其低地宗主的人力物力储备地，及与他国的缓冲地^[7]。

有调查表明，东南亚地块的住民普遍身为所在国的“少数人群”，其地位倾向于边缘化，有着与主流人群不同的认同感和地理上的边缘感。学者泰瑞·兰博从越南的角度出发，称之为“迷幻的噩梦^[8]”。

学者Jean Michaud指出，东南亚地块的住民经常被称呼为“国家少数群体”，而Michaud质疑这个词汇，首先并不应冠以“国家”，因为高地居民是跨国群体，且不应以“少数”形容，因为其总规模并不少数；甚至“群体”一词也有问题，因为这些人群并不足以构成有凝聚力的团体^[9][10]。

參考資料

1. Michaud, J. 2010, Zomia and Beyond. Journal of Global History, 5(2): 205.
2. Michaud J., 1997, "Economic transformation in a Hmong village of Thailand." Human Organization 56(2) : 222-232.
3. Michaud, Jean; Meenaxi B. Ruscheweyh; Margaret B. Swain, 2016. Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif. Second Edition. Lanham • Boulder • New York • London, Rowman & Littlefield, 594p.
4. Willem van Schendel, 'Geographies of knowing, geographies of ignorance: jumping scale in Southeast Asia', Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 20, 6, 2002, pp. 647–68.
5. Herman, Amid the Clouds and Mist. Robert D. Jenks, Insurgency and Social Disorder in Guizhou. The Miao Rebellion, 1854-1873. Honolulu (HA), U. of Hawaii Press, 1994. Claudine Lombard-Salmon, Un exemple d’acculturation chinoise : la province du Guizhou au XVIIIe siècle. Paris, Publication de l’École Française d’Extrême-Orient, vol. LXXXIV, 1972 .
6. See Michaud J. , 2016 "Seeing the Forest for the Trees: Scale, Magnitude, and Range in the Southeast Asian Massif." Pp. 1-40 in Michaud, Jean; Meenaxi B. Ruscheweyh; and Margaret B. Swain, Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the South-East Asian Massif. Second Edition. Lanham • Boulder • New York • London: Rowman & Littlefield.
7. Lim, Territorial Power Domains. Andrew Walker, The Legend of the Golden Boat Regulation, Trade and Traders in the Borderlands of Laos, Thailand, China and Burma. Honolulu: U. of Hawaii Press, 1999.
8. A.T. Rambo, ‘Development Trends In Vietnam’s Northern Mountain Region’, In D. Donovan, A.T.Rambo, J. Fox And Le Trong Cuc (Eds.) Development Trends In Vietnam’s Northern Mountainous Region. Hanoi: National Political Publishing House, pp.5-52, 1997, p. 8.
9. Michaud, Jean. Introduction. Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif. Historical Dictionaries of Peoples and Cultures #4. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. April 2006: 4 [September 8, 2011]. ISBN 978-0-8108-5466-6. （原始内容于2007-12-14）. For this dictionary, a compromise solution has been adopted, which was to accept official national ethnonyms but correct mistakes whenever possible and cross-reference to alternative names. Close to 200 ethnonyms thus have their own entries, which is the largest number the relatively humble format of this series allows. 
10. Michaud, Jean. Editorial – Zomia and beyond*. Journal of Global History 5, London School of Economics and Political Science (Université Laval). 2010, 5 (2): 187–214. doi:10.1017/S1740022810000057  . This editorial develops two themes. First, it discusses how historical and anthropological approaches can relate to each other, in the field of the highland margins of Asia and beyond. Second, it explores how we might further our understandings of the uplands of Asia by applying different terms such as ‘Haute-Asie’, the ‘Southeast Asian Massif’, the ‘Hindu Kush–Himalayan region’, the 'Himalayan Massif', and in particular 'Zomia', a neologism gaining popularity with the publication of James C. Scott's latest book....