^原文：The use of such invalid scientific evidence (commonly referred to as 'junk science') has resulted in findings of causation which simply cannot be justified or understood from the standpoint of the current state of credible scientific or medical knowledge.
参考资料编辑
^Neff RA, Goldman LR. . Am J Public Health. 2005,. 95 Suppl 1: S81–91 [2017-08-17]. PMID 16030344. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.044818. （原始内容存档于2009-05-17）.
^"Report of the Tort Policy Working Group on the causes, extent and policy implications of the current crisis in insurance availability and affordability" (Rep. No. 027-000-01251-5). (1986, February). Washington, D.C.: Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED274437) p.39:
Another way in which causation often is undermined — also an increasingly serious problem in toxic tort cases — is the reliance by judges and juries on non-credible scientific or medical testimony, studies or opinions. It has become all too common for 'experts' or 'studies' on the fringes of or even well beyond the outer parameters of mainstream scientific or medical views to be presented to juries as valid evidence from which conclusions may be drawn. The use of such invalid scientific evidence (commonly referred to as 'junk science') has resulted in findings of causation which simply cannot be justified or understood from the standpoint of the current state of credible scientific and medical knowledge. Most importantly, this development has led to a deep and growing cynicism about the ability of tort law to deal with difficult scientific and medical concepts in a principled and rational way.
^Roberts, L. Global warming: Blaming the sun. Science. 1989, 246 (4933): 992–993. PMID 17806372. doi:10.1126/science.246.4933.992.
九月 15, 2023
垃圾科学, 提示, 此条目的主题不是伪科学, 边缘科学或垃圾学, 此條目需要补充更多来源, 2016年4月27日, 请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目, 无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除, 致使用者, 请搜索一下条目的标题, 来源搜索, 网页, 新闻, 书籍, 学术, 图像, 以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源, 判定指引, 英語, junk, science, 是人们用来描述那些自己认为是虚假的科学数据, 研究, 分析等, 在政治, 法律中, 一些科学成果时常能对结果产生重大影响, 这一词汇常常. 提示 此条目的主题不是伪科学 边缘科学或垃圾学 此條目需要补充更多来源 2016年4月27日 请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目 无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除 致使用者 请搜索一下条目的标题 来源搜索 垃圾科学 网页 新闻 书籍 学术 图像 以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源 判定指引 垃圾科学 英語 Junk Science 是人们用来描述那些自己认为是虚假的科学数据 研究 分析等 在政治 法律中 一些科学成果时常能对结果产生重大影响 垃圾科学 这一词汇常常用於这种场合 该词带有贬义色彩 暗示该项科学研究是出于政治 意识形态 经济等非科学目的 这一概念因民事法律纠纷中的专家证言 英语 expert testimony 环节而在1990年代流行起来 最近 这一词汇也用来批评某些公司出于自身目的而研究的环保 公共卫生相关危害 有时也用来反击这些批评 在某些语境 垃圾科学 也指的是任何与讲话者本人所认定的 真科学 sound science 相左的科学研究 1 历史 编辑 垃圾科学 一词在1985年之前就已经有人在用 美国司法部1985年一份报告称 不正当科学证据 一般称 垃圾科学 已经导致一部分科学研究无法獲当今科学 医药界共识所认可 原文 1 2 1989年 气候学家杰瑞 马尔曼 英语 Jerry Mahlman 将 全球变暖是由于太陽週期活动造成 的观点批判为 喧嚣的垃圾科学 noisy junk science 3 注解 编辑 原文 The use of such invalid scientific evidence commonly referred to as junk science has resulted in findings of causation which simply cannot be justified or understood from the standpoint of the current state of credible scientific or medical knowledge 参考资料 编辑 Neff RA Goldman LR Regulatory parallels to Daubert stakeholder influence sound science and the delayed adoption of health protective standards Am J Public Health 2005 95 Suppl 1 S81 91 2017 08 17 PMID 16030344 doi 10 2105 AJPH 2004 044818 原始内容存档于2009 05 17 Report of the Tort Policy Working Group on the causes extent and policy implications of the current crisis in insurance availability and affordability Rep No 027 000 01251 5 1986 February Washington D C Superintendent of Documents US Government Printing Office ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED274437 p 39 Another way in which causation often is undermined also an increasingly serious problem in toxic tort cases is the reliance by judges and juries on non credible scientific or medical testimony studies or opinions It has become all too common for experts or studies on the fringes of or even well beyond the outer parameters of mainstream scientific or medical views to be presented to juries as valid evidence from which conclusions may be drawn The use of such invalid scientific evidence commonly referred to as junk science has resulted in findings of causation which simply cannot be justified or understood from the standpoint of the current state of credible scientific and medical knowledge Most importantly this development has led to a deep and growing cynicism about the ability of tort law to deal with difficult scientific and medical concepts in a principled and rational way Roberts L Global warming Blaming the sun Science 1989 246 4933 992 993 PMID 17806372 doi 10 1126 science 246 4933 992 取自 https zh wikipedia org w index php title 垃圾科学 amp oldid 76753833, 维基百科，wiki，书籍，书籍，图书馆，
